Luanda formerly called Loanda
Luanda's waterfront
Location of Luanda in Angola
Coordinates: 8°50′18″S 13°14′4″E / -8.83833, 13.23444
Country	Angola
Province	Luanda Province
Founded	1575
Population (2007)
- Total	4,799,432

Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the capital and largest city of Angola. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and administrative center and has a population of approximately 4. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo 8 million (2007)^[1]. It is also the capital city of Luanda Province. Luanda is located at 8°50'18" South, 13°14'4" East (-8. 83833, 13. 23444). ^[2]

Contents 1 History 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Notable Residents 7 Sister cities 8 Gallery 9 References 10 External links

History

Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda in 1575 as "São Paulo de Loanda". Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Paulo Dias de Novais (ca 1510 &ndash 1589 a nobleman of the Royal Household, was a Portuguese colonizer of Africa in the 16th century and the 1st In 1618 the Portuguese built Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra fortress and in 1634 they built Fortaleza de São Miguel fortress. For Canadian fort see Fort San Miguel Fortaleza de São Miguel or Fort San Miguel was a Portuguese fortress built in Luanda Angola Luanda was Portuguese Angola's administrative center since 1627 with one exception. The Dutch ruled Luanda from 1640 to 1648 as Fort Aardenburgh. The city served as the center of a large slave trade to Brazil from c. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 1550 to 1836. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Slave trade was mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the ports of Luanda and Benguela. By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the Independence of Brazil in 1822. The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844 Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Continental Portugal or Mainland Portugal (Portugal Continental is the designation of the Mainland Portuguese territory located on Europe Benguela (São Felipe de Benguela formerly spelled Benguella) is a city in western Angola, south of Luanda, and capital of Benguela Province Maize, tobacco, dried meat and cassava flour also began to be produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time. In 1889 Governor Brito Capelo opened the gates of an aqueduct which supplied the city with water, a formerly scarce resource, laying the foundation for major growth. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Like most of Angola, the city of Luanda was not affected by the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974), economic growth and development in the entire region reached record highs during this period. The Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial also known as the Overseas War in Portugal (Guerra do Ultramar or in the former colonies as the In 1972 a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa". Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city and the majority of the city's population was of Portuguese origin. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After independence, most of the Portuguese left, most of them to Portugal and many travelling overland to South Africa. There was an immediate crisis because the local African population lacked the skills and knowledge needed to run the city and maintain its infrastructure. The large numbers of skilled technicians among the force of Cuban soldiers sent in to support the MPLA government in the Angolan Civil War (1975 – 2002) were able to make a valuable contribution to restoring and maintaining basic services in the city. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho is an Angolan political party The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975

Geography and climate

Climate chart for Luanda
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
25   29 24	36   30 25	76   31 25	117   30 24	13   28 23	0   25 20	0   24 19	0   24 19	3   25 20	5   27 22	28   28 23	20   29 23
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1   84 75     1. 4   86 77     3   88 77     4. 6   86 75     0. 5   82 73     0   77 68     0   75 66     0   75 66     0. 1   77 68     0. 2   81 72     1. 1   82 73     0. 8   84 73 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Luanda is divided into two parts, the baixa de luanda (lower Luanda, the old city) and the cidade alta (upper city or the new part). The baixa de luanda is situated next to the port and has narrow streets and old colonial buildings.

Luanda is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. It is also the location of most of Angola's educational institutions, including the private Catholic University of Angola and the public University of Agostinho Neto. The Catholic University of Angola is located in Angola 's capital of Luanda. The Agostinho Neto University (Universidade Agostinho Neto is a public Angolan University based in the capital Luanda. It is also the home of the colonial Governor's Palace and Estádio da Cidadela, Angola's main stadium, with a total seating capacity of 60,000. Estádio da Cidadela is a multi-use Stadium in Luanda, Angola.

