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Ludwig Greiner

Born Ludwig Greiner
1796
Lichtentanne, Saxony
Died 28 October 1882 (aged 86)
Jelšava
Burial place Jelšava, Slovakia
Other names Ľudovít Greiner
Lajos Greiner
Education Vienna University of Technology
Occupation Head of forestry and land management
Employers Duke of Saxe-Coburg
Fredinand Saxe-Coburg
Known for Triangulated Gerlach as
summit of the Carpathians
Religious beliefs Lutheran
Spouse Maria Glosz (-1857)
Otilia Szinowitz
Children Hugo (-1873)
Ludwig (1835-1904)

Ludwig Greiner was an influential 19th-century forest and lumber industry management expert who improved the effectiveness of woodland valuation methods in the Kingdom of Hungary and trained a whole new generation of foresters in a comprehensive approach to the management of natural resources. Lichtentanne is a municipality in the district Zwickau, in Saxony, Germany. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Jelšava (Eltsch or Jelschau; Jolsva Alnovia is a Town and Municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region Jelšava (Eltsch or Jelschau; Jolsva Alnovia is a Town and Municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Vienna University of Technology is one of the major universities in Vienna, the capital of Austria. Ernest I Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, formerly Ernest III Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b Prince Ferdinand Georg August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( March 28 1785 - August 27 1851) was a prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha In Trigonometry and Geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 While his goals were defined by a need to run a profitable business, he introduced procedures that replaced previous exploitative, earth-eroding lumbering on Saxe-Coburg's estates with practices that contained aspects of modern ecology. Greiner's insistence on a thorough woodland inventory of his employer's vast, poorly charted lands gave him his enduring recognition outside the field defined by his expertise. His passion for precision, geomatics, and the outdoors made him the first person to disprove the results of previous measurements and accurately identify Gerlachovský štít as the highest peak in the Kingdom of Hungary and in the whole 1,500 km (900 mi. Geomatics is the discipline of gathering storing processing and delivery of geographic information or spatially referenced information Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 ) long Carpathian mountain range. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати


Contents

Early life

Greiner was born to the family of the Lutheran pastor Karl Greiner in the small village of Lichtentanne in Saxony in 1796. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. His baptismal name is still spelled Ludwig in German, Polish, and some Slovak[1] sources, which was also the name he used in his publications. Most Slovak sources now render his baptismal name as Ľudovít, the Hungarian sources render it as Lajos. Non-specialist sources also mostly misidentify him as a rank-and-file forester. After high school, he took special qualifying tests in forestry and spent several years gaining experinece as forester in Austria and on the Lubomirski estates (administrated by the heirs of Julia Lubomirska) in Habsburg Galicia in the Łańcut and Lviv regions, now in Poland and Ukraine. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Łańcut ( Landshut לאַנצוט- Lantzet, Hebrew: לאנצ'וט-Lanchut is a Town in south-eastern Poland, with 18000 inhabitants Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. He finished his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he took mathemathics, physics, and chemistry in 1824-1826. Vienna University of Technology is one of the major universities in Vienna, the capital of Austria. He then became the director of forest management and timber rafting on Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg's estates, from where he was hired by Ernest's brother Ferdinand as the head of forestry and land management of all of his estates in the Kingdom of Hungary. Ernest I Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, formerly Ernest III Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b Prince Ferdinand Georg August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( March 28 1785 - August 27 1851) was a prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 [2]

Years at Jelšava

Ludwig Greiner started his job at Jelšava on April 1, 1828. Jelšava (Eltsch or Jelschau; Jolsva Alnovia is a Town and Municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region The estates as a company were headquarted in Vienna, but its center of operations was at Jelšava where Greiner spent the rest of his life. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. He married Maria Glósz, with whom he had nine children. Two sons, Hugo and Ludwig, followed in their father's footsteps. After his wife's death in 1857 Greiner married Otilia Szinowitz of Banská Bystrica, but had no more children. Banská Bystrica ( Hungarian:Besztercebánya ( previously known also by several alternative names) is a key City in central Slovakia located He was buried at the Jelšava cemetery next to his first wife.

Descendants

His son Ludwig Junior became chief engineer at the Coburg-Saxe estates and later forest management director at Rožňava where he was a founder of the private Girls' Institute of Education in 1871, the first high school in the Kingdom of Hungary projected specifically for Slovak female students. Rožňava (Rozsnyó Rosenau Latin: Rosnavia) is a town in Slovakia, approximately 75 km by road from Košice in the Košice Region The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 [3] Ludwig Greiner Senior's great granddaughter Sibylla Greinerová[4] (b. 1919) became an acknowledged Bratislava painter of human figures in motion. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading [5]

Triangulation of Gerlachovský Peak

Gerlachovský Peak (right), the Tatras, SlovakiaThe highest mountain in the Carpathians
Gerlachovský Peak (right), the Tatras, Slovakia
The highest mountain in the Carpathians

