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A lubricant (sometimes referred to "Lube") is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction and wear between them. Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e In Materials science, wear is the erosion of material from a Solid Surface by the action of another substance A lubricant provides a protective film which allows for two touching surfaces to be separated and "smoothed," thus lessening the friction between them. Lubricants chemically interact with all surfaces so that contact only occurs with the smooth and free lubricant. By this process, abrasive particles are dissolved into the lubricant, thus making them also very good solvents and cleaners. Petroleum-based lubricants like Vaseline tend to dissolve petroleum products such as rubber and plastic, while water-based lubricants tend to dissolve polar chemicals (like water and dirt); hence the additives. Vaseline (Vasenol in Portugal Brazil Italy and Spain is a brand of Petroleum jelly based products owned by Anglo-Dutch company Unilever. The lubricant must be replaced when it has dissolved to saturation, because the inability to dissolve additional abrasive debris allows abrasive particles to scrape against or become lodged in the working surfaces, thus introducing a margin for physical contact between them. Lubricants which dissolve working surfaces (such as Vaseline with rubber) defeat their purpose by corroding the smooth surfaces by their own dissolving power, thus compromising structural integrity, surface smoothness, and system-wide contamination. It can also help remove gum from your hair.

One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Motor oil, or engine oil, is an Oil used for lubrication of various Internal combustion engines While the main function is to lubricate Moving The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a

Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicone, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. A polyolefin is a Polymer produced from a simple Olefin (also called an Alkene with the general formula CnH2n as a Monomer. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Silicones are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain Carbon - Fluorine bonds The relatively low reactivity and high polarity of the carbon-fluorine bond imparts Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are also added to some fuels. Two-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil or 2-stroke oil) is an Engine oil intended for use in Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which has to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by

Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc. Although the word grease originally described the rendered fat of animals the term is now applied more broadly to mean a Lubricant of higher initial Viscosity The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Molybdenum disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula MoS2 Tungsten(IV sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula W[[Sulfur S2]] ), teflon tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Dry lubricants or solid Lubricants are materials which despite being in the solid phase are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny wear-protective layer of Oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic are slid against each other at high

Another approach to reducing friction and wear is to use bearings such as ball bearings, roller bearings or air bearings, which in turn require internal lubrication themselves, or to use sound, in the case of acoustic lubrication. A ball bearing is an engineering term referring to a type of Rolling-element bearing which uses Balls to maintain the separation between the moving parts A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces Foil bearings are a type of air bearing. A shaft is supported by a compliant spring loaded foil journal lining Acoustic or sonic lubrication occurs when sound (measurable in a vacuum by placing a microphone on one element of the sliding system permits vibration to introduce separation

In addition to automotive and industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes, including as a personal lubricant, bio-medical applications (e. Personal lubricants are specialized Lubricants which serve during sexual intercourse to reduce Friction with the Vagina, the Anus, or other Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the g. lubricants for artificial joints) and others. Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful operations in modern Orthopaedic surgery.

Contents

Purpose

Lubricants perform the following key functions.

Keep moving parts apart

Lubricants are typically used to separate moving parts in a system. This has the benefit of reducing friction and surface fatigue together with reduced heat generation, operating noise and vibrations. Lubricants achieve this by several ways. The most common is by forming a physical barrier i. e. a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high surface pressures or temperatures the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are transmitted between the surfaces through the lubricant. This is termed elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication.

Reduce friction

Typically the lubricant-to-surface friction is much less than surface-to-surface friction in a system without any lubrication. Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction. Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may contain additives known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e. g. protecting the valve train in a car engine at startup.