The climate is hot and humid but surprisingly dry owing to the cool Beneguela Current which prevents moisture from easily condensing into rain. The frigid waters of the north-flowing Benguela current move from the western coast of South Africa, Namibia and Angola towards north and northwest Frequent fog prevents temperatures from falling at night even during the completely dry months from June to October. Luanda has an annual rainfall of 323 millimetres (12. 7 in) but the variability is among the highest in the world with a coefficient of variation above 40 percent^[3]. The short rainy season in March and April depends on a northerly counter current bringing moisture to the city: it has been shown clearly that weakness in the Beneguela current can increase rainfall about sixfold compared with years when that current is strong.

Demographics

Main article: Demography of Angola

The inhabitants of Luanda are primarily members of African ethnic groups, including the Ovimbundu, Kimbundu and Bakongo tribes. The demographics of Angola consist of three main ethnic groups each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37% Mbundu 25% and Bakongo The Ovimbundu are an ethnic group consisting of traders farmers and herders who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola. Kimbundu is one of the most widely spoken languages in Angola, especially in the north-west of the country notably in the Luanda province The Bakongo or the Kongo people (meaning "hunter" also sometimes referred to as Congolese, live along the Atlantic coast of Africa The official and the most spoken language is Portuguese, although many Bantu-related indigenous languages are spoken. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people There is a small population of European origin.

The population of Luanda has exploded in recent years, due in large part to migration to the city--which is safe compared to the rest of the country--during wartime. ^[4] However, Luanda has recently seen an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core. ^[5]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Angola

Manufacturing includes processed foods, beverages, textiles, cement and other construction materials, plastic products, metalware, cigarettes, and shoes. The Economy of Angola is the fastest-growing Economy in Africa, but is still recovering from the Angolan Civil War that plagued Angola from independence in 1975 Petroleum, found nearby, is refined in the city although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the Angolan Civil War (1975 – 2002). The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 Luanda has an excellent natural harbour, and the chief exports are coffee, cotton, sugar, diamonds, iron, and salt. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants There are also a notable construction activity in the capital as an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002 when political stability arise with the end of the civil war. The economic growth is largely supported by oil extraction activities. West Texas PumpjackJPG|thumb|right|300px|This Pumpjack located south of Midland TX is a common sight in West Texas. The city is the most developed and the only large economic center worth mentioning in the country, however, slums called musseques, stretch for miles beyond Luanda's former city limits as a result of the decades-long civil war and the rise of deep social inequalities due to large-scale migration of civil war's refugees and widespread political corruption. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain

Transportation

Luanda is the starting point of the Luanda railway that goes due east to Malanje, without reaching the Congo-Kinshasa. The Luanda Railway, also Luanda Railways and Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda (CFL, is a railway in Angola and was also formerly called the Angola Malange is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola Pop The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The civil war left the railway non-functional, but a Chinese firm has been contracted to rebuild it. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975

The city is home to Quatro de Fevereiro Airport (February 4th Airport), the largest in the country. Quatro de Fevereiro Airport ( 4 February Airport is located in Luanda, the capital city of Angola. The Luanda port also serves as a link to the rest of the world.

Luanda's roads are currently in a poor state of repair, and have not been adequately expanded to handle the massive increase in the city's population As a consequence, Luanda suffers from extreme traffic congestion during most weekdays. This congestion has become even more pronounced since the end of the Angolan civil war. Many of the citizens of Luanda rely on privately owned combi taxis for transportation, as the city does not have an adequate public transportation system. One of the few notable exceptions to this is the Samba road, which links the Angolan presidential palace to the international airport. The road's condition immediately deteriorates after the turnoff to the airport.

Notable Residents

• Hugo Ferreira, lead singer of the band Tantric, was born and lived very briefly in Luanda

Sister cities

• Salvador, Brazil
• Houston, USA (2003)
• Porto, Portugal (source: http://www.cm-porto.pt/gen.pl?sid=cmp.sections/521)
• Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Gallery

References

• [FallingRain Map - elevation = 6m

External links

• www.luandamap.com - Street map of Luanda and other maps of Angola
• www.angolinks.com - Overview of angolan Internet pages
• www.cidadeluanda.com - Luanda, city map, History, Photos

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