| Louis I the Pious | |
| by order of Divine Providence, Emperor and Augustus | |
 Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid. Events By Place Asia Tang Wen Zong succeeds Tang Jing Zong as Emperor of China. Miles Christi ( Latin: Soldier of Christ) is a Roman Catholic religious institute founded in 1984 by Fr Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c 780 &ndash 4 February 856) also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine |
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| Reign | King of Aquitaine: 781-814; King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor: 11 September 813 |
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| Coronation | By his father: 13 September 813, Aachen; By Pope Stephen IV: 5 October 816, Reims |
| Titles | King of Aquitaine |
| Born | 778 |
| Birthplace | Cassinogilum |
| Died | 20 June 840 |
| Place of death | Ingelheim |
| Buried | Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica |
| Predecessor | Charlemagne |
| Successor | As Emperor: Lothair I; As King of Aquitaine: Pepin I of Aquitaine; |
| Consort | Ermengarde of Hesbaye, Judith of Bavaria |
| Issue | Lothair I, Pepin of Aquitaine, Louis the German, Charles the Bald |
| Royal House | Carolingian Dynasty |
| Father | Charlemagne |
| Mother | Hildegarde |
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Pippinids
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Arnulfings
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Carolingians
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After the Treaty of Verdun (843)
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Louis the Pious (also known as Louis I, Louis the Fair, and Louis the Debonaire, German: Ludwig der Fromme, French: Louis le Pieux or Louis le Débonnaire, Italian: Luigi il Pio or Ludovico il Pio, Spanish: Luis el Piadoso or Ludovico Pío) (778 – 20 June 840) was Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 to his death in 840. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Events By Place Europe August 15 — Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvalles Charlemagne 's army suffers a terrible Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Franks were originally led by dukes (military leaders and reguli (petty kings Events By Place Europe Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 (depending on source Louis the Pious Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German
Contents |
Birth and rule in Aquitaine
Louis was born while his father Charlemagne was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian villa of Cassinogilum, according to Einhard and the anonymous chronicler called Astronomus; the place is usually identified with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart) (c 775 &ndash March 14, 840 in Seligenstadt, Germany) was a Frankish Vita Hludovici or Vita Hludovici Imperatoris is a biography of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 Chasseneuil is a commune in the Indre department in central France. [1] He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife Hildegard. Hildegard ( 758 - 30 April 783) was the daughter of Count Gerold of Vinzgouw and Emma of Alamannia, daughter of Hnabi
Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court. The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the Events By Place Asia July 31 — The oldest recorded eruption of Mt A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after his devastating defeat at the hands of Basques in Roncesvalles in (778). Roncesvalles (Roncevaux Orreaga is a small village and Municipality of northern Spain ( Navarre Cities) in the province of Navarre
In 794, Charlemagne settled four former Gallo-Roman villas on Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: Doué-la-Fontaine in today's Anjou, Ebreuil in Allier, Angeac-Charente, and the disputed Cassinogilum. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire Doué-la-Fontaine, Maine-et-Loire, France, is a small town and commune of less than 8000 residents located in the heart of Anjou, a few kilometers Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Allier ( Occitan: Alèir) is a department in south-central France named after the Allier River. Angeac-Charente is a commune in the Charente department in western France. Charlemagne's intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis's was the Spanish March. The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the Marca, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Córdoba and, failing, handed it to them. Events By Place Byzantine Empire July 17 — Irene orders her son Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI, captured and Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. Events By Topic Religion 29 November — Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including Gascons with their duke Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths under Bera, over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. Gascony (Gascogne gaskɔɲ Gascon Occitan: Gasconha, pronounced) is an area of southwest France that constituted a province of France Sancho I López or Lupus Sancho (also Lupo Basque: Antso Otsoa, French: Sanche Loup, Gascony: Sans Lop, Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France Leibulf, Leybulf, or Letibulf was the Count of Provence in the early ninth century The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Bera (Berà (d844 was the first Count of Barcelona from 801 until his deposition in 820 The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey. Events By Place Europe December 28 — Louis the Pious occupies Barcelona. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once. Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples.
Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy, and, according to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italy. The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, Pepin (April 773 &ndash 8 July 810) was the son of Charlemagne and King of Italy (781-810 under the authority of his father In the Divisio Regnorum of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. Events By Place Asia Emperor Heizei succeeds Emperor Kammu as Emperor of Japan. The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, Austrasia (rarely Austria, both meaning "eastern land" formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising The Iron Crown of Lombardy ( Corona Ferrea) is both a reliquary and one of the most ancient royal insignia of Europe To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Burgundy. Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462 when Septimania was ceded to Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls)
But in the event, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died — Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 — and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. For the area code see Area code 810 Events By Place Byzantine Empire October 1 — A man with a Sword makes For the Telephone number N11 code see 8-1-1. Events By Place Byzantine Empire July 26 — Events By Place Byzantine Empire June 22 — Byzantine Emperor Michael I Rangabe is defeated in a war against the On his father's death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis's empire, but under the direct rule of Bernard, Pepin's son). Events By Place Europe Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 (depending on source Louis the Pious Bernard (797 Vermandois, Normandy – 17 April 818, Milan, Lombardy) was the King of Italy from 810 to
Emperor
He was in his villa of Doué-la-Fontaine, Anjou, when he received news of his father's passing. Doué-la-Fontaine, Maine-et-Loire, France, is a small town and commune of less than 8000 residents located in the heart of Anjou, a few kilometers Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Hurrying to Aachen, he crowned himself and was proclaimed by the nobles with shouts of Vivat Imperator Ludovicus. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French,
In his first coinage type, minted from the start of his reign, he imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait coinage, giving an image of imperial power and prestige in an echo of Roman glory [2]. He quickly enacted a "moral purge", in which he sent all of his unmarried sisters to nunneries, forgoing their diplomatic use as hostage brides in favour of the security of avoiding the entanglements that powerful brothers-in-law might bring. He spared his illegitimate half-brothers and tonsured his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala, shutting them up in Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty. Saint Adalard or Adalard of Corbie (c 751 – 2 January, 827) was son of Bernard the son of Charles Martel and half-brother of Pepin Wala of Corbie (ca 755 &ndash 31 August 836) was the son of Bernard, son of Charles Martel, and one of the principal advisers of his cousin Noirmoutier-en-l'Île, commonly referred to as Noirmoutier, is a commune in the Vendée département in western France. Corbie is a commune of the Somme département, in northern France.
His chief councillors were Bernard, margrave of Septimania, and Ebbo, whom, born a serf, Louis would raise to the archbishopric of Rheims but who would ungratefully betray him later. Bernard or Bernat of Septimania (795 &ndash 844 son of William of Gellone, was the Frankish Duke of Septimania and Count of Barcelona He retained some of his father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries.
He also used Benedict of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth and monastic founder, to help him reform the Frankish church. Benedict of Aniane (also called Witiza; the Second Benedict) (c The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis' realm adhered to the Rule of St Benedict, named for its creator, the First Benedict, Benedict of Nursia (480–550). "Saint Benedict" redirects here This article is about the founder of Western monasticism for other saints named Benedict see Benedict. Events By Place Europe Odoacer defeats an attempt by Julius Nepos to recapture Italy, and has Julius killed Events By place Byzantine Empire January 16 — Gothic War (535–552: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila
In 816, Pope Stephen V, who had succeeded Leo III, visited Rheims and again crowned Louis. Events By Place Europe Frankish king Louis the Pious is crowned emperor by Pope Stephen IV. Pope Stephen V, (885-891 succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. Pope Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816 Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome he subsequently strengthened Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern The Emperor thereby strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations.
Ordinatio imperii
On Maundy Thursday 817, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen when the gallery collapsed, killing many. In the Christian Liturgical calendar, Maundy Thursday (also known as Holy Thursday) is the feast or holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter Events By Place Europe Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons Louis the German becomes king of East Francia Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession; three months later he issued an Ordinatio Imperii, an imperial decree that laid out plans for an orderly succession. In 815, he had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons Lothair and Pepin to govern Bavaria and Aquitaine respectively, though without the royal titles. For the area code see Area code 815. For the fictional airline flight see Oceanic Flight 815. Lothair I ( German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 &ndash 29 September 855) Pepin I (797 &ndash December 13, 838) was King of Aquitaine. He was the second son of Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Now, he proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons and his nephew Bernard of Italy:
- Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aix-la-Chapelle by his father. Bernard (797 Vermandois, Normandy – 17 April 818, Milan, Lombardy) was the King of Italy from 810 to ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, He was promised the succession to most of the Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and cousin.
- Bernard, the son of Charlemagne's son Pippin of Italy, was confirmed as King of Italy, a title he had been allowed to inherit from his father by Charlemagne. Pepin (April 773 &ndash 8 July 810) was the son of Charlemagne and King of Italy (781-810 under the authority of his father
- Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
- Louis, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches. Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876
If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothar would inherit his kingdom. In the event of Lothar dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious' younger sons would be chosen to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory.
With this settlement, Louis tried to combine his sense for the Empire's unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share.
Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance
The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Bernard of Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence upon hearing of it. Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and betook himself to Chalon-sur-Saône. Not to be confused with Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne Intimidated by the emperor's swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aix-la-Chapelle by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orleans, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, where he died soon after - poisoned, it was rumoured. Theodulf of Orléans (ca 750-60 to 821 was the Bishop of Orléans (ca [3] The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience for the rest of his life.
In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed penance for causing Bernard's death, at his palace of Attigny near Vouziers in the Ardennes, before Pope Paschal I, and a council of ecclesiastics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, Hugo whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon made Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric. Attigny is a commune on the River Aisne in the arrondissement of Vouziers in the département of Ardennes in the Champagne-Ardenne For the political subdivision of France see Ardennes (department. Pope Hugh (802-844 was the illegitimate son of Charlemagne and his Concubine Regina, with whom he had one other son Bishop Drogo of Metz (801-855 Drogo, also known as Dreux or Drogon ( June 17 801 - December 8, 855) was an illegitimate son of Frankish This act of contrition, partly in emulation of Theodosius I, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.
Frontier wars
At the start of Louis's reign, the many tribes — Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons, Basques — which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any trouble. The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants The Obotrites (Abodriten also commonly known as the Obodrites, Abotrites, or Abodrites, were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki The Bretons are a distinct Ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time.
A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, Ljudevit Posavski, duke of Pannonia, was harassing the border at the Drava and Sava rivers. Ljudevit Posavski ( Trans- Savian) was a Slavic Prince of Pannonian Croatia from 810 to 823 Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Drava or Drave ( German: Drau; Italian, Croatian, and Slovene: Drava; Hungarian: Dráva The Sava ( Bosnian, Croatian, Slovene: Sava; Serbian: Сава, Sava) is a river in The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margarvate was invaded by Slovenes. The dukes and margraves of Friuli were the rulers of the Duchy and March of Friuli in the Midde Ages Cadolah or Cadalaus (also Chadalhoh or Chadolah; died 819 was the Duke of Friuli from 817 to his death In 821, an alliance was made with Borna, duke of the Dalmatia, and Ljudevit was brought to heel. Borna (ˈbɔɐ̯naː is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Leipzig district Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Peace continued until 827, when the younger Louis had to deal with a Bulgar horde descending on Pannonia.
On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. This is as list of the Dukes and Princes of Benevento (see Duchy of Benevento) it is one of Wikipedia 's Lists of Incumbents. He extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but to no effect. Grimoald IV (assassinated 817 called Falco, was the Lombard Prince of Benevento from 806 until his death Sico I (c 758&ndash832 was the Lombard Prince of Benevento from the 817 to his own death in 832 or 834
On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when, in 815, Séguin, duke of Gascony, revolted. Seguin I Lupo was Duke of Gascony from 812 to 816, when Louis the Pious deposed him Gascony (Gascogne gaskɔɲ Gascon Occitan: Gasconha, pronounced) is an area of southwest France that constituted a province of France He was defeated and replaced by Lupus III, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. Lupo III Centule ( Basque: Otsoa Wasco, French: Loup Centulle, Gascon: Lop Centullo, Latin: Lupus Centullus In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate. Quierzy (also known as Quierzy-sur-Oise) is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France, straddling The counts in charge of the army, Hugh, count of Tours, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught. Hugh or Hugo (c780 &ndash 20 October 837) was the Count of Tours and Sens during the reigns of Charlemagne and Louis Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river Matfrid (died 836 was Count of Orléans in the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious. This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation.
First civil war
In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, Ermengarde. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Ermengarde of Hesbaye, or Irmengarde (c 778 &ndash October 3 818) was Queen of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress as the wife of Emperor Louis I. Ermengarde was the daughter of Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Ingerman, or Ingram was a Frank and count of Hesbaye. His family is known as Robertians. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to Judith, daughter of Welf, count of Altdorf. Queen Judith or Iudit ( 805 - April 19 or 23 843 also known as Judith of Bavaria, was the daughter of Count Welf and a Saxon See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named Charles. Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia
The birth of this son damaged the Partition of Aachen, as Louis's attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war.
At Worms in 829, Louis gave Charles Alemannia with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair,[4] whose promised share was thereby diminished. Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213 An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with Bernard of Septimania, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. Agobard, Archbishop of Lyon, and Jesse, bishop of Amiens, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels. Agobard (c 769 – 840 was a Carolingian prelate and Archbishop of Lyon.