Ferdinand Saxe-Coburg's estates were distributed over areas in present-day Slovakia and Hungary. Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Prince Ferdinand Georg August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( March 28 1785 - August 27 1851) was a prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The estate managed from Hrabušice was in the vicinity of the Tatra Mountains, a craggy section of the Carpathians. Hrabušice is a Village and Municipality in the Spišská Nová Ves District in the Košice Region of central-eastern Slovakia. Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати According to Greiner's own account, he climbed Lomnický Peak on August 10, 1837, a beautiful sunny day, measured its elevation with an altimeter and used the quadrant to determine that Gerlachovský Peak was actually higher. Lomnický štít (Lomnický peak is one of the highest and most visited mountain peaks in the High Tatras mountains in Slovakia. A quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90° Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras It was unexpected, because the previous, generally accepted measurement by the Swedish botanist Göran Wahlenberg from 1813 recorded Gerlachovský Peak's elevation as 285 m (935 ft. Georg (Göran Wahlenberg ( 1 October, 1780 &ndash 22 March, 1851) was a Swedish naturalist. ) lower. [6] Greiner was convinced that his own observation about Gerlachovský Peak's relative height was right, but because he considered the altimeter and quadrant insufficiently precise instruments, he triangulated the elevations of several of the Tatra peaks from the vicinity of the town of Poprad, not far from Hrabušice, in the fall of 1838[7] after he obtained a very accurate theodolite from a friend. In Trigonometry and Geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Hrabušice is a Village and Municipality in the Spišská Nová Ves District in the Košice Region of central-eastern Slovakia. A theodolite ( is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical Angles as used in Triangulation networks Greiner's paper published the next year[8] dethroned the mountains of Kriváň and Lomnický Peak, which had been alternately considered the highest peaks until then, and reported that the highest point in the Tatras and the whole Carpathian chain was Gerlachovský Peak. Lomnický štít (Lomnický peak is one of the highest and most visited mountain peaks in the High Tatras mountains in Slovakia. Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras The elevation Greiner calculated was off by only 13 meters (43 ft. ) by comparison to what it is known to be today.

Head of forestry and land management

Greiner improved the effectiveness of woodland valuation methods in the Kingdom of Hungary and trained a whole new generation of foresters in a comprehensive approach to the management of natural resources. [9] In 1851 he helped to organize the Hungarian Forestry Association (Ungarischer Forstverein) and then served as its vice president. [10] While his goals were defined by a need to run a profitable business, he introduced procedures that replaced previous exploitative, earth-eroding lumbering on Saxe-Coburg's estates with practices that contained aspects of modern ecology. [11] Among his lasting environmental achievements has been the the restoration of the timberline on largely deforested King's Bald Mountain (Kráľova hoľa, 1,946 m, 6,385 ft. Kráľova hoľa (Königsberg Király-hegy literally "King's Bald Mountain" is the highest mountain (1946 m of the eastern part of the Low Tatras in central ) to its natural elevation of 1,650 m (5,413 ft. ). [12] One of his 21st-century successors described Greiner's principles in modern terms as aiming at and achieving permanent sustainability. [13] Greiner's timber yield tables published in 1877 and 1886 proved sufficiently reliable to have remained in use for over a century. [14]

Publications by Ludwig Greiner

"Gerlachovský Crest as..."Slovenské noviny, 1851
"Gerlachovský Crest as. . . "
Slovenské noviny, 1851

References

  1. ^ For instance, by a section director from the governmental Ministry of the Environment: Jozef Kramárik, "Dva nové národné parky v SR. " Životné prostredie, 32#1, 1998. And an online encyclopedia: Encyklopédia regiónu Vysoké Tatry.
  2. ^ Jozef Urgela, "Ľudovít Greiner a jeho doba. " In: Miroslav Tibor Morovics, ed. Priekopník lesníctva na Slovensku Ľudovít Greiner (1796-1882). 1998.
  3. ^ Dušan Dubovský, Revúca − kolíska slovenského stredného školstva. 1993.
  4. ^ Igor Viszlai, "Poďte s nami do prírody - 19. " Revúcke listy, 2007.
  5. ^ [s. n. ], Malý slovník slovenských výtvarných umelcov, A-K. 1988.
  6. ^ Ivan Bohuš, "Mení sa výška štítov?" Tatry, 2007.
  7. ^ Zofia Paryska-Radwańska and Witold Henryk Paryski, Encyklopedia tatrzańska. 1973.
  8. ^ Ludwig Greiner, "Die Gerlsdorfer Spitze als die höchste Gebirgshöhe der Karpathen. " Gemeinnützige Blaetter zur Belehrung und Unterhaltung, 1839.
  9. ^ Tibor Blattný, Príspevok k dejinám lesníctva na Slovensku − Ľudovít Greiner (1796-1882). 1963.
  10. ^ József Bokor, ed. A Pallas Nagy Lexikona; Az összes ismeretek enciklopédiája tizenhat kötetben; VIII. kötet, Gesztely-Hegyvám. 1894.
  11. ^ Ladislav Štefančík, "Pestovateľská činnosť Ľudovíta Greinera s osobitným zameraním na výchovu porastov. " In: Miroslav Tibor Morovics, ed. Priekopník lesníctva na Slovensku Ľudovít Greiner (1796-1882). 1998.
  12. ^ Štefan Valentovič, et al. Slovenský biografický slovník, II zväzok E-J. 1987.
  13. ^ Director of the Revúca District Office of the National Forest Service Igor Viszlai, Ph. D. In: Igor Viszlai, "Poďte s nami do prírody – 19. " Revúcke listy, 2007.
  14. ^ [s. n. ], "Ľudovít Greiner. " Revúcke listy, 2006.
  15. ^ a b József Szinnyei, Magyar írók élete és munkái, IV Gyalai-Hyrtl. 1896.
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