Comune di Lucca
Municipal coat of arms
Location of Lucca in Italy
Country	Italy
Region	Tuscany
Province	Lucca (LU)
Mayor	Mauro Favilla (since June, 11th 2007)
Elevation	19 m (62 ft)
Area	185 km² (71 sq mi)
Population (as of 2006)
- Total	79,783
- Density	431/km² (1,116/sq mi)
Time zone	CET, UTC+1
Coordinates	43°51′N, 10°30′E
Gentilic	Lucchesi
Dialing code	0583
Postal code	55110
Frazioni	see list
Patron	St. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune Lucca ( Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Here are a list of area codes in Italy. All numbers here begin with the country code (0039 A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on the Ligurian Sea Paulinus
- Day	July 12
Website: www.comune.lucca.it

Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on) the Tyrrhenian Sea. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest At 126 kilometres the Serchio (in antiquity the Auser) is the third longest river in the Italian region of Tuscany, coming after the Arno (242 km and the The Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno is part of the Mediterranean Sea off of the western coast of Italy. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca. Lucca ( Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Among other reasons, it is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls (although the city has expanded beyond the wall's boundaries).

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval city 1.2 Republic of Lucca 2 Frazioni 3 Main sights 4 Culture 5 See also 6 Twin towns 7 Famous Figures 8 Footnotes 9 External links

History

Ancient and medieval city

Lucca was founded by the Etruscans (there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek:) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Events By place Greece After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius including accusing him of coveting the succession to The rectangular grid of its historical center preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions Traces of the amphitheatre can still be seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro. An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances

Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the early 5th century. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. ^[1] At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy. Odoacer (435–493 also known as Odovacar (from the Germanic Audawakrs, meaning "watchful of wealth" was a Roman general and the Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the 6th century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. For other historical figures with similar names see Narses (disambiguation. Events By Place Europe The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius Under the Lombards, it was the seat of a duke who minted his own coins. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742. The Holy Face of Lucca ( Volto Santo di Lucca) is the venerated wooden Corpus of a Crucifix, located in the free-standing octagonal Carrara marble Nicodemus (Greek Νικόδημος was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, who according to the Gospel of John, showed favour to Jesus Events By Place Asia Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court (approximate date It became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the 11th century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons During the 10-11th centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margravate of Tuscany, more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states

After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune, with a charter in 1160. Matilda of Canossa ( Italian: Matilde, Latin: Mathilde; 1046 &ndash 24 July 1115) called la Gran Contessa Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms among community members of a town or city For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions Dante’s Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.

In 1273 and again in 1277 Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy Luchetto Gattilusio (fl 1248 &ndash 1307 was a Genoese statesman diplomat and man of letters In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. Uguccione della Faggiuola (c 1250 &ndash November 1, 1319) was an Italian condottiero, and chief magistrate of Pisa, Lucca The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiere Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli (1281&ndash September 3, 1328) was an Italian condottiero and duke of Lucca. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florence's Guelphs. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli's third famous book on political rule.

In 1408, Lucca hosted the convocation intended to end the schism in the papacy. A Convocation ( Latin 'calling together' translating the Greek Ecclesia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Martino della Scala of Verona, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[2].

Republic of Lucca

Lucca was the second largest Italian city state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the In 1805, Lucca was taken over by Napoleon, who put his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi in charge as "Queen of Etruria". Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Maria Anna (Marie Anne Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi Princesse Française Duchess of Lucca and Princess of Piombino, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Comtesse de This affair is commemorated in the famous first sentence of Tolstoy's War and Peace:

"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Bonapartes. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded War and Peace (Война и мир Voyna i mir) is a Novel by Leo Tolstoy, first published from 1865 to 1869 in Russkii Vestnik (. . . ) And what do you think of this latest comedy, the coronation at Milan, the comedy of the people of Genoa and Lucca laying their petitions [to be annexed to France] before Monsieur Bonaparte, and Monsieur Bonaparte sitting on a throne and granting the petitions of the nations?" (spoken by a thoroughly anti-Bonapartist Russian aristocrat, soon after the news reached St. Petersburg). Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