In 830, at Wala's insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of Gascons, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. Gascon (Gascon; French,) is a dialect of the Occitan language. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city At Verberie, Louis the German joined him. Verberie is a village and commune on the River Oise in the French département of Oise. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as Compiègne, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin's forces and captured. Compiègne is a commune in the Oise département of France, of which it is a Sous-préfecture. Judith was incarcerated at Poitiers and Bernard fled to Barcelona. Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France.
Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in Nijmegen, in the heart of Austrasia, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French Austrasia (rarely Austria, both meaning "eastern land" formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith - after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence - to Louis's court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of Lake Geneva. Lake Geneva or Lake Léman (Lac Léman Léman Lac de Genève is the second largest freshwater Lake in Central Europe in terms of surface area (after Though Hilduin, abbot of Saint Denis, was exiled to Paderborn and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps; they did not lose their freedom. Hilduin ( 775 - 22 November[[ 40]] was Bishop of Paris, chaplain to Louis I, reforming Abbot of the Abbey of St Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. Paderborn (paːdɐˈbɔʁn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district.
Second civil war
The next revolt occurred a mere two years later (832). The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father's court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father's orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of Slav allies and conquered Swabia before the emperor could react. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At Jonac, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father's authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles.
Soon Lothair, with the support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed in office without his father's support, joined the revolt in 833. Gregory IV, Pope ( September 20, 827 - January 11, 844) was chosen to succeed Valentine in December 827 on which occasion While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis's army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because "it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account. " The resigned emperor was taken to Saint Médard at Soissons, his son Charles to Prüm, and the queen to Tortona. Saint Medardus ( French Médard; c 457 - c 545 was the Bishop of Vermandois who removed the seat of the diocese to Noyon. Soissons is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France, located on the Aisne River, about 100 Prüm (ˈpʁʏm is a medium sized city in the Westeifel ( Rhineland-Palatinate) Germany. For the medieval Scholar, see Marziano da Tortona Tortona is a Comune of Piemonte, in the Province of The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name Field of Lies, or Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est[5]
On November 13, 833, Ebbo of Rheims presided over a synod in the Church of Saint Mary in Soissons which deposed Louis and forced him to publicly confess many crimes, none of which he had, in fact, committed. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Events By Place Asia Al-Mu'tasim succeeds his brother Al-Ma'mun as Abbasid Caliph. In return, Lothair gave Ebbo the Abbey of Saint Vaast. Men like Rabanus Maurus, Louis' younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith's sister and Louis the German's new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c 780 &ndash 4 February 856) also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled to Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists near Châlons-sur-Saône. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Not to be confused with Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Events By Place Europe The Vikings first raid Dorestad (present-day Netherlands)
On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse, and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, died of a pestilence and, on 2 February 835, the Synod of Thionville deposed Ebbo, Agobard, Bernard, Bishop of Vienne, and Bartholomew, Archbishop of Narbonne. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Events By Place Europe Ragnar Lodbrok rises to power (approximate date The Synod of Thionville was an important synod (or council of ecclesiastic dignitaries of the Carolingian Empire in 835. The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal see Vienne in the Isère département of southern France was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution. Lothair himself fell ill; events had turned completely in Louis favour once again.
In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of Crémieux. At about that time, the Vikings terrorised and sacked Utrecht and Antwerp. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the In 837, they went up the Rhine as far as Nijmegen, and their king, Rorik, demanded the wergild of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Rorik or Hrørek was a Jutish Viking, who ruled over different parts of Friesland between 841 and 873 Weregeld (alternative spellings wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of missi dominici into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there. A missus dominicus (plural missi dominici) Latin for "Envoy of the Lord ' also known as Sendgraf in German, Zendgraaf in
Third civil war
In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis's land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the young king of Bavaria's lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Quierzy (also known as Quierzy-sur-Oise) is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France, straddling Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin's son Pepin II. Pepin II, called the Younger (823 &ndash after 864 in Senlis) was King of Aquitaine from 838 as the successor upon the death of his father Pepin When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the Loire, and the Danes returned to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorstad for a second time). Loire ( Arpitan: Lêre, Occitan: Léger) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and
Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. By a final placitum issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Clermont-Ferrand ( Auvergnat dialect of Occitan: Clarmont-Ferrand / Clarmont d'Auvèrnhe) is a city and commune of France Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the Ostmark. The March of Pannonia was a frontier march of the Carolingian Empire erected in the mid-ninth century against the threat of Great Moravia and lasting only The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to Frankfurt am Main, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.
Death
Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and went to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine, by his palace at Ingelheim. Ingelheim am Rhein is the capital of the Mainz-Bingen district situated on the left bank of the Rhine within the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, On 20 June 840, he died, in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo, though Charles and Judith were absent in Poitiers. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into a civil war that was only settled in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which split the Frankish realm into three parts, to become the kernels of France and Germany, with Burgundy and the Low Countries between them. In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.
Louis the Pious, along with his half-brother Drogo, were buried in Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica in Metz. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture
Marriage and issue
By his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married ca 794-98), he had three sons and three daughters:
- Lothair (795–855), king of Middle Francia
- Pepin (797–838), king of Aquitaine
- Adelaide (b. Ermengarde of Hesbaye, or Irmengarde (c 778 &ndash October 3 818) was Queen of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress as the wife of Emperor Louis I. Lothair I ( German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 &ndash 29 September 855) Events By Place Europe In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack Iona, Inisbofin and Inismurray Events By Place Europe Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor Middle Francia designates the realm created for Emperor Lothair I (843-855 wedged between East Francia and West Francia. Pepin I (797 &ndash December 13, 838) was King of Aquitaine. He was the second son of Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife Events By Place Byzantine Empire July 17 — Irene orders her son Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI, captured and Events By Place Europe At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of c. 799), perhaps married Robert the Strong
- Rotrude (b. Events By Topic Religion 29 November — Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. Robert IV the Strong (also known as Rutpert) ( 820 - September 15, 866) was Margrave in Neustria. 800), married Gerard
- Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey. Gerard Count of Auvergne Gerard was Count of Auvergne from 839 until his death on 25 June, 841. c. 802), married Gerard, Count of Auvergne
- Louis the German (c. This article is about the year 802 For other uses see IEEE 802 networking standard Gerard Count of Auvergne Gerard was Count of Auvergne from 839 until his death on 25 June, 841. This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne. History In the 7th century Auvergne was disputed between the Franks and Aquitanians Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876 805–875), king of East Francia
By his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, he had a daughter and a son:
- Gisela, married Eberhard I of Friuli
- Charles the Bald, king of West Francia
By Theodelinde of Sens, he had two illegitimate children:
- Arnulf of Sens
- Alpais
Notes
- ^ Einhard gives the name of his birthplace as Cassanoilum. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Emperor Nicephorus I of Byzantium suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Events By Place Europe December 29 — Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor East ( ern) Francia ( Regnum Francorum orientalium) known variously as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks, was the Queen Judith or Iudit ( 805 - April 19 or 23 843 also known as Judith of Bavaria, was the daughter of Count Welf and a Saxon Gisela ( b821) was the youngest daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith of Bavaria. Eberhard (c 815 &ndash 16 December 866) was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846 Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed In addition to Chasseneuil near Poitiers, scholars have suggested that Louis may have been born at Casseneuil (Lot et Garonne) or at Casseuil on the Garonne near La Réole, where the Dropt flows into the Garonne. The Garonne (Garonne in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona; Garumna is a River in southwest France and northern
- ^ S. Coupland, "Money and coinage under Louis the Pious", Francia 17. 1 (1990), p 25.
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond, The New Cambridge Medieval History, 700-900
- ^ Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, "The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)" Speculum 36. 4 (October 1961:592-599).
- ^ [1].
Sources
- Vita Hludovici Imperatoris , the main source for his reign, written c. Vita Hludovici or Vita Hludovici Imperatoris is a biography of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 840 by an unknown author usually called "the Astronomer"
- Vita Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trier on-line Latin text
- Oman, Charles. Thegan of Trier, or Degan of Treves, (died ca 850 was a German Roman Catholic prelate and chronicler the author of Gesta Hludowici imperatoris Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman ( January 12 1860 &ndash June 23 1946) was a British military historian of the early The Dark Ages 476-918. London, 1914. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
- Godman, Peter, and Collins, Roger, editors. Charlemagne's Heir. Oxford University Press: New York, 1990. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)
External links
- Cassinogilum: an argument for Casseneuil as Louis' birthplace
- Chasseneuil-du-Poitou and not Casseuil by Camille Jullian
|
Emperor Louis I the Pious
Born: 16 April 778 Died: 20 June 840 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles I as King of the Franks |
King of Aquitaine 781-814 |
Succeeded by Pippin I of Aquitaine |
| Preceded by Charles I |
Holy Roman Emperor 813-840 with Lothair I (817-840) |
Succeeded by Lothair I |
| King of the Franks 814–840 |
Succeeded by Lothair I in Middle Francia |
|
| Succeeded by Louis II in East Francia |
||
| Succeeded by Charles II in West Francia |
||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Louis the Pious |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Ludwig der Fromme |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Holy Roman Emperor |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 778 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Cassinogilum |
| DATE OF DEATH | 20 June 840 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Ingelheim |
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