| Louis XV | |
| King of France and Navarre | |
 Louis XV by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1730) |
|
| Reign | 1 September 1715 – 10 May 1774 |
|---|---|
| Coronation | 25 October 1722, Reims |
| Full name | Known as The Beloved |
| Titles | Duke of Anjou (1710 – 1712) Dauphin de Viennois (1712 – 1715) |
| Born | 15 February 1710 |
| Birthplace | Palace of Versailles, France |
| Died | 10 May 1774 (aged 64) |
| Place of death | Palace of Versailles, France |
| Buried | Saint Denis Basilica, France |
| Predecessor | Louis XIV |
| Successor | Louis XVI |
| Consort | Maria Leszczyńska (1703 – 1768) |
| Issue | Louise-Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma (1727 – 1759) Henriette-Anne of France (1727 – 1752) Louis, Dauphin of France (1729 – 1765) Marie Adélaïde of France (1732 – 1800) Victoire-Louise of France (1733 – 1799) Sophie-Philippine of France (1734 – 1782) Louise-Marie of France (1737 – 1787) |
| Royal House | House of Bourbon |
| Father | Louis, duc de Bourgogne (1682 – 1712) |
| Mother | Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy (1685 – 1712) |
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1715 until his death. Hyacinthe Rigaud ( Hiacint Riagau) ( July 20, 1659 – December 27, 1743) was a French painter of Catalan origin Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1722 ( MDCCXXII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre This is the correct spelling in modern Polish various other spellings are also used in English and French Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Marie Louise Élisabeth de France ( 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Henriette-Anne de France ( 14 August 1727 at Versailles —- 10 February 1752 at Versailles was the twin sister of Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1752 ( MDCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar for European countries but not Great Britain) of Year 1729 ( MDCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Marie Adélaïde de France ( 23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French Princess. Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse de France ( May 11, 1733 - June 7, 1799) was the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine ( 27 July 1734 - 2 March 1782) was a French princess Year 1734 ( MDCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common See also Louise-Marie of France (1812-1850 Queen of the Belgians Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy ( 6 December 1685 - 12 February 1712) Princess of Savoy and Sardinia, was the eldest daughter Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Unexpectedly surviving the death of his entire family, he enjoyed a favorable reputation at the beginning of his reign. However, in time, his inability to reform the French monarchy, his lack of morals, and his foreign policy on the European stage lost him the support of his people, and he died as one of the most unpopular kings of France.
While historians have traditionally treated Louis XV harshly, more recent research has suggested that he was in fact very intelligent and dedicated to the task of ruling the largest kingdom of Europe. His indecisiveness, fulled by his awareness of the complexity of problems ahead, as well as his profound timidity, hidden behind the mask of an imperious king, account for the poor results achieved during his reign.
In many ways, Louis XV prefigures the bourgeois rulers of the romantic 19th century: although dutifully playing the role of the imperial king carved out by his great-grandfather Louis XIV, Louis XV in fact cherished nothing more than his private life far away from pomp and ceremony. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Having lost his mother while still an infant, he always longed for a motherly and reassuring presence, which he tried to find in the intimate company of women, for which he was much criticized both during and after his life.
Contents |
The Child, Louis XV
Louis XV, known as Louis, duc d'Anjou, was the second son born to Louis, duc de Bourgogne and Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, after Louis, duc de Bretagne, who was three years his senior. Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy ( 6 December 1685 - 12 February 1712) Princess of Savoy and Sardinia, was the eldest daughter As a grandson of the Dauphin, he was a Petit-Fils de France. Fils de France ( Son of France) was the style and Rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France
Birth
He was born at Versailles on 15 February 1710, while his great-grandfather Louis XIV was still on the throne. Alexis Simon Belle ( 12 January 1674 - 21 November 1734) was a French portrait painter, known for his portraits of The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The heir to the throne was Louis XIV's only son, Louis, le Grand Dauphin, who in turn had three sons: Louis' father, who was the eldest, Philippe, duc d'Anjou (soon to be confirmed as Philip V of Spain), and Charles, duc de Berry. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou His mother, Marie-Adélaïde, was a very lively woman of whom the king was very fond, and the young couple, deeply in love with each other (quite an unusual fact at the court in Versailles), had rejuvenated the court of the old king and become the centre of attraction in Versailles. This, coupled with the existence of six male heirs (one son, three grandsons, and two great-grandsons from his oldest grandson), made the prospects of the House of Bourbon seem very bright.
