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Hypnos and Thanatos, Sleep and His Half-Brother Death by John William Waterhouse
Hypnos and Thanatos, Sleep and His Half-Brother Death by John William Waterhouse

A lucid dream, also known as a conscious dream, is a dream in which the person is aware that he or she is dreaming while the dream is in progress. In Greek mythology, Hypnos (Ὕπνος was the personification of sleep the Roman equivalent was known as Somnus. In Greek mythology, Thanatos (in Ancient Greek, θάνατος &ndash " Death " was the Daemon personification John William Waterhouse ( April 6, 1849 &ndash February 10, 1917) was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter most Dreams are the images sounds thoughts and feelings experienced while Sleeping, particularly strongly associated with Rapid eye movement sleep. When the dreamer is lucid, he or she can actively participate in the dream environment without any of the inhibitions or limitations that otherwise would feel natural to persons who incorrectly believe they are in the "real" waking world. Lucid dreams can be extremely real and vivid depending on a person's level of self-awareness during the lucid dream. Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. [1]

A lucid dream can begin in one of two ways. A dream-initiated lucid dream (DILD) starts as a normal dream, and the dreamer eventually concludes that he or she is dreaming, while a wake-initiated lucid dream (WILD) occurs when the dreamer goes from a normal waking state directly into a dream state with no apparent lapse in consciousness.

Lucid dreaming has been researched scientifically, and its existence is well established. [2][3] Scientists such as Allan Hobson, with his neurophysiological approach to dream research, have helped to push the understanding of lucid dreaming into a less speculative realm. John Allan Hobson, MD (born June 3, 1933) is an American Psychiatrist and Dream researcher Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία

Contents

Scientific history

The first book on lucid dreams to recognize their scientific potential was Celia Green's 1968 study Lucid Dreams[4]. Celia Elizabeth Green (born 26 November 1935 in East Ham, London) is a British writer on Philosophical skepticism, twentieth-century Reviewing the past literature, as well as new data from subjects of her own, Green analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams and concluded that they were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams. She predicted that they would turn out to be associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams to the phenomenon of false awakenings. A false awakening is an event in which someone Dreams they have awoken from Sleep.

Philosopher Norman Malcolm's 1959 text Dreaming argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports. Norman Malcolm (1911 &ndash 1990 was an American philosopher, born in Selden Kansas. [5] However, the realization that eye movements performed in dreams affected the dreamer's physical eyes provided a way to prove that actions agreed upon during waking life could be recalled and performed once lucid in a dream. The first evidence of this type was produced in the late 1970s by British parapsychologist Keith Hearne. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Keith Hearne (BSc MSc PhD is a researcher in the field of Lucid dreams in particular and Dreams in general A volunteer named Alan Worsley used eye movement to signal the onset of lucidity, which were recorded by a polysomnograph machine. See also Polysomnogram Polysomnography or PSG is a multi-parametric test used in the study of Sleep; the test result is called a

Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first peer-reviewed article was published some years later by Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University, who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation. Stephen LaBerge is a Psychophysiologist and a leader in the scientific study of Lucid dreaming. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in [6]

During the 1980s, further scientific evidence to confirm the existence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals). Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding [3]

Additionally, techniques were developed which have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state. [7]

Research on techniques and effects of lucid dreaming continues at a number of universities and other centers, including LaBerge's Lucidity Institute. The Lucidity Institute is an incorporated Research institute founded in 1987 by Stephen LaBerge that supports Lucid dreaming

Research and clinical applications

Neurobiological model

Neuroscientist J. Allan Hobson has hypothesized as to what might be occurring in the brain while lucid. A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of Neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields John Allan Hobson, MD (born June 3, 1933) is an American Psychiatrist and Dream researcher The first step to lucid dreaming is recognizing that one is dreaming. This recognition might occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is one of the few areas deactivated during REM sleep and where working memory occurs. Brodmann area 46, or BA46 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Once this area is activated and the recognition of dreaming occurs, the dreamer must be cautious to let the dream delusions continue but be conscious enough to recognize them. This process might be seen as the balance between reason and emotion. While maintaining this balance, the amygdala and parahippocampal cortex might be less intensely activated. The la amygdalae ( Latin, also la corpus amygdaloideum, singular la amygdala, from Greek el αμυγδαλή grc-Latn amygdalē, 'almond' The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus) is a Grey matter cortical region of the Brain that surrounds the Hippocampus. [8] To continue the intensity of the dream hallucinations, it is expected the pons and the parieto-occipital junction stay active. The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a structure located on the Brain stem. The parietal lobe is a lobe in the Brain. It is positioned above (superior to the Occipital lobe and behind (posterior to the Frontal lobe. To verify this hypothesis, it would be necessary to observe the brain during lucid dreaming using a method such as a PET scan, which captures a snapshot of the blood flow to the brain. Positron emission tomography ( PET) is a Nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the No such experiment has yet been performed. [9]