Transfer heat

Both gas and liquid lubricants can transfer heat. However, liquid lubricants are much more effective on account of their high specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity Typically the liquid lubricant is constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from thermal stress is susceptible to catastrophic failure during sudden system shut downs. An automotive oil-cooled turbocharger is a typical example. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. Turbochargers get red hot during operation and the oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is very short i. e. high flow rate. If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area after a high speed drive and stopping the engine) the oil that is in the turbo charger immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits. Over time these deposits can completely block the oil ways, reducing the cooling with the result that the turbo charger experiences total failure typically with seized bearings. A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts typically rotation or linear movement Non-flowing lubricants such as greases & pastes are not effective at heat transfer although they do contribute by reducing the generation of heat in the first place.

Carry away contaminants and debris

Lubricant circulation systems have the benefit of carrying away internally generated debris and external contaminants that get introduced into the system to a filter where they can be removed. Lubricants for machines that regularly generate debris or contaminants such as automotive engines typically contain detergent and dispersant additives to assist in debris and contaminant transport to the filter and removal. Over time the filter will get clogged and require cleaning or replacement, hence the recommendation to change a car's oil filter at the same time as changing the oil. In closed systems such as gear boxes the filter may be supplemented by a magnet to attract any iron fines that get created.

It is apparent that in a circulatory system the oil will only be as clean as the filter can make it, thus it is unfortunate that there are no industry standards by which consumers can readily assess the filtering ability of various automotive filters. Poor filtration significantly reduces the life of the machine (engine) as well as making the system inefficient.

Transmit power

Pascal's law is at the heart of hydrostatic power transmission. Pascal (unitIn the Physical sciences, Pascal's law or Pascal's principle states that "a change in the pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluid is conveyed Hydraulic fluids comprise a large portion of all lubricants produced in the world.

Protect against wear

Lubricants prevent wear by keeping the moving parts apart. Lubricants may also contain anti-wear or extreme pressure additives to boost their performance against wear and fatigue.

Prevent corrosion

Good quality lubricants are typically formulated with additives that form chemical bonds with surfaces to prevent corrosion and rust.

History

Romans used rags dipped in animal fat to lubricate wagon wheels; however the science of lubrication (tribology) really only took off with the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion.

General composition

Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil and a minority of additives to impart desirable characteristics. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is

Types of lubricants

Liquid lubricants

Liquid lubricants may be characterized in many different ways. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Although the word grease originally described the rendered fat of animals the term is now applied more broadly to mean a Lubricant of higher initial Viscosity Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together One of the most common ways is by the type of base oil used. Following are the most common types.

Note: although generally lubricants are based on one type of base oil or another, it is quite possible to use mixtures of the base oils to meet performance requirements. Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially

Lanolin

A natural water repellent, lanolin is derived from sheep wool grease, and is an alternative to the more common petro-chemical based lubricants. This lubricants are also corrosion inhibitors, protecting against rust, salt and acids.

Water

Water can be used on its own, or as a major component in combination with one of the other base oils. Commonly used in engineering processes, such as milling and lathe turning.

Mineral oil

This term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil identified [1] as:

- Manufactured by solvent extraction, solvent or catalytic dewaxing, and hydro-finishing processes. SAE International (SAE is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in the Aerospace, Automotive, and commercial Vehicle industries Viscosity index is a Petroleum industry term It is a lubricating oil Quality indicator an arbitrary measure for the change of Kinematic Common Group I base oil are 150SN (solvent neutral), 500SN, and 150BS (brightstok)

- Manufactured by hydrocracking and solvent or catalytic dewaxing processes. Group II base oil has superior anti-oxidation properties since virtually all hydrocarbon molecules are saturated. It has water-white color.

- Manufactured by special processes such as isohydromerization. Can be manufactured from base oil or slax wax from dewaxing process.

Such as naphthenics, PAG, esters, and etc. A polyolefin is a Polymer produced from a simple Olefin (also called an Alkene with the general formula CnH2n as a Monomer. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least

In North America, Groups III, IV and V are now described as synthetic lubricants, with group III frequently described as synthesised hydrocarbons, or SHCs. Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially In Europe, only Groups IV and V may be classed as synthetics.