However, dramatic events altered the shape of the royal family. In 1700, the duke d'Anjou became King of Spain under the name Philip V, inheriting the crown from his grandmother, wife of Louis XIV and a Spanish princess. In the War of the Spanish Succession that followed, Philip V had to renounce all claims to the French throne. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting England was loath to see Spain and its colonial empire united with France under a single king in the future. The renunciation of Philip V was not a major problem for Louis XIV since he had so many other male descendants. However, in April 1711 the Dauphin died suddenly, and the Duke of Burgundy became Dauphin, heir to the throne. Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance.
Then one year later, the vigorous and lively Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy contracted smallpox (or measles) and died on 12 February 1712, to the dismay of the old king Louis XIV. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Her husband, heartbroken by the death of his wife, died within a week of the same disease. Within a week of the Dauphin's death, it was also clear that the two children of the couple had caught the virus. The eldest son, the Duc de Bretagne, was bled repeatedly by doctors and died on 8 March 1712. Bloodletting (or blood-letting, in modern medicine referred to as phlebotomy) was a tremendously popular medical practice from antiquity up to the late Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap His younger brother Louis XV was saved by his governess Madame de Ventadour, who vigorously forbade doctors to bleed the young boy and personally looked after him during his illness. Charlotte-Eléonore Madeleine de la Motte Houdancourt Duchesse de Ventadour (1654&ndash1744 was the Governess of King Louis XV of France, great-grandson Then finally in 1714 the Duc de Berry, youngest son of le Grand Dauphin, died childless. Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Thus Louis XIV had lost four male descendants in just three years, and the fate of the dynasty now lay in the survival of a four-year-old boy. Should the boy die, the crown would pass to Philippe II, Duc d'Orléans, the nephew of Louis XIV, and the first cousin of the late Grand Dauphin. Philippe II Duke of Orléans ( August 2, 1674 &ndash December 2, 1723) was a member of the royal family of France However, it appeared quite probable that Philip V of Spain would denounce the treaty whereby he had renounced the crown of France - setting aside his renunciation would have given him a superior claim to the throne to that of Orléans - and that a major European war, as well as a French civil war, was sure to erupt. The young boy was made very conscious of the heavy responsibility lying on his shoulders, and his life was carefully watched. Moreover, he was now an orphan, with no surviving siblings, no legitimate uncles or aunts (except Philip V who was in Madrid and whom he would never meet), and no legitimate first cousins (again, excepting those in Madrid). Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. This family context shaped much of the later personality of the king.
Louis XIV
La Régence
Towards the end of August 1715, Louis XIV was dying of gangrene. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles On 1 September the king passed away after having reigned in France for 72 years, and Louis XV was immediately hailed as the new King of France with a grand coronation. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
In August 1714, Louis XIV had made a will which granted a prominent role in the anticipated regency to his two legitimised sons by his former mistress, Madame de Montespan, the duc du Maine and the comte de Toulouse. Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart marquise de Montespan ( October 5, 1641 &ndash May 27, 1707) better known as Louis-Auguste de Bourbon duc du Maine ( March 31 1670 - May 14 1736) was a legitimised son of the French King Louis XIV and his Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse (1681 duc de Penthièvre (1697 d'Arc, de Châteauvillain and de Rambouillet By legitimising his bastard sons, Louis XIV was trying to remedy the death of most of his male heirs in the three preceding years, and ensure the future of the endangered dynasty.