Treatment for nightmares

People who suffer from nightmares would benefit from the ability to be aware they are dreaming. A nightmare is a Dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper typically fear or horror being in situations of extreme danger or the sensations A pilot study was performed in 2006 that showed that lucid dreaming treatment was successful in reducing nightmare frequency. This treatment consisted of exposure to the idea, mastery of the technique, and lucidity exercises. It was not clear what aspects of the treatment were responsible for the success of overcoming nightmares, though the treatment as a whole was successful. [10] Australian psychologist, Milan Colic, has explored the application of principles from narrative therapy with clients' lucid dreams to reduce the impact not only of nightmares during sleep, but also depression, self-mutilation, and other problems in waking life. Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s largely by Australian Michael White ( Dulwich Centre and his friend and colleague David Epston, of New Colic found that clients' preferred direction for their lives, as identified during therapeutic conversations, could lessen the distressing content of dreams, while understandings about life - and even characters - from lucid dreams could be invoked in 'real' life with marked therapeutic benefits. [11]

Perception of time while lucid dreaming

The rate that time passes while lucid dreaming has been shown to be about the same as while waking. In 1985, LaBerge performed a pilot study where lucid dreamers counted out ten seconds while dreaming, signaling the end of counting with a pre-arranged eye signal measured with electrooculogram recording. [12] LaBerge's results were confirmed by German researchers in 2004. The German study, by D. Erlacher and M. Schredl, also studied motor activity and found that deep knee bends took 44% longer to perform while lucid dreaming. [13]

Near-death and out-of-body experiences

In a study of fourteen lucid dreamers performed in 1991, people who perform wake-initiated lucid dreams (WILD) reported experiences consistent with aspects of out-of-body experiences such as floating above their beds and the feeling of leaving their bodies. [14] Due to the phenomenological overlap between lucid dreams, near death experiences, and out-of-body experiences, researchers say they believe a protocol could be developed to induce a lucid dream similar to a near-death experience in the laboratory. An out-of-body experience ( OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and in some cases perceiving [15]

Cultural history

Even though it has only come to the attention of the general public in the last few decades, lucid dreaming is not a modern discovery.

Induction methods

Many people report having experienced a lucid dream during their lives, often in childhood. Children seem to have lucid dreams more easily than adults. Although lucid dreaming is a conditioned skill,[23] achieving lucid dreams on a regular basis can be difficult and is uncommon, even with training. Over time, several techniques have been developed to achieve a lucid dreaming state intentionally. The following are common factors that influence lucid dreaming and techniques that people use to help achieve a lucid dream:

Dream recall

Dream recall is simply the ability to remember dreams. Good dream recall is often described as the first step towards lucid dreaming. Better recall increases awareness of dreams in general; with limited dream recall, any lucid dreams one has can be forgotten entirely.

The main technique used to improve dream recall is to keep a dream journal, writing down any dreams remembered the moment one awakes. A dream journal is a journal in which dream experiences are recorded An audio recorder can also be very helpful[24]. It is important to record the dreams as quickly as possible as there is a strong tendency to forget what one has dreamt. [25] It is suggested that for best recall, the waking dreamer should keep eyes closed while trying to remember the dream, and that one's dream journal be recorded in the present tense[24]. Describing an experience as if presently in it can help the writer to recall more accurately the events of their dream.

Dream recall can also be improved by staying still after waking up. [25] This may have something to do with REM atonia (the condition of REM sleep in which the motor neurons are not stimulated and thus the body's muscles do not move). If one purposely prevents motor neurons from firing immediately after waking from a dream, recalling said dream becomes easier. Similarly, if the dreamer changes positions in the night, they may be able to recall certain events of their dream by testing different sleeping positions.

