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Lucullus
Lucullus
For his grandfather and namesake, see Lucius Licinius Lucullus. This article is on the Consul of 151 BC - for the descendent (this man's grandson see Lucullus, and for others of this name see Licinius (gens.

Lucius Licinius Lucullus (ca. 118-56 BC) was a consul of ancient Rome, a supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and victor in the East. Year 56 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Britain This year or possibly the following year the king of Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c

Contents

Biography

Born in Rome, he was a member of the prominent gens Licinia, the grandson of the consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, and the son of Caecilia Metella Calva, sister of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus (who was the father of Caecilia Metella Dalmatica, Sulla's third wife). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Licinius was a celebrated plebeian Gens of Ancient Rome. One person who belonged to the gens was C This article is on the Consul of 151 BC - for the descendent (this man's grandson see Lucullus, and for others of this name see Licinius (gens. The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c [1]

Serving under Sulla

Lucullus first began service as a military tribune, serving in the Social War under Sulla, and as a quaestor in 88 BC he was the only officer to support Sulla's march on Rome. This article is about the conflict between Rome and her Italian allies between 91 and 88 BC For the Athenian conflict with its allies between 357 and 355 BC see Quaestors were originally appointed by the Consuls to investigate criminal acts and determine if the consul needed to take public action Year 88 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian He also served under Sulla in the First Mithridatic War, raising a fleet which helped Sulla open up the seas during the siege of Athens and then, after Lucullus had defeated the Mithridatic admiral Neoptolemus in the Battle of Tenedos, it helped Sulla cross the Aegean to Asia. The First Mithridatic War ( 90 &ndash 85 BC) was a conflict fought between the Kingdom of Pontus and revolting Greek cities -Athens being the most prominent- Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Battle of Tenedos was fought in 86 BC between the fleets of Rome and Pontus. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. After a peace had been agreed, Lucullus stayed in Asia and collected the financial penalty Sulla imposed upon the province for its revolt. Lucullus, however, tried to lessen the burden that these impositions created. [2]

Lucullus returned in 80 BC and was elected curule aedile in 79, along with his brother Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, and gave splendid games. Year 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Battle of the Baetis River — Democratic rebel Aedile ( Aedilis, from aedes aedis "temple" "building" was an office of the Roman Republic. Year 79 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla renounces his dictatorship Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus (ca 116- soon after 56 BC younger brother of the more famous Lucius Licinius Lucullus, was a supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla [3]

Consulship

Sulla dedicated his memoirs to Lucullus, and upon his death made him guardian of his son Faustus, preferring Lucullus over Pompey. Faustus Cornelius Sulla (78 BC-47 BC was a Roman senator. Faustus was eldest surviving son of the Dictator of Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla, born in Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation [4]. Shortly after this, in 74, he became consul (along with Marcus Aurelius Cotta, Julius Caesar's uncle)[5], and defended Sulla's constitution from the efforts of Lucius Quinctius. Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia

Initially, he drew Cisalpine Gaul in the lots at the start of his consulship as his proconsular command after his year as consul was done, but he got himself appointed governor of Cilicia after its governor died, so as to also receive the command against Mithridates VI in the Third Mithridatic War. Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later Ancient Rome In the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a Promagistrate (like a Propraetor) who after serving as Consul, spent a year Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates The Third Mithridatic War ( 75 - 65 BC) was one of three Mithridatic Wars fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic [6]

Campaigns in the east

Asia Minor, during Roman Republic conquest.
Asia Minor, during Roman Republic conquest. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the

On arrival, Lucullus set out from his province to relieve the besieged Cotta in Bithynia. Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius [7] He harried the army of Mithridates and killed many of his soldiers. He then turned to the sea and raised a fleet amongst the Greek cities of Asia. With this fleet he defeated the enemy's fleet off Ilium and then off Lemnos. Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. Turning back to the land, he drove Mithridates back into Pontus. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges He was wary of drawing into a direct engagement with Mithridates, due to the latter's superior cavalry. But after several small battles, Lucullus finally defeated him at the Battle of Cabira. The Battle of Cabira was fought in 72 BC between Roman Republic and Pontus forces He did not pursue Mithridates immediately, but instead he finished conquering the kingdom of Pontus and setting the affairs of Asia into order. His attempts to reform the rapacious Roman administration in Asia made him increasingly unpopular among the powerful publicani back in Rome. In antiquity, publicans ( Latin publicanus (singular publicani (plural were public contractors in which role they often supplied the

He then led an attack against Tigranes II of Armenia, Mithridates's son-in-law and ally, and to whom Mithridates fled after Cabeira. For the modern Ethiopian ethnic group known as Tigrayans see Tigray-Tigrinya people Tigranes (sometimes Tigran or Dikran) Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani He proceeded first against Tigranocerta and laid siege to it. The Battle of Tigranocerta (Տիգրանակերտի ճակատամարտը Tigranakerti Tchakatamartuh) was fought on October 6 69 BC between the forces of the Roman This drew forth the army of Tigranes, which Lucullus defeated despite being heavily out-numbered. He then defeated Tigranes and Mithridates in the Battle of Artaxata (October 6, 68 BC) but didn't proceed onto Artaxata because of dissension among his troops. The Battle of Artaxata was fought in 68 BC between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Armenia. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 68 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Caecilius Metellus Artashat (Արտաշատ Hellenized as Artaxata: Ἀρτάξατα is a city on the Araks River in the Ararat valley His authority over his legions was undermined by the efforts of his brother-in-law Publius Clodius. Publius Clodius Pulcher (born around 92 BC died January 18, 52 BC was a Roman Politician of the Populares  cause chiefly remembered for his This allowed Mithridates and Tigranes to retake much of their respective kingdoms.