The calculation was that should the young Louis XV die, the bastard sons of Louis XIV would succeed him on the throne. This was in contravention of the traditional rule of succession to the throne of France. The move also resulted from the insistence of Louis XIV's second wife, Madame de Maintenon, who had raised the two boys and was on close and friendly terms with them (other bastard sons of the king, not raised by Madame de Maintenon, were not legitimised). Françoise d'Aubigné Scarron Marquise de Maintenon ( November 27, 1635 - April 15, 1719) was the Morganatic second wife of King
Louis XIV's Will
The will sought to enhance the positions of Toulouse, and especially the elder son, Maine, at the expense of the man who was expected, by traditional right, to become regent and rule France until Louis XV reached adulthood, Philippe d'Orléans, son of Louis XIV's younger brother. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Philippe II Duke of Orléans ( August 2, 1674 &ndash December 2, 1723) was a member of the royal family of France The will stipulated that until the new king reached the age of majority, the nation was to be run by a Regency Council of 14 members. Philippe d'Orléans was named president of the council, but all decisions were to be taken by majority vote; and the composition of the council, which included Maine, Toulouse and various members of Louis XIV's administration, was such that Orléans would usually be outvoted.
.jpg/200px-Philippe_d'Orleans,_regent,_et_Marie_Madeleine_de_la_Vieuville,_Comtesse_de_Parabere_(Jean-Baptiste_Santerre).jpg)
The content of the will had become known before the old king died, and factions had already begun to line up behind Maine, Toulouse and Maintenon on one hand, and Orléans on the other. Philippe II Duke of Orléans ( August 2, 1674 &ndash December 2, 1723) was a member of the royal family of France Orléans enjoyed the support of many amongst the old sword nobility (noblesse d'épée), descending from medieval knights, as opposed to the noblesse de robe, the new aristocracy of recently ennobled lawyers and civil servants. The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and Louis XIV had usually excluded the noblesse d'épée from government in favour of commoners from the bourgeoisie who often entered the noblesse de robe and whom he could control better. Thus the noblesse d'épée yearned for a change of policy more favourable to them, and were greatly displeased with the legitimisation of the "royal bastards" Maine and Toulouse, which they regarded as an affront to the traditional rules of inheritance.
The Parlement of Paris, another political entity which Louis XIV had shut out of power, also hoped for an Orléans regency and a change of course in the government, with increased powers given to the Parlement. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Religion too entered the picture. Madame de Maintenon was a supporter of the Jesuits, the Pope, and the Pope's controversial Bull Unigenitus, a 1713 papal bull directed against the Jansenists, a Catholic group popular in France who were deemed to have too many Protestant tendencies. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Unigenitus may also refer to a papal bull issued by Pope Clement VI in 1343 Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Orléans was naturally supported by the Jansenists and the Gallicans (French Catholics who wanted their church to be more independent from Rome), since they thought he would dislodge the Jesuit-Papist group from power after his own accession to power. Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority&mdashoften represented by the Monarchs authority or the State 's authority&mdashover the Catholic
Philippe d'Orléans
It appears that in the final weeks before his death, King Louis XIV arrived at somewhat of a reconciliation with his nephew Philippe d'Orléans. Bidding adieu to the closest courtiers and ministers on 26 August, the king had told them:
Always obey the orders my nephew Philippe d'Orléans will give you; he will govern the kingdom"². Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.
In the following days, Philippe d'Orléans met with and made promises to various aristocrats, clergymen, and members of the Parlement of Paris to secure their support. He promised the aristocrats places on the new government councils he intended to form, which would eventually become known as the polysynody; he assured Jansenists and Gallicans he would be lenient regarding Unigenitus; and he promised the Parlement he would restore its right of remonstrance (the right to criticize and delay royal edicts), which had been taken away from the Parlement by Louis XIV in 1673. Polysynody (from Greek πολυς numerous several and Greek συνοδος meeting assembly was the system of government in use in France between 1715 and
On 2 September, the day after Louis XIV died, there was a special session of the Parlement of Paris. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. It was attended not only by the magistrates who were usually there, but also by the peers and princes of the blood. The king's will was read, and the future of the government decided. Philippe d'Orléans addressed the assembly. He stated his claim to be made regent, asking that he be given full power. He referred to a recent conversation in which the king had indicated to him that he would govern. He reminded those present of the arrangements he had negotiated with them over the preceding days.