The lubricant industry commonly extends this group terminology to include:

Can also be classified into three categories depending on the prevailing compositions: - Paraffinic - Naphthenic - Aromatic

Vegetable (natural) oils

These are primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals. For lubricant base oil use the vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high oleic canola oil, castor oil, palm oil, sunflower seed oil and rapeseed oil from vegetable, and Tall oil from animal sources. Canola is a type of Edible oil derived from plants initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s Castor oil is a Vegetable oil obtained from the Castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant Ricinus communis, is not a member of Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) seeds Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of Tall oil, also called liquid Rosin or tallol, is a viscous yellow-black odorous liquid obtained as a byproduct of the Kraft process of Wood Many vegetable oils are often hydrolyzed to yield the acids which are subsequently combined selectively to form specialist synthetic esters.

Synthetic oils

Solid lubricants

Teflon or PTFE

Teflon or PTFE is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially A polyolefin is a Polymer produced from a simple Olefin (also called an Alkene with the general formula CnH2n as a Monomer. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least A diol or glycol is a Chemical compound containing two Hydroxyl groups (-OH groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for Esters of Phosphoric acid. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications

Mineral

Graphite, hexagonal Boron nitride ([2]), Molybdenum disulfide and Tungsten disulfide are examples of materials that can be used as solid lubricants often to very high temperature. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. Boron nitride ( BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of Boron and Nitrogen atoms Molybdenum disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula MoS2 Tungsten(IV sulfide is the Chemical compound with the formula W[[Sulfur S2]] Dry lubricants or solid Lubricants are materials which despite being in the solid phase are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other The use of such materials are still restricted by their poor resistance to oxidation (for example, molybdenum disulfide can only be used up to 350C in air, but 1100 in reducing environments).

Other relevant phenomena

'Glaze' formation (high temperature wear)

A further phenomenon that has undergone investigation in relation to high temperature wear prevention and lubrication, is that of 'glaze' formation ([3]). Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny wear-protective layer of Oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic are slid against each other at high This is the generation of a compacted oxide layer which sinters together to form a crystalline 'glaze' (not the amorphous layer seen in pottery) generally at high temperatures, from metallic surfaces sliding against each other (or a metallic surface against a ceramic surface). Due to the elimination of metallic contact and adhesion by the generation of oxide, friction and wear is reduced. Effectively, such a surface is self-lubricating.

As the 'glaze' is already an oxide, it can survive to very high temperatures in air or oxidising environments. However, it is disadvantaged by it being necessary for the base metal (or ceramic) having to undergo some wear first to generate sufficient oxide debris.

Additives

A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. The main families of additives are:

- - -

Note that many of the basic chemical compounds used as detergents (example: calcium sulfonate) serve the purpose of the first seven items in the list as well. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. AW additives, or antiwear additives, are additives for Lubricants to prevent metal-to-metal contact between parts of Gears EP additives Metal deactivators, or metal deactivating agents ( MDA) are Fuel additives and Lubricant additives used to stabilize fluids by deactivating (usually A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that when added to a fluid or gas decreases the corrosion rate of a Metal or an Alloy. Friction modifiers are added to Lubricants to reduce the surface Friction of the lubricated parts EP additives, or extreme pressure additives, are additives for Lubricants with a role to decrease wear of the parts of the Gears exposed to very An antifoaming agent is a chemical additive that inhibits the formation of Foam. Viscosity index is a Petroleum industry term It is a lubricating oil Quality indicator an arbitrary measure for the change of Kinematic An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Usually it is not economically or technically feasible to use a single do-it-all additive compound. Oils for hypoid gear lubrication will contain high content of EP additives. A hypoid is a type of Spiral bevel gear whose axis does not intersect with the axis of the meshing gear Grease lubricants may contain large amount of solid particle friction modifiers, such as graphite, molybden sulfide, etc.