At the machination of the equites and Pompeian supporters back in Rome, Lucullus was replaced by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in 66 BC and returned to Rome. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Year 66 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Manius Aemilius Lepidus and

As a decadent

See also: Gardens of Lucullus

The opposition to him continued on his return and caused the delay of his triumph until 63 BC. The Gardens of Lucullus ( Horti Lucullani) were an ancient patrician villa on the Pincian Hill on the edge of Rome; they were laid out by Lucius Licinius A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via Year 63 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Pompey conquers Phonecia, Coele-Syria Instead of returning fully to political life (although, as a friend of Cicero, he did act in some issues[8]), however, he mostly retired to extravagant leisure, or, in Plutarch's words,:

“quitted and abandoned public affairs, either because he saw that they were already beyond proper control and diseased, or, as some say, because he had his fill of glory, and felt that the unfortunate issue of his many struggles and toils entitled him to fall back upon a life of ease and luxury. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman . . [for] in the life of Lucullus, as in an ancient comedy, one reads in the first part of political measures and military commands, and in the latter part of drinking bouts, and banquets, and what might pass for revel-routs, and torch-races, and all manner of frivolity[9]”

He used the vast treasure he amassed during his wars in the East to live a life of luxury. He had splendid gardens outside the city of Rome, as well as villas around Tusculum and Neapolis. The Gardens of Lucullus ( Horti Lucullani) were an ancient patrician villa on the Pincian Hill on the edge of Rome; they were laid out by Lucius Licinius For other uses of Tusculum see Tusculum (disambiguation. Tusculum is the classical Roman name of a major ancient Alban Hills city in This article is about the history of the Italian city of Naples. The one near Neapolis included fish ponds and man-made extensions into the sea, [10] and was only one of many elite senators' villas around the Bay of Naples. Castel dell'Ovo ( Italian: "Egg Castle" is a castle in the Italian city of Naples. The Gulf of Naples is located in the south western coast of Italy ( Province of Naples, Campania region

Gastronome

So famous did Lucullus become for his banqueting that the word lucullan now means lavish, luxurious and gourmet.

Once, Cicero and Pompey succeeded in inviting themselves to dinner with Lucullus, but, curious to see what sort of meal Lucullus ate when alone, forbade him to send word ahead to his servants to prepare a meal for guests. However, Lucullus outsmarted them. He ordered that his servants serve him in the Apollo Room, and as his servants had been schooled ahead of time as to precisely what to make for each of the different dining rooms, Cicero and Pompey ate the most luxurious of all meals.

Another tale runs that one of his servants, upon hearing that he would have no guests for dinner, served only one course. Lucullus reprimanded his servant saying, "What, did not you know, then, that today Lucullus dines with Lucullus?". [11] He was also responsible for bringing the sweet cherry and the apricot to Rome. The Wild Cherry or Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) is a species of cherry, native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia The Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca, "Armenian plum" in Latin syn

Bibliophile

He was a student of the philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon and one of only a few late Republican senators (Caesar also included) who expressed interest in the idea of building a public library. Bibliophilia is the love of Books Accordingly a bibliophile loves books but especially "for Qualities of Format. Antiochus (Άντίοχος ὁ Ἀσκαλώνιος of Ascalon, (lived c [12]

Death

Lucullus is reported by Plutarch to have lost his mind at the end and went intermittently crazy towards his elderly life. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Lucullus' brother Marcus oversaw his funeral.

Marriages

Plutarch writes:

“After his divorce from Clodia, who was a licentious and base woman, he married Servilia, a sister of Cato, but this, too, was an unfortunate marriage. Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder For it lacked none of the evils which Clodia had brought in her train except one, namely, the scandal about her brothers. In all other respects Servilia was equally vile and abandoned, and yet Lucullus forced himself to tolerate her, out of regard for Cato. At last, however, he put her away[13]”

References

  1. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 1. 1-6
  2. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 2. 1-4. 5
  3. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 1. 6
  4. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 4. 5
  5. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 5. 1
  6. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 5. 2-6. 5
  7. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 7. 1-36. 7 - an account of his whole governorship, by far the bulk of Plutarch's Life
  8. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 42. 4-43. 3
  9. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 38. 1-39. 3
  10. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 38. 2-41. 6
  11. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 41. 1-6
  12. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 42. 1-3
  13. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 38. 1

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

Preceded by
Gaius Aurelius Cotta and Lucius Octavius		Consul of the Roman Republic
with Marcus Aurelius Cotta
74 BC		Succeeded by
Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus
Gaius Aurelius Cotta (ca 124 - 73 BC was a Roman statesman and orator not to be confused with Gaius Aurelius L This is a list of Roman consuls Key Abbreviations Imp = Imperator suff The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia Gaius Cassius Longinus was a Roman Consul in 73 BC (together with Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus) Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus (ca 116- soon after 56 BC younger brother of the more famous Lucius Licinius Lucullus, was a supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla
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