The Parlement responded affirmatively. He was granted the crucial right to choose his own Regency Council. Thus the king's written will was to a large extent nullified, and Philippe d'Orléans became, in fact, regent. He was 41 years old. The Parlement, on the other hand, recovered its right of remonstrance. This court coup was recorded in detail by Saint-Simon, the famous writer of memoirs. Louis de Rouvroy duc de Saint-Simon ( January 16, 1675 &ndash March 2, 1755) French soldier Diplomatist and writer Orléans took the symbolic decision to relocate the government to Paris, and the court in Versailles disbanded.
The regent conducted affairs of state from his Parisian palace, the Palais Royal. The young Louis XV was moved to the modern lodgings attached to the medieval fortress of Vincennes, located 7 km/4. Vincennes is a commune of the Val-de-Marne located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. 5 miles east of Paris in the Forest of Vincennes, where the air was deemed more wholesome and healthy than in Paris. Later during the regency he was moved to the Tuileries Palace, in the center of Paris, near the Palais Royal. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed
Youth
In keeping with the tradition that all French royal princes, when they reached their seventh birthdays, should be put under the care of men, a tearful Louis was separated from his governess, Madame de Ventadour, in February 1717, and put in the care of the Duc de Villeroi, who had been designated as his governor in Louis XIV's will of August 1714. Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a François de Neufville 2nd duc de Villeroi ( April 7, 1644 - July 18, 1730) French soldier came of a noble family which ³ The duc de Villeroi served under the formal authority of the Duc de Maine, made superintendent of the king's education. He was aided by André-Hercule de Fleury (later to become Cardinal Fleury), tutor to the young king. André-Hercule de Fleury Bishop of Fréjus WikipediaNaming conventions (Clergy.
The duc de Villeroi, an old and vain courtier, loved to show the good manners and talents of his pupil. The young king, during endless public ceremonies, had to learn to hide his feelings and his natural shyness. He acquired the cold attitude and air of majesty that he would display during his entire life in public, as well as a taste for private apartments and intimate circles – in short an almost private bourgeois lifestyle.
Fleury, his tutor, gave him an excellent education, with renowned professors such as the geographer Guillaume Delisle. Guillaume Delisle ( February 28, 1675 - January 25, 1726) was a French cartographer who lived in Paris. Louis XV was an extremely curious and open-minded personality. He was an avid reader, and of eclectic tastes. A man of the Enlightenment, fond of science and new technologies, he pushed for the creation of a department of physics (1769) and mechanics (1773) at the Collège de France. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement The Cardinal Fleury, an ambitious man, and, like the king, secretive, but above all affable, was deeply admired by Louis XV, and had a great influence on the rest of the king's life.
During the Régence, the regent, Philippe d'Orléans, in search of support, and in keeping with his promises, favoured the nobility (aristocrats) who had been deprived of power during the reign of Louis XIV. The Régence is the period in French history between 1715 and 1723, when King Louis XV was a minor and the land was governed The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages He established the so-called polysynody (15 September 1715), a short-lived structure of councils that gave the aristocracy a visible appearance of participating in the government. Polysynody (from Greek πολυς numerous several and Greek συνοδος meeting assembly was the system of government in use in France between 1715 and Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He concluded an alliance with Great Britain and the Netherlands in 1717 (Triple Alliance) in an effort to prevent Philip V of Spain from claiming the crown of France should the young Louis XV die. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Triple Alliance was a Treaty between the Dutch Republic, France and Great Britain, against Spain, attempting to maintain the agreement Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou
Confronted with a total lack of expertise amongst the aristocracy in government affairs, the regent reverted to the monarchical organization of government that existed under Louis XIV and by 1718 reinstated secretaries of state. Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Cardinal Dubois, close confidant of the regent, was made prime minister in 1722. Guillaume Dubois ( September 6, 1656 &ndash August 10, 1723) was a French cardinal and statesman Year 1722 ( MDCCXXII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In an attempt to replenish the French treasury the regency tried a number of original financial experiments, notable amongst which was the famous inflationary scheme of John Law. John Law (usually pronounced Jean Lass by contemporary French ( bap The bursting of the speculative bubble fueled by Law's system brought about the ruin of many aristocrats.