After 1815 it became a Bourbon-Parma duchy, then part of Tuscany in 1847 and finally part of the Italian State. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The Duchy of Lucca was an Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Frazioni

The municipal territory Lucca includes eighty-one "fractions": Antraccoli, Aquilea, Arancio, Arliano, Arsina, Balbano, Cappella, Carignano, Castagnori, Castiglioncello, Cerasomma, Chiatri, Ciciana, Deccio di Brancoli, Fagnano, Farneta, Gattaiola, Gignano di Brancoli, Maggiano, Massa Pisana, Mastiano, Meati, Monte San Quirico, Montuolo, Mutigliano, Mugnano, Nave, Nozzano, Nozzano San Pietro, Nozzano Vecchia, Ombreglio di Brancoli, Palmata, Piaggione, Piazza di Brancoli, Piazzano, Picciorana, Pieve di Brancoli, Pieve Santo Stefano, Ponte a Moriano, Ponte del Giglio, Ponte San Pietro, Pontetetto, Saltocchio, San Cassiano a Vico, San Cassano di Moriano, San Concordio di Moriano, San Donato, San Filippo, San Gimignano, San Giusto di Brancoli, San Lorenzo a Vaccoli, San Lorenzo di Moriano, San Macario in monte, San Macario in piano, San Michele di Moriano, San Michele in Escheto, San Pancazio, San Pietro a Vico, San Quirico in Moriano, San Vito, Sant'Alessio, Sant'Angelo in Campo, Sant'Ilario di Brancoli, Santa Maria a Colle, Santa Maria del Giudice, Santissima Annunziata, Santo Stefano di Moriano, Sesto di Moriano, Sorbano del Giudice, Sorbano del Vescovo, Stabbiano, Tempagnano di Lunata, Torre, Torre alla Maddalena, Torre Alta, Tramonte, Tramonte di Brancoli, Vallebuia, Vecoli, Vicopelago, Vinchiana. A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government

Main sights

The walls around the old town remained intact as the city expanded and modernized, unusual for cities in the region. As the walls lost their military importance, they became a pedestrian promenade which encircled the old town, although they were used for a number of years in the 20th century for racing cars. They are still fully intact today; each of the four principal sides is lined with a different tree species.

The Academy of Sciences (1584) is the most famous of several academies and libraries.

The Casa di Puccini is open to the public. At nearby Torre del Lago there is a Puccini opera festival every year in July/August. Torre del Lago is a hamlet of almost 11000 inhabitants a Frazione of the Comune of Viareggio, in the Province of Lucca WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini ( December 22, 1858 Puccini had a house there.

There are many richly built medieval basilica-form churches in Lucca with rich arcaded facades and campaniles, a few as old as the 8th century.

• Piazza dell'Anfiteatro
• Piazza Napoleone
• Piazza San Michele

• Duomo di San Martino (St Martin's Cathedral)
• The Ducal Palace (The original project was begun by Bartolomeo Ammannati in 1577-1582, and continued by Filippo Juvarra in the 18th century. The Cathedral of St Martin (Italian Duomo) is a church in Lucca, Italy This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. Bartolomeo Ammanati ( June 18 1511 - April 13 1592) was a Florentine Architect and sculptor. Filippo Juvarra, ( March 7, 1678 - January 31, 1736) was an Italian Architect and Scene The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system )
• The ancient Roman amphitheatre
• Church of San Michele in Foro
• Basilica di San Frediano
• Torre delle ore ("The Clock Tower")
• Casa and Torre Guinigi
• Museo Nazionale Guinigi
• Museo e Pinacoteca Nazionale
• Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca, a botanical garden dating from 1820
• Palazzo Pfanner
• Church of San Giorgio in the locality of Brancoli, built in the late 12th century. An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances San Michele in Foro is a Basilica church in Lucca. It was built over the former Roman forum The Basilica of San Frediano is a Romanesque church in Lucca, Italy, situated on the Piazza San Frediano. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. The Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca is a Botanical garden located at Via del Giardino Botanico 14 Lucca, Italy, and operated by the city Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Palazzo Pfanner is a palace and gardens in Lucca, now converted into a museum of art and artifacts It has a nave and two aisles with a single apse, and a bell tower in Lombard-Romanesque style ranked amongst the most beautiful in northern Italy. The interior houses a massive ambo (1194) with four columns mounted on notable sculptures of lions. Also having notable medieval decoration is the octagonal baptismal font. The altar is supported by six small columns with human figures.