Mnemonic induction of lucid dreams (MILD)

The MILD technique is a common technique developed by Dr. Stephen LaBerge used to induce a lucid dream at will by setting an intention, while falling asleep, to remember to recognize that one is dreaming or to remember to look for dream signs when one is in a dream. Stephen LaBerge is a Psychophysiologist and a leader in the scientific study of Lucid dreaming. A dream sign is a commonly occurring theme found within a person's Dreams.

Wake-back-to-bed (WBTB)

The wake-back-to-bed technique is often the easiest way to encourage a lucid dream. The method involves going to sleep tired and waking up five to six hours later. Then, focusing all thoughts on lucid dreaming, staying awake for an hour and going back to sleep while practicing the MILD method. A 60% success rate has been shown in research using this technique. [26] This is because the REM cycles get longer as the night goes on, and this technique takes advantage of the best REM cycle of the night. Because this REM cycle is longer and deeper, gaining lucidity during this time may result in a lengthier lucid dream. [26]

Cycle adjustment technique (CAT)

The cycle adjustment technique, developed by Daniel Love, is an effective way to induce lucid dreaming. It involves adjusting one's sleep cycle to encourage awareness during the latter part of the sleep. First, the person wakes up 90 minutes before normal wake time until their sleep cycle begins to adjust. After this, the normal wake times and early wake times alternate. On the days with the normal wake times, the body is ready to wake up, and this increases alertness, making lucidity more likely.

Wake-initiation of lucid dreams (WILD)

The wake-initiated lucid dream "occurs when the sleeper enters REM sleep with unbroken self-awareness directly from the waking state". Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. [27] There are many techniques aimed at entering a WILD. The key to these techniques is recognizing the hypnagogic stage, which is within the border of being awake and being asleep. Hypnagogia ( Greek ὕπνος húpnos "sleep" + the root found in ἄγω ágō "to lead away conduct convey" ἀγωγεύς Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom If a person is successful in staying aware while this stage occurs, he or she will eventually enter the dream state while being fully aware that it is a dream.

There are key times at which this state is best entered; while success at normal bedtime after having been awake all day is very difficult, it is relatively easy after sleeping for 3–7 hours or in the afternoon during a nap. Techniques for inducing WILDs abound. Dreamers may count, envision themselves climbing or descending stairs, chant to themselves, control their breathing, count their breaths to keep their thoughts from drifting, concentrate on relaxing their body from their toes to their head, or allow images to flow through their "mind's eye" and envision themselves jumping into the image to maintain concentration and keep their mind awake, while still being calm enough to let their body sleep.

During the actual transition into the dream state, one is likely to experience sleep paralysis, including rapid vibrations,[14] a sequence of loud sounds and a feeling of twirling into another state of body awareness, "to drift off into another dimension". Sleep paralysis is a common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and Areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less

Induction devices

Lucid dream induction is possible by the use of a physical device. The general principle works by taking advantage of the natural phenomenon of incorporating external stimuli into one's dreams. Usually a device is worn while sleeping that can detect when the sleeper enters a REM phase and triggers a noise and/or flashing lights with the goal of these stimuli being incorporated into the dreamer's dream. For example flashing lights might be translated to a car's headlights in a dream.

A well-known dream-induction device is the NovaDreamer, designed in 1993 by experienced lucid dreamer Craig Webb, now an international speaker/trainer and executive director of The DREAMS Foundation[28]. The NovaDreamer has been discontinued as of 2006. However, a newer version is being worked on, but as of now is not available. [29]

The REM Dreamer is a cheaper and more widely available version of the NovaDreamer. It has one motion sensor in the right eye that is best at recognizing horizontal movement of the eyes. When it picks up the eye’s movement it goes through a series of flashing LED lights that filter through into the person’s dream and triggers lucidity. Combining this with MILD can be incredibly effective. [30]

Additional techniques

Reality testing

Reality testing (or reality checking) is a common method used by people to determine whether or not they are dreaming. It involves performing an action with results that will be different if the tester is dreaming. By practicing these tests during waking life, one may eventually decide to perform such a test while dreaming, which may fail and let the dreamer realize that they are dreaming.