Application by fluid types

Marketing

The global lubricant market is generally competitive with numerous manufacturers and marketers. Motor oil, or engine oil, is an Oil used for lubrication of various Internal combustion engines While the main function is to lubricate Moving A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle Brake fluid is a type of Hydraulic fluid used in Hydraulic brake applications in Motorcycles Automobiles Light trucks and some advanced Hydraulic fluids are a large group of fluids used as the motive medium in Hydraulic machinery. Two-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil or 2-stroke oil) is an Engine oil intended for use in A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the Pressure of a Gas by reducing its Volume. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a Heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating Pistons to convert For the GI Joe character see List of GI Joe ARAH characters. For the Transformers characters see Crankcase (Transformers. Overall the western market may be considered mature with a flat to declining overall volumes while there is strong growth in the emerging economies. The lubricant marketers generally--- pursue one or more of the following strategies when pursuing business.

The lubricant is said to meet a certain specification. In the consumer market, this is often supported by a logo, symbol or words that inform the consumer that the lubricant marketer has obtained independent verification of conformance to the specification. Examples of these include the API’s donut logo or the NSF tick mark. The most widely perceived is SAE viscosity specification, like SAE 10W-40. Lubricity specifications are institute and manufacturer based. In the U. S. institute: API S for petrol engines, API C for diesel engines. For 2007 the current specs are API SM and API CJ. Higher second letter marks better oil properties, like lower engine wear supported by tests. In EU the ACEA specifications are used. The European Automobile Manufacturers Association ( French: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles; abbreviated ACEA) is the main Lobbying There are classes A,B,C,E with number following the letter. Japan introduced the JASO specification for motorbike engines. In the industrial market place the specification may take the form of a legal contract to supply a conforming fluid or purchasers may choose to buy on the basis of a manufacturers own published specification.

Specifications often denote a minimum acceptable performance levels. Thus many equipment manufacturers add on their own particular requirements or tighten the tolerance on a general specification to meet their particular needs (or doing a different set of tests or using different/own testbed engine). This gives the lubricant marketer an avenue to differentiate their product by designing it to meet an OEM specification. Often, the OEM carries out extensive testing and maintains an active list of approved products. This is a powerful marketing tool in the lubricant marketplace. Text on the back of the motor oil label usually has a list of conformity to some OEM specifications, such as MB, MAN, Volvo, Cummins, VW, BMW or others. Manufactures may have vastly different specifications for the range of engines they make; one may not be completely suitable for some other.

The lubricant marketer claims benefits for the customer based on the superior performance of the lubricant. Such marketing is supported by glamorous advertising, sponsorships of typically sporting events and endorsements. Unfortunately broad performance claims are common in the consumer marketplace, which are difficult or impossible for a typical consumer to verify. In the B2B market place the marketer is normally expected to show data that supports the claims, hence reducing the use of broad claims. Increasing performance, reducing wear and fuel consumption is also aim of the later API, ACEA and car manufacturer oil specifications, so lubricant marketers can back their claims by doing extensive (and expensive) testing.

The marketer claims that their lubricant maintains its performance over a longer period of time. For example in the consumer market, a typical motor oil change interval is around the 3000-6000 miles (7500-15000 km). The lubricant marketer may offer a lubricant that lasts for 12000 (30000km) miles or more to convince a user to pay a premium. Typically, the consumer would need to check or balance the longer life and any warranties offered by the lubricant manufacturer with the possible loss of equipment manufacturer warranties by not following its schedule. Many car and engine manufacturers support extended drain intervals, but request extended drain interval certified oil used in that case; and sometimes a special oil filter. Example: In older Mercedes-Benz engines and in truck engines one can use engine oil MB 228. 1 for basic drain interval. Engine oils conforming with higher specification MB 228. 3 may be used twice as long, oil of MB 228. 5 specification 3x longer. Note that the oil drain interval is valid for new engine with fuel conforming car manufacturer specification. When using lower grade fuel, or worn engine the oil change interval has to shorten accordingly. In general oils approved for extended use are of higher specification and reduce wear. In the industrial market place the longevity is generally measured in time units and the lubricant marketer can suffer large financial penalties if their claims are not substantiated.