Culture

Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini (La bohème and Madama Butterfly), Francesco Geminiani, Gioseffo Guami, Luigi Boccherini, and Alfredo Catalani. The place of birth is the place where a person was born This place is often used in legal documents together with Name and Date of birth, to uniquely identify a A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini ( December 22, 1858 Francesco Geminiani ( December 5, 1687 &ndash September 17, 1762) was an Italian Violinist, composer and music theorist Gioseffo Guami (c 1540 &ndash 1611 (also Giuseppe was an Italian composer organist, and singer of the late Renaissance Venetian School. Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini ( February 19, 1743 &ndash May 28, 1805) was a classical era Composer and cellist WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Alfredo Catalani ( 19 June 1854 &ndash 7 August 1893 It is also the birthplace of Bruno Menconi and artist Benedetto Brandimarte. Benedetto Brandimarte (late-16th century was an Italian painter of the late- Renaissance period

Lucca annually hosts the Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition saw Eric Clapton, Placebo, Massive Attack, Roger Waters, Tracy Chapman and Santana play live in the Piazza Napoleone. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945 is an English Blues-rock Guitarist, singer Songwriter and Composer Placebo are an Alternative rock band formed in London in 1994 currently comprising Brian Molko, Stefan Olsdal and Steve Forrest Massive Attack are an English Trip hop group founded in 1988 by Robert Del Naja, Grantley Marshall, and Andrew Vowles in Bristol George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943 in Great Bookham, Surrey) is an English rock musician Tracy Chapman (born March 30, 1964) is an American Singer-songwriter, best known for her singles " Fast Car " " Santana is a flexible number of musicians accompanying Carlos Santana since the late 1960s

See also

• Castruccio Castracani
• Duchy of Lucca

Twin towns

• Abingdon, United Kingdom
• Colmar, France
• Golgolin, Poland
• Schongau, Germany
• Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
• Buenos Aires, Argentina

Famous Figures

Leo Nomenelli- Pro Football Hall of Famer

• Saint Frediano
• Pope Lucius III
• Saint Zita
• Castruccio Castracani, ruler of Lucca (1316-1328)
• Matteo Civitali, sculptor
• Pompeo Batoni, painter
• Francesco Geminiani, musician and composer
• Elisa Bonaparte, ruler of Lucca
• Luigi Boccherini, musician and composer
• Antonio Vallisneri, scientist and physician
• Alfredo Catalani, composer
• Felice Matteucci, engineer
• Giacomo Puccini, composer
• Gioseffo Guami, composer
• Gemma Galgani, saint
• Zita of Bourbon-Parma, last Empress of Austria
• Marcello Pera, politician
• Mario Cipollini, athlete
• Renato Salvatori, actor
• Giuseppe Ungaretti, poet
• Marco Rossi, athlete
• Rolando Ugolini, Goalkeeper
• Paolo Monti, Master Chef

Footnotes

Leo Nomellini- Pro Football Player

External links

• Official site
• History of Lucca
• The mountains near Lucca
• The Noble of Lucca
• Lucca General Information
• Panoramic view of the walls of Lucca
• Lucca Summer Festival official website
• Tourist Site about Lucca
• IMT Institute for Advanced Studies - Graduate School

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