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For other uses, see Loyalist (disambiguation).

In general, a loyalist is one who maintains loyalty to an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during war or revolutionary change. In modern English usage, the most common application is to loyalty to the British Crown. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy

Contents

Historical loyalism

United States

Further information: United Empire Loyalist; Loyalist (American Revolution)

There are three main groups of loyalists within North America; United Empire Loyalists, who claim descent from inhabitants of the American Colonies that remained loyal to the British Crown leading up to and after the American Revolution , the Black Loyalists, and those who carry on their loyalty and support for the union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of This second group shares more in common with loyalists found throughout the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Other groups include the Quebec Loyalists, who unite around their common heritage within New France prior to the ceding of the colony to the British. The American Revolution was forced out of country and resettled in Canada, given the title of United Empire Loyalist.

18th century Ireland

The term loyalist was first used in Irish politics in the 1790s, to refer to Protestants who opposed Catholic Emancipation, the extension of the franchise of the Irish Parliament and greater independence for Ireland from Britain (see Ireland 1691-1801). Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Catholic Emancipation (Fuascailt na gCaitliceach or Catholic Relief, was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th The Parliament of Ireland (Irish Parlaimint na hEireann) was a Legislature that existed from mediæval times until 1800. This period in Ireland's history was marked by the dominance of the so-called Protestant Ascendancy. Liberal Protestants who supported those reforms were known as patriots. The terms may have derived from the American Revolution. Prominent loyalists included John Foster, John Fitzgibbon and John Beresford. John FitzGibbon 1st Earl of Clare (c1749 near Dublin – 28 January 1802 in Dublin) was the son of John FitzGibbon and his wife Isabella Grove daughter John Beresford ( March 14 1738 – November 5 1805) was an Irish statesman was a younger son of Sir Marcus Beresford, who In the subsequent Irish Rebellion of 1798, ultra loyalists were those most opposed to the United Irishmen, who wanted an independent Irish Republic. The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Éirí Amach 1798 Turn Oot 1798 or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally was an uprising in 1798 lasting several months against the The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a Liberal political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought Parliamentary reform Loyalists founded the Orange Order in 1795 and served in the Yeomanry militia, which helped put down the rebellion. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly Some loyalists, such as Richard Musgrave, considered the rebellion a Catholic plot to drive Protestants out of Ireland. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described

England

Nearly every English and Welsh county formed a Loyalist Association with the first being formed in Westminster on 20 November 1792. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. Loyalist associations were created in order to counter a perceived threat from radical societies. [1]

Australia

Sydney and Parramatta Loyalist Associations of approximately 50 members each were formed in 1804 for similar reasons as the English ones and helped put down the Castle Hill convict rebellion in the same year. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Parramatta (ˈpærɑːmætɑː is a suburb in the west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March, 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion, was a large scale rebellion by Irish convicts against [2]

Modern loyalism in Great Britain and Ireland

Northern Ireland

Main article: Ulster loyalism

A loyalist in Northern Ireland is a particular type of unionist who feels strongly in favour of the political union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and A political union is a type of state which is composed of or created out of smaller States Unlike a Personal union, the individual states share a common government In recent times, the term has often been used to refer to militant unionists. For the British newspaper and Marxist organization see Militant tendency. Most frequently, they are of Protestant background (at least nominally). There are several loyalist paramilitary groups, such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF), and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist The Loyalist Volunteer Force ( LVF) is a loyalist Paramilitary group in Northern Ireland which broke away from the Ulster Volunteer The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland.

Although loyalists claim to speak on behalf of their communities and the unionist community in general, electoral results tend to suggest that their support is minimal and exclusively based in the urban working class. One pro-Belfast Agreement loyalist party (Progressive Unionist Party) won seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1999. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an See Ulster Progressive Unionist Association, for the political group founded in 1938 The Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP) is a small The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved Ideologically, loyalism is typified by a militant opposition to Irish Republicanism, and often also to Roman Catholicism. Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic It stresses Protestant identity and community with its own folk heroes and events, such as the misfortunes and bravery of the 36th (Ulster) Division during World War I and the activities of the Orange Institution. The 36th (Ulster Division was a division of Lord Kitchener's New Army formed in September 1914 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Officially, most loyalist organisations are on ceasefire as a result of the Belfast Agreement, though numerous breaches of the ceasefire have been recorded.

Republic of Ireland

Loyalists in the Republic of Ireland have been few and far between since independence. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Many of the southern Irish loyalists (along with many non-Loyalists, who hoped this might lead to the introduction of Home Rule) volunteered for service in the British Armed Forces in World War I and World War II; many of them losing their lives or settling in the United Kingdom after the wars. Home rule refers to a demand that constituent parts of a state be given greater self-government within the greater administrative purview of the central government The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Partition saw mass movements of southern Loyalists to Northern Ireland or to Great Britain, furthering the decline of loyalism in southern Ireland.

The republican nature of post-partition Ireland meant loyalism in the Republic of Ireland transformed itself in order to survive and be active. Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic Recently, Irish loyalists seem to have a new confidence, and are more outspoken in the wake of better Anglo-Irish relations. Groups such as The Reform Movement, The Border Minority Group and the Loyal Irish Union have gained some publicity in recent times but enjoy little support from the population as a whole. The Reform Movement is an organisation which has the ultimate goal of the re-establishment of Ireland as a part of the Commonwealth, with the promotion of a British The Orange Institution in the Republic of Ireland holds an annual pre-Twelfth parade in Rossnowlagh in County Donegal. The Twelfth is an annual Protestant celebration on 12 July, originating in Ireland. Rossnowlagh ( Irish: Ros Neamhlach) is a seaside resort located in County Donegal, in the north-west of Ireland. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. Loyalism in southern Ireland has no known links with northern paramilitary groups, although investigations into the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings are still ongoing. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. This does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations

Scotland

A loyalist in Scotland is someone on the fringes of Scottish unionism who is often stridently supportive of loyalism and unionism, although mainly concentrating on the Irish union issue, rather than Scottish politics. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Unionism in Scotland is the belief in that Scotland should remain in the United Kingdom in its present structure as a union between its main Constituent countries Current situation The largest party is the Scottish National Party, which campaigns for Scottish independence.