The lubricant marketer claims improved equipment efficiency when compared to rival products or technologies, the claim is usually valid when comparing lubricant of higher specification with previous grade. Typically the efficiency is proved by showing a reduction in energy costs to operate the system. Guaranteeing improved efficiency is the goal of some oil test specifications such as API CI-4 Plus for diesel engines. Some car/engine manufacturers also specifically request certain higher efficiency level for lubricants for extended drain intervals.

The lubricant is claimed to cope with specific operational environment needs. Some common environments include dry, wet, cold, hot, fire risk, high load, high or low speed, chemical compatibility, atmospheric compatibility, pressure or vacuum and various combinations. The usual thermal characteristics is outlined with SAE viscosity given for 100°C, like SAE 30, SAE 40. For low temperature viscosity the SAE xxW mark is used. Both markings can be combined together to form a SAE 0W-60 for example. Viscosity index (VI) marks viscosity change with temperature, with higher VI numbers being more temperature stable. Viscosity index is a Petroleum industry term It is a lubricating oil Quality indicator an arbitrary measure for the change of Kinematic

The marketer offers a lubricant at a lower cost than rivals either in the same grade or a similar one that will fill the purpose for lesser price. (Stationary installations with short drain intervals. ) Alternative may be offering a more expensive lubricant and promise return in lower wear, specific fuel consumption or longer drain intervals. (Expensive machinery, un-affordable downtimes. )

The lubricant is said to be environmentally friendly. Typically this is supported by qualifying statements or conformance to generally accepted approvals. Several organizations, typically government sponsored, exist globally to qualify and approve such lubricants by evaluating their potential for environmental harm. Typically, the lubricant manufacturer is allowed to indicate such approval by showing some special mark. Examples include the German “Blue Angel”, European “Daisy” Eco label, Global Eco-Label “GEN mark”, Nordic, “White Swan”, Japanese “Earth friendly mark”; USA “Green Seal”, Canadian “Environmental Choice”, Chinese “Huan”, Singapore “Green Label” and the French “NF Environment mark”. The Blue Angel ( Blauer Engel) is a German Certification for products and services that have Environmentally friendly aspects Ecolabel is a labelling system for consumer products (excluding foods and medicine that are made in a fashion that avoids detrimental effects on the environment

The marketer claims novel composition of the lubricant which improves some tangible performance over its rivals. Typically the technology is protected via formal patents or other intellectual property protection mechanism to prevent rivals from copying. Lot of claims in this area are simple marketing buzzwords, since most of them are related to a manufacturer specific process naming (which achieves similar results than other ones) but the competition is prohibited from using a trademark.

The marketer claims broad superior quality of its lubricant with no factual evidence. The quality is “proven” by references to famous brand, sporting figure, racing team, some professional endorsement or some similar subjective claim. All motor oil labels wear mark similar to "of outstanding quality" or "quality additives", the actual comparative evidence is always lacking.