Common reality tests include:

Dream signs

Another form of reality testing involves identifying one's dream signs, clues that one is dreaming. A dream sign is a commonly occurring theme found within a person's Dreams. Dream signs are often categorized as follows:

Supplements

Several drugs have been shown to improve the probability of a lucid dream occurring and/or increase the length of such a dream:

Prolonging lucid dreams

One problem faced by people wishing to lucid dream is awakening prematurely. This premature awakening can be frustrating after investing considerable time into achieving lucidity in the first place.

Stephen LaBerge proposed two ways to prolong a lucid dream. The first technique involves spinning one's dream body. He proposed that when spinning, the dreamer is engaging parts of the brain that may also be involved in REM activity, helping to prolong REM sleep. The second technique is rubbing one's hands. This technique is intended to engage the dreamer's brain in producing the sensation of rubbing hands, preventing the sensation of lying in bed from creeping into awareness. LaBerge tested his hypothesis by asking 34 volunteers to either spin, rub their hands, or do nothing. Results showed 90% of dreams were prolonged by hand rubbing and 96% prolonged by spinning. Only 33% of lucid dreams were prolonged with taking no action. [39]

Once the initial barrier of lucidity is broken, the dreamer’s next obstacle is the excitement of being conscious within a dream. It is key that the dreamer immediately relaxes upon becoming lucid. There are many methods that work, but in general saturating any of the senses with stimuli from the dream is important. Vision is usually the first sense to fade away, with touch commonly being the last. If the dream starts to fade, you can grab a hold of anything close by, making sure to feel the tactile sensation. Other techniques include shouting in a loud and clear voice, “INCREASE LUCIDITY!” inside the dream. People are often reluctant to do this, but it significantly stabilizes the dream and increases its vividness. The well-known author, Carlos Castaneda, suggests that the dreamer touch their tongue to the roof of their mouth, an action that greatly increases the realness of the dream. [40]

Other associated phenomena

REM Sleep. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.
REM Sleep. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.

Rapid eye movement (REM)

When a person is dreaming, the eyes move rapidly. Scientific research has found that these eye movements correspond to the direction in which the dreamer is "looking" in his/her dreamscape; this has enabled trained lucid dreamers to communicate whilst dreaming to researchers by using eye movement signals. [12]

False awakening

In a false awakening, one suddenly dreams of having been awakened. A false awakening is an event in which someone Dreams they have awoken from Sleep. Commonly in a false awakening, the room is similar to the room in which the person fell asleep. If the person was lucid, they often believe that they are no longer dreaming and may start exiting the room and so forth.

This can be a nemesis in the art of lucid dreaming, because it usually causes people to give up their awareness of being in a dream, but it can also cause someone to become lucid if the person does a reality check whenever he/she awakens. People who keep a dream journal and write down their dreams upon awakening sometimes report having to write down the same dream multiple times because of this phenomenon. A dream journal is a journal in which dream experiences are recorded It has also been known to cause bedwetting as one may dream that they have awoken to go to the restroom, but in reality are still dreaming.

False awakenings can be a great vehicle toward lucidity. The makers of induction devices such as the NovaDreamer and the REM Dreamer recommend doing a reality check every time you awake so that when a false awakening occurs you will become lucid. People using these devices have most of their lucid dreams triggered through reality checks upon awakening. [41]

Sleep paralysis

During REM sleep the body is paralyzed by a mechanism in the brain in order to prevent the movements, which occur in the dream, from causing the physical body to move. Sleep paralysis is a common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and Areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less However, it is possible for this mechanism to be triggered before, during, or after normal sleep while the brain awakens. This can lead to a state where a person is lying in his or her bed and he or she feels paralyzed. Hypnagogic hallucination may occur in this state, especially auditory ones. Hypnagogia ( Greek ὕπνος húpnos "sleep" + the root found in ἄγω ágō "to lead away conduct convey" ἀγωγεύς A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Effects of sleep paralysis include heaviness or inability to move the muscles, rushing or pulsating noises, and brief hypnogogic imagery. Experiencing sleep paralysis is a necessary part of WILD, in which the dreamer essentially detaches his "dream" body from the paralyzed one.

Out-of-body experience

An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and, in some cases, perceiving one's physical body from a place outside one's body (autoscopy). An out-of-body experience ( OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and in some cases perceiving The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a Human Organism. This article excludes paranormal interpretations Autoscopy is defined as an experience in which a person while believing to be awake About one in ten people has had an out-of-body experience at some time in their lives. [42] Scientists know little about the phenomenon. [43]

Why we are not always lucid in dreams

Puzzling to many people, given the frequent bizarreness, illogic and dislocation of dreams, is why dreamers are not lucid all of the time. How can our dreaming selves accept as real so many settings, images and events that in waking life, we assume, would immediately jolt us into disbelief? The answer to this has been approached in three categories of investigation.

Lucid Dreaming in Popular Film

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lucid Dreaming FAQ LaBerge, S. Waking Life is a digitally enhanced live action rotoscoped film directed by Richard Linklater and made in 2001. The Good Night, a Romantic comedy, is the first movie written and directed by Jake Paltrow, and an adaptation of a 2006 French Film The Science Vanilla Sky is a 2001 American Psychological thriller Film, which has been variously characterized by published film critics as "an odd The Science of Sleep ( La Science des rêves, literally The Science of Dreams) is a 2006 French film written and directed Astral projection (or astral travel) is an esoteric interpretation of a type of Out-of-body experience that assumes the existence of an " Astral The "dream argument" is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully A dream question (Hebrew 'She'elat Halom' is a practice of Divination whereby a person attains a prophetic state while dreaming receiving a divine answer to Hemi-Sync is a trademarked brand name for a process developed at the Monroe Institute, used to create audio patterns containing Binaural beats, which are commercialized This is a list of published diaries devoted specifically to dreams A pre-lucid dream is one in which the dreamer considers the question "Am I asleep and dreaming?" He or she may or may not come to the correct conclusion The Art of Dreaming is an allegedly non-fictional book written by author/anthropologist Carlos Castaneda and published in 1993 & Levitan, L. (2004). Version 2. 3
  2. ^ Watanabe Tsuneo (March 2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 21 (1): 159-162.  
  3. ^ a b LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzen, R. R. , Kihlstrom, J. F. & Schacter, D. L. , (Eds. ): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association, pp. 109 – 126.  
  4. ^ Green, C. , Lucid Dreams, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968.
  5. ^ Malcolm, N. , Dreaming, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959
  6. ^ Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (Ph. D. thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)
  7. ^ LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.  
  8. ^ Muzur A, Pace-Schott EF; Allan Hobson (November 2002). "The prefrontal cortex in sleep" (PDF). Trends Cogn Sci 1;2(11): 475-481.  
  9. ^ Hobson, J. Allan (2001). The Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness (in English). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 96-98. ISBN 978-0262582209.  
  10. ^ Spoormaker,-Victor-I; van-den-Bout,-Jan (October 2006). "Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study". Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics. 75 (6): 389-394.  
  11. ^ Colic, M. (2007). 'Kanna's lucid dreams and the use of narrative practices to explore their meaning. ' The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work (4): 19-26.
  12. ^ a b LaBerge, S. (2000). "Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (6): 962-3. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00574020. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  13. ^ Erlacher, D. ; Schredl, M. (2004). "Required time for motor activities in lucid dreams". Perceptual and Motor Skills 99: 1239-1242. doi:10.2466/PMS.99.7.1239-1242. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  14. ^ a b Lynne Levitan; Stephen LaBerge (1991). "Other Worlds: Out-of-Body Experiences and Lucid Dreams". Nightlight 3 (2-3). The Lucidity Institute.  
  15. ^ Green, J. Timothy (1995). "Lucid dreams as one method of replicating components of the near-death experience in a laboratory setting. ". Journal-of-Near-Death-Studies 14: 49-.  
  16. ^ Letter from St. Augustine of Hippo
  17. ^ (March 2005). The Best Sleep Posture for Lucid Dreaming: A Revised Experiment Testing a Method of Tibetan Dream Yoga. The Lucidity Institute.
  18. ^ Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light, 2nd edition, Snowlion Publications; authored by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu, an eminent Tibetan Lama, and his student Michael Katz, a Psychologist and lucid dream trainer. Chögyal Namkhai Norbu ( is a Dzogchen teacher who was born in Derge, Kham district (Eastern Tibet) on 8 December Michael Katz (1951 -) is a Psychologist, former Yantra Yoga instructor author photographer and long time student of contemporary masters of Tibetan Buddhism
  19. ^ Religio Medici, part 2:11. Religio Medici ( The Religion of a Doctor) is a book by Sir Thomas Browne, which sets out his spiritual testament as well as being an early psychological Text available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/relmed/relmed.html
  20. ^ Frederik van Eeden (1913). "A study of Dreams". Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 26.  
  21. ^ Blackmore, Susan (1991). Susan Jane Blackmore (born 29 July, 1951) is an English Freelance writer, Lecturer, and broadcaster on Psychology "Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?". Skeptical Inquirer 15: pp 362 – 370.  
  22. ^ G. William Domhoff (2003). George William ( Bill) Domhoff (born August 6 1936 is a Research Professor in Psychology and Sociology at the University of California Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
  23. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (1980). "Lucid dreaming as a learnable skill: A case study". Perceptual and Motor Skills 51: 1039-1042.  
  24. ^ a b Webb, Craig (1995). Dream Recall Techniques: Remember more Dreams (html). The DREAMS Foundation.
  25. ^ a b Stephen LaBerge (1989). "How to Remember Your Dreams". Nightlight 1 (1). The Lucidity Institute.  
  26. ^ a b Stephen LaBerge; Leslie Phillips, Lynne Levitan (1994). "An Hour of Wakefulness Before Morning Naps Makes Lucidity More Likely". NightLight 6 (3). The Lucidity Institute.  
  27. ^ Stephen LaBerge; Lynne Levitan (1995). "Validity Established of Dreamlight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3): 159-168. The Lucidity Institute.  
  28. ^ Foremski, Tom. "Getting into your Dreams", San Francisco Examiner, 1994-05-01. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.  .
  29. ^ http://www.lucidity.com/novadreamer.html Novadreamer Lucid Dream Induction Device] at The Lucidity Institute
  30. ^ [1] REM Dreamer
  31. ^ Oldis, Daniel (1974). The Lucid Dream Manifesto, pages 52-53. ISBN 0-595-39539-2.  
  32. ^ Dzogchen Community Of New York: Lucid Dreams of Community Members KUNDROLLING,
  33. ^ [2] Reality Check
  34. ^ [3] Reality Check
  35. ^ Reality testing, Lucid Dreaming FAQ at The Lucidity Institute. (October 2006)
  36. ^ a b Lynne Levitan, Stephen LaBerge (Summer 1993). "The Light and Mirror Experiment" . Nightlight 5 (10). The Lucidity Institute.  
  37. ^ H. von Moers-Messmer, "Traume mit der gleichzeitigen Erkenntnis des Traumzustandes," Archiv Fuer Psychologie 102 (1938): 291-318.
  38. ^ Ebben, M. , Lequerica, A. , & Spielman A. (2002). Effects of pyridoxine on dreaming: a preliminary study. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 94(1), 135–140.
  39. ^ Stephen LaBerge (1995). "Prolonging Lucid Dreams". NightLight 7 (3-4). The Lucidity Institute.  
  40. ^ Carlos Castaneda, "The Art of Dreaming"
  41. ^ [4] NovaDreamer Operation Manual
  42. ^ First Out-of-body Experience Induced In Laboratory Setting. ScienceDaily (Aug. 24, 2007)
  43. ^ Out-of-body or all in the mind? BBC news (2005).
  44. ^ Sparrow, Gregory Scott (1976). Lucid Dreaming: Dawning of the Clear Light. A. R. E Press, pages 52-53. ISBN 87604-086-5.  
  45. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (2004). Lucid Dreaming: A Concise Guide to awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life. Sounds True, page 15. ISBN 1-59179-150-2.  
  46. ^ Jouvet, Michel (1999). The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming. MIT, page 75. ISBN 0-262-10080-0.  
  47. ^ McLeester, #### Ed. (1976). Welcome to the Magic Theater: A Handbook for Exploring Dreams. Food for Thought, page 99. OCLC 76-29541. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  48. ^ Oldis, Daniel (1974). Lucid Dreams, Dreams and Sleep. USD Press, pages 173-178, 191. ISBN 978-1-60303-496-8.  

Further reading

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Dictionary

lucid dream

-noun

  1. A dream in which one is conscious that one is dreaming as the dream is occurring.
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