Although only consisting of a small fraction of the Scottish population, and less so in comparison to their Northern Irish counterparts, their profile has become more prominent with strident demonstrations of their beliefs since the establishment of a Scottish Parliament. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Scottish loyalism is visible through participation at Orange parades and through their support for Rangers F.C. in Glasgow, Hearts F.C. in Edinburgh and smaller clubs such as Airdrie United F.C.. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly Rangers Football Club are an Association football team based in Glasgow Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Heart of Midlothian FC (most commonly referred to as Hearts) is a football club from Edinburgh, Scotland who play in the Scottish Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Airdrie United Football Club is a Scottish professional football team based in the town of Airdrie, North Lanarkshire. At the extreme end, loyalism is supportive of violence or threats, as a "defence" of loyalists, unionists and their version of Protestantism, as well as Northern Ireland and Scotland's positions as part of the United Kingdom. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Although far less active and organised in Scotland than their Northern Ireland counterparts, loyalists have been involved in a small number of activities related to the troubles in Northern Ireland. Most notable have been two pub bombings, spontaneous murders of people they perceived as enemies of their version of Protestantism, and the smuggling of guns and explosives to Northern Ireland. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries

Loyalists in Scotland mostly live in small working class enclaves in the major urban centres or industrial villages, notably Glasgow, Lanarkshire (especially Larkhall), Renfrewshire, West Lothian and Ayrshire. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Lanarkshire ( Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) officially the County of Lanark, was formerly a county of Scotland. Larkhall is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland and is around 18 miles southeast of Glasgow. Renfrewshire ( Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Scottish Gaelic) is one of 32 Council areas of Scotland. West Lothian ( Lodainn an Iar in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary Council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲiɾʲˈaːɾʲ is a Registration county, and former administrative county in south-west Scotland, There are relatively few in areas such as the Highlands, Borders and the northeast (including Aberdeen). The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous The Scottish Borders, often referred to simply as the Borders, is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council

Some loyalists in Scotland support paramilitary groups such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) and Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). Although the Orange Institution nominally repudiates these organisations, some of its members in Scotland support of these paramilitary organisations.

Although loyalists claim to speak on behalf of Protestants and unionists, they do not have widespread political support. Many of the political representatives in their areas are from the Labour Party and to a lesser extent, the Scottish National Party. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The Scottish National Party (SNP (Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba Scottis Naitional Pairtie is a Centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish Neither party supports their programme. Ideologically, Scottish loyalism is typified by a strident, and at times militant, opposition to Irish Republicanism, Scottish independence and the Roman Catholic Church - particularly the existence of Roman Catholic denominational schools. In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer

On March 2004, Scotland's first 24-hour loyalist radio station started broadcasting through an Internet server in Jersey. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. Calton Radio has an exclusively loyalist playlist, with many songs celebrating the loyalist history and culture. [3]

England

Loyalists can be found in many parts of England, especially Liverpool, Manchester, Corby and London, where there are substantial Irish immigrant populations. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Corby is an industrial town and a local government district located 13km north of Kettering in Northamptonshire, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Irish diaspora (Diaspóra na nGael consists of Irish Emigrants and their descendants in countries such as Great Britain, the United States Another small but militant plank of English loyalism is found in far right groups such as the British National Party, the British National Front and Combat 18. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. The British National Front (most commonly called the National Front, and often known as the NF) is a British Political party whose major political Combat 18 (or C18) is the "armed wing" of the British neo-Nazi organisation Blood & Honour. These organisations are devoted to the unity of the United Kingdom and against a united Ireland. A United Ireland is the term used to refer to a sovereign state encompassing the whole of the island of Ireland. Some of them have had links with Ulster loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force in Northern Ireland.

Wales

Loyalists can be found all over Wales, but particularly in the south. South Wales (De Cymru is an area of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south and Mid Wales and West Wales Many loyalists in Wales, who study Northern Ireland politics very closely, are linked to or supporters of Swansea City FC. General demographics Population 1685267 The population of Northern Ireland has increased annually since 1978 Swansea City AFC ( Welsh: Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Abertawe) is a Welsh football team playing in the Coca Cola Championship from Many of them are associated with hooliganism. Some Welsh loyalists are members of far right groups like the British National Party, British National Front and Combat 18. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. The British National Front (most commonly called the National Front, and often known as the NF) is a British Political party whose major political Combat 18 (or C18) is the "armed wing" of the British neo-Nazi organisation Blood & Honour. These organisations are devoted to the unity of the United Kingdom and strongly against a united Ireland.

Spanish Civil War

Supporters of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War were generally known as loyalists or republicans. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty In this case, unlike most of the others noted, it was the loyalists who were the left wing side to the conflict.

Footnotes

  1. ^ pp. 17-18 Gee, Austin The British Volunteer Movement 1794-1814 2003 Oxford University Press
  2. ^ The Military at Parramatta
  3. ^ Calton Services

External links

Dictionary

loyalist

-noun

  1. A person who is loyal to a cause, generally used as a political affiliation.
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