Disposal and environmental issues

It is estimated that 40% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Disposal: Recycling, burning, landfill and discharge into water may achieve disposal of used lubricant. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as There are typically strict regulations in most countries regarding disposal in landfill and discharge into water as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate a large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels. Burning the lubricant as fuel, typically to generate electricity, is also governed by regulations mainly on account of the relatively high level of additives present. Burning generates both airborne pollutants and ash rich in toxic materials, mainly heavy metal compounds. Thus lubricant burning takes place in specialized facilities that have incorporated special scrubbers to remove airborne pollutants and have access to landfill sites with permits to handle the toxic ash. Unfortunately, most lubricant that ends up directly in the environment is due to general public discharging it onto the ground, into drains and directly into landfills as trash. Other direct contamination sources include runoff from roadways, accidental spillages, natural or man-made disasters and pipeline leakages. Improvement in filtration technologies and processes has now made recycling a viable option (with rising price of base stock and crude oil). Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Typically various filtration systems remove particulates, additives and oxidation products and recover the base oil. The oil may get refined during the process. This base oil is then treated much the same as virgin base oil however there is considerable reluctance to use recycled oils as they are generally considered inferior. Basestock fractionally vacuum distilled from used lubricants has superior properties to all natural oils, but cost effectiveness depends on many factors. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Again there is considerable reluctance to this use as the additives, soot and wear metals will seriously poison/deactivate the critical catalysts in the process. Cost prohibits carrying out both filtration (soot, additives removal) and re-refining (distilling, isomerisation, hydrocrack, etc. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture ) however the primary hindrance to recycling still remains the collection of fluids as refineries need continuous supply in amounts measured in cisterns, rail tanks. Occasionally, unused lubricant requires disposal. The best course of action in such situations is to return it to the manufacturer where it can be processed as a part of fresh batches. Environment: Lubricants both fresh and used can cause considerable damage to the environment mainly due to their high potential of serious water pollution. Further the additives typically contained in lubricant can be toxic to flora and fauna. In used fluids the oxidation products can be toxic as well. Lubricant persistence in the environment largely depends upon the base fluid, however if very toxic additives are used they may negatively affect the persistence. Lanolin lubricants are non-toxic making them the environmental alternative which is safe for both users and the environment. Lanolin, also called Adeps Lanae, wool wax, wool fat, anhydrous wool fat or wool grease, is a greasy yellow substance secreted by

Societies and industry bodies

API
American Petroleum Institute
STLE
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
NLGI
National Lubricating Grease institute
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers
ILMA
Independent lubricant manufacturer association
European Automobile Manufacturers Association
ACEA
Japanese Automotive Standards Organization
JASO

Major publications

References

[1] API 1509, Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System, 15th Edition, 2002. The American Petroleum Institute, commonly referred to as API is the main U The Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers ( STLE) is a professional organization of individuals working in the fields of Tribology and Lubrication The National Lubricating Grease Institute is an international Trade association that serves the grease and Gear Lubricant industry SAE International (SAE is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in the Aerospace, Automotive, and commercial Vehicle industries ILMA is an acronym for I ndependant L ubricant M anufacturer A ssociation The European Automobile Manufacturers Association ( French: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles; abbreviated ACEA) is the main Lobbying Appendix E, API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils (revised)

[2] Boughton and Horvath, 2003, Environmental Assessment of Used Oil Management Methods, Environmental Science and Technology, V38(2) http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/esthag/2004/38/i02/pdf/es034236p.pdf

[3] I. A. Inman. Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys, Ph. D. Thesis (2003), Northumbria University, ISBN 1-58112-321-3 (3)http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/high_temp_wear/mythesis.html

[4] Mercedes-Benz oil recommendations, extracted from factory manuals and personal research (4)http://www.whnet.com/4x4/oil.html

[5] Measuring reserve alkalinity and evaluation of wear dependence (5)http://www.practicingoilanalysis.com/article_detail.asp?articleid=354

[6] Testing used oil quality, list of possoble measurements (6)http://www.practicingoilanalysis.com/article_detail.asp?articleid=873&relatedbookgroup=OilAnalysis

Most topics discussed above can be found in this 700-page long book: [7] Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, Leslie R. Rudnick, CRC Press. (7) http://books.google.sk/books?id=cwWgbmL5fyIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en

See also

Castor oil is a Vegetable oil obtained from the Castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant Ricinus communis, is not a member of WD-40 is the Trademark name of a widely-used Penetrating oil (and cleaner, Dielectric and anti- Corrosion) spray Solution

Dictionary

lubricant

-noun

  1. A substance used to reduce friction between objects or surfaces.
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