Betrothal
In 1721, Louis XV was betrothed to his first cousin, Maria Ana Victoria de Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and his second wife Elizabeth Farnese. Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Mariana Victoria of Bourbon (Mariana Vitória ( March 31, 1718 &ndash January 15, 1781) was Queen consort of Portugal Elisabeth of Parma ( October 22, 1692 &ndash July 11, 1766) Queen consort of Spain, also known as Isabel de The eleven-year-old king found no interest in the arrival in Paris of his future wife, the three-year-old Spanish infanta, who only bored him. In June 1722 the young king and the court returned to Versailles, where they would stay until the end of the reign. Year 1722 ( MDCCXXII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In October of the same year, Louis XV was officially crowned in Reims Cathedral. Notre-Dame de Reims ( Our Lady of Rheims) is the Cathedral of Reims, where the kings of France were once crowned On 15 February 1723, as he turned thirteen, the king was declared of majority by the Parlement of Paris, thus ending the Régence. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1723 ( MDCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The king left the duc d'Orléans in charge of state affairs. The duc d'Orléans was made first minister on the death of Cardinal Dubois in August 1723, and he himself died in December of the same year. Following the advice of Fleury, Louis XV appointed his cousin the duc de Bourbon, to replace the late duc d'Orléans. Louis IV Henri Joseph de Bourbon-Condé prince de Condé ( duc de Bourbon and d'Enghien) ( August 18 1692 &ndash January 27 1740
The Ministry of the duc de Bourbon
The king took no part in the decisions of the government under the Duc de Bourbon. The government was secretly under the influence of a group of speculators and wheeler-dealers such as É. Berthelot de Pléneuf and banker J. Pâris-Duverney.
Personal Reign
The duc de Bourbon was worried by the health of the young king, not so much out of concern for the king or the future of the dynasty, but in fact out of a desire to prevent the family of the late regent, the House of Orléans, from ascending the throne should the king die. This is the correct spelling in modern Polish various other spellings are also used in English and French Louis IV Henri Joseph de Bourbon-Condé prince de Condé ( duc de Bourbon and d'Enghien) ( August 18 1692 &ndash January 27 1740 Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet The duc de Bourbon saw the House of Orléans as his enemy. The king was quite frail, and several alerts led to concern for his life. The Spanish infanta was too young to procreate and give an heir. Thus, the duc de Bourbon, who was also hostile to Spain, sent the infanta back to Spain and set about choosing a European princess old enough to produce an heir.
Marriage
Eventually, the choice fell on the twenty-one year old Maria Leszczyńska, daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński, the toppled King of Poland. This is the correct spelling in modern Polish various other spellings are also used in English and French Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland An impoverished and plain-looking princess who had followed her father's misfortunes, she was nonetheless said to be virtuous, and quite charming. She was also from a royal family which had never intermarried with the French royal family, and it was hoped that she would bring new blood to it.
The relatively low status of her father would also ensure that the marriage would not cause diplomatic embarrassment to France by having to choose one royal court over another. The marriage was celebrated in September 1725. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The young king immediately fell in love with his new wife, who was seven years older than he. Nonetheless, many considered the marriage of the most powerful king in Europe with such a low-ranking princess to be improper and lacking in grandeur.
Louis's marriage to Marie Leszczyńska produced many children, but the king was persistently (and notoriously) unfaithful. This is the correct spelling in modern Polish various other spellings are also used in English and French Some of his mistresses, such as Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry, are as well-known as the king himself, and his affairs with three Mailly-Nesle sisters are documented by the formal agreements into which he entered. Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 Marie-Jeanne(tte Bécu Comtesse du Barry ( April 19, 1743 – December 8, 1793) was a French Courtesan who became the In his later years, Louis developed a penchant for young girls, keeping several at a time in a personal seraglio known as the Parc aux Cerfs ("Deer Park"), one of whose inhabitants, Marie-Louise O'Murphy, was immortalised by Boucher. A seraglio (also serraglio) is the sequestered living quarters used by wives and Concubines in a Turkish household from an Italian variant of Marie-Louise O'Murphy de Boisfaily ( 21 October, 1737 &ndash 11 December, 1814) was a child- Courtesan, one of the several mistresses Scandalous rumours spread across France, in which it was alleged that the king bathed in the blood of virgins and had ninety illegitimate children.
Children
- On 4 September 1725 he married Marie Leszczynska, Princess of Poland (1703-1768). Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This is the correct spelling in modern Polish various other spellings are also used in English and French Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland They had ten children:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louise-Elisabeth | 14 August 1727 | 6 December 1759 | Duchess of Parma, had issue |
| Henriette-Anne | 14 August 1727 | 10 February 1752 | died unmarried, no issue. Marie Louise Élisabeth de France ( 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Henriette-Anne de France ( 14 August 1727 at Versailles —- 10 February 1752 at Versailles was the twin sister of Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1752 ( MDCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar for European countries but not Great Britain) of |
| Marie-Louise of France | 28 July 1728 | 19 February 1733 | died in childhood |
| Louis, Dauphin of France | 4 September 1729 | 20 December 1765 | |
| Philippe of France | 30 August 1730 | 17 April 1733 | died in childhood |
| Adélaïde | 23 March 1732 | 27 February 1800 | died unmarried, no issue |
| Victoire-Louise | 11 May 1733 | 7 June 1799 | died unmarried, no issue |
| Sophie-Philippine | 17 July 1734 | 3 March 1782 | died unmarried, no issue |
| Stillborn Child | 28 March 1735 | 28 March 1735 | |
| Thérèse-Félicité | 16 May 1736 | 28 September 1744 | died in childhood |
| Louise-Marie | 5 July 1737 | 23 December 1787 | was a nun, died unmarried, no issue |
He also had several illegitimate children and served as stepfather to Madame de Pompadour's only child:
- Alexandrine-Jeanne d'Etiolles (10 August 1744 - 14 June 1754). Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1728 ( MDCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1729 ( MDCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Marie Adélaïde de France ( 23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French Princess. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse de France ( May 11, 1733 - June 7, 1799) was the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine ( 27 July 1734 - 2 March 1782) was a French princess Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1734 ( MDCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1736 ( MDCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a See also Louise-Marie of France (1812-1850 Queen of the Belgians Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 Alexandrine-Jeanne d'Étiolles, also called Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étoilles was born on August 10, 1744, during the " Scenes of Metz " in which Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or
The ministry of the duc de Bourbon was marked by the persecution of Protestants (1726), several monetary manipulations, the creation of new taxes such as the fiftieth (cinquantième) in 1725, and the high price of grain, all of which created troubles and economic depression. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
In 1726, the king, who was now sixteen and had since his marriage shown a new health and authority, dismissed the duc de Bourbon, who was extremely unpopular and was preparing a war against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in As his replacement he chose his old tutor, Cardinal Fleury, to serve as first minister.
Ministry of Cardinal Fleury
From 1726 until his death in 1743, Cardinal Fleury ruled France with the king's assent. André-Hercule de Fleury Bishop of Fréjus WikipediaNaming conventions (Clergy. Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a André-Hercule de Fleury Bishop of Fréjus WikipediaNaming conventions (Clergy. It was the most peaceful and prosperous part of the reign of Louis XV, despite some Parlement and Jansenist unrest. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent After the financial and human losses suffered at the end of the reign of Louis XIV, the rule of Fleury, generating peace and order, is seen by historians as a period of "recovery" (French historians talk of a gouvernement "réparateur"). It is hard to determine exactly what part the king took in the decisions of the Fleury government, but it remains certain that the king steadily supported Fleury against the intrigues of the court and the conspiracies of the courtiers.
With the help of controllers-general of finances Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (1726-1730) and above all Philibert Orry (1730-1745), Fleury stabilized the French currency (1726) and eventually managed to balance the budget in 1738. This page is a list of French finance ministers, including the equivalent positions of Superintendent of Finances and Controller-General of Finances Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Philibert Orry, count of Vignory and lord of La Chapelle-Godefroy was a French statesman born in Troyes on the 22 January 1689 and who died Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1738 ( MDCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Economic expansion was also a central goal of the government: communications were improved, with the completion of the Saint-Quentin canal (linking the Oise and Somme rivers) in 1738, later extended to the Escaut River and the Low Countries, and above all with the systematic building of a national road network. The Oise River is a right Tributary of the Seine River Its length is 302 km in Belgium and France. Year 1738 ( MDCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt By the middle of the 18th century, France had the most modern and extensive road network in the world.
The body of ponts et chaussées engineers, instituted by the central state, built modern straight highways, many of which are still in use today, stretching from Paris to the most distant borders of France, in the typical star pattern that remains the backbone of the National Highway network of France. The École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC ("National school of Bridges and Roads" often referred to as les Ponts, is the world's oldest civil Maritime trade was also stimulated by the Bureau and the Council of Commerce, and the French foreign maritime trade increased from 80 to 308 million livres between 1716 and 1748. The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a However, rigid Colbertist laws (prefiguring dirigisme) hindered industrial development. Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under Dirigisme (from the French) (in English also "dirigism" although per the OED both spellings are used is an Economic term designating an economy
The power of the absolute monarchy was demonstrated with the quelling of the Jansenist and Gallican oppositions. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority&mdashoften represented by the Monarchs authority or the State 's authority&mdashover the Catholic The troubles caused by the convulsionaries of the Saint-Médard graveyard in Paris (a group of Jansenists claiming that miracles took place in this graveyard) were put to an end in 1732. Saint-Médard may refer to Saint-Médard Charente Saint-Médard Charente-Maritime Saint-Médard Haute-Garonne Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a As for the Gallican opposition, after the "exile" of 139 parlementaires in the provinces the Parlement of Paris had to register the Unigenitus papal bull and was forbidden to hear religious cases in the future. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Unigenitus may also refer to a papal bull issued by Pope Clement VI in 1343 A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope.
Abroad, Fleury sought peace, attempting to maintain the alliance with England and pursuing reconciliation with Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In September 1729, at the end of her third pregnancy, the queen finally gave birth to a male child, Louis, who immediately became heir to the throne. Year 1729 ( MDCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the The birth of a long awaited heir, which ensured the survival of the dynasty for the first time since 1712, was welcomed with tremendous joy and celebrations in all spheres of French society, and indeed in most European courts. The royal couple was at the time very united and in love with each other, and the young king was extremely popular. The birth of a male heir also dispelled the risks of a succession crisis and the likely war with Spain that would have resulted.
In 1733, on the advice of his secretary of state for foreign affairs Germain Louis Chauvelin (1727-1737), the king temporarily abandoned Fleury's peace policy to intervene in the War of the Polish Succession. Year 1733 ( MDCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 - 1738) was sparked by a Polish Civil war over the succession to Augustus II, King of Poland In addition to attempting to restore his father-in-law Stanisław Leszczyński to the Polish throne, the king also hoped to wrest the long-coveted duchy of Lorraine from its duke, Francis III. Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. Early life He was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France) the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine and his wife The duke's expected marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI's daughter, Maria Theresa, would bring Austrian power dangerously close to the French border. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant The half-hearted French intervention in the east was insufficient to enable Stanisław to recover his throne.
Treaty of Vienna
In the west, however, French troops rapidly overran Lorraine, and peace was restored as early as 1735. Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a By the Treaty of Vienna (November 1738), Stanisław was compensated for the loss of his Polish throne with the duchy of Lorraine, which would eventually pass to King Louis as his son-in-law, while Duke Francis III of Lorraine was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as compensation for the loss of Lorraine. The Treaty of Vienna or Peace of Vienna was signed on November 18, 1738. Year 1738 ( MDCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence The war cost France very little, compared to the financial and human drains of Louis XIV's wars, and was a clear success for French diplomacy. The acquisition of Lorraine (effective in 1766 at Stanislaus' death) was to be the last territorial expansion of France on the continent before the French Revolution. Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
Shortly after this favourable result, France's mediation in the war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire led to the Treaty of Belgrade (September 1739) which favoured the Ottoman Empire, an ally of France against the Habsburgs since the early 16th century. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Treaty of Belgrade (Белградский мир was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Serbia, by the Ottoman Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a As a result, in 1740 the Ottoman Empire renewed the French capitulations, which marked the supremacy of French trade in the Middle East. Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers particularly France. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. With these successes, Louis XV's prestige reached its highest point.
In 1740, the death of Emperor Charles VI and his succession by his daughter Maria Theresa started the European War of the Austrian Succession. Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe The elderly Cardinal Fleury had too little energy left to oppose this war, which was strongly supported by the anti-Austrian party at court. Renewing the cycle of conflicts so typical of Louis XIV's reign, the king entered the war in 1741 on the side of Prussia. Year 1741 ( MDCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The war would last seven years. Fleury did not live to see the end of the war. After Fleury's death in January 1743, the king followed his predecessor's example, ruling from then on without a first minister. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
First signs of unpopularity
At the death of his old tutor Fleury in 1743, the king was 33 years old. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He had experienced a few years of happiness with his devoted Polish queen. A child was born almost every year. However, the queen eventually got tired of continual pregnancies, while the king got tired of the queen's unconditional love. Moreover, most of the queen's pregnancies produced girls, which the king eventually resented.
Out of ten children born of the queen, there were only two sons, only one of whom survived, Louis. This did not help dispel the concerns about the future of the dynasty brought about by the repeated deaths of the early 1710s. In 1734, for the first time, the queen complained to her father about the king's infidelities. Year 1734 ( MDCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The king found love with Madame de Mailly, then with her younger sister Madame de Vintimille, then at her death with yet another sister Marie-Anne de Mailly, while the queen took refuge in religion and charities. Louise Julie Comtesse de Mailly (1710 - 1751 was one of the many mistresses of Louis XV of France. Pauline-Félicité de Mailly-Nesle (born 1712 died 1741 marquise de Vintimille, was one of the "sisters de Nesle" who served as mistresses to King Louis XV Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchesse de Châteauroux ( October 5, 1717 &ndash December 8, 1744) was a mistress of Louis XV of
In June 1744, the king left Versailles for the front in order to take personal command of his armies fighting in the War of the Austrian Succession. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe This otherwise popular move was marred by the king's indiscreet decision to bring along Madame de Chateauroux. In August, the king fell gravely ill in Metz. Death appeared imminent, and public prayers were held all across France to ask God to save the king from a certain death.
Pressed by the dévot party, Msgr. de Fitz-James, First Chaplain (premier aumônier) of the king, refused to give the king the absolution unless the king renounced his mistress. Dévots (pronounced /devo/ and meaning "devout people" in French) was the name given in France in the first half of the 17th century to a party following a Catholic Monsignor, pl monsignori is the form of address for those members of the Clergy of the Catholic Church holding certain Ecclesiastical Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. The king's confession was then publicly announced, embarrassing him and tarnishing the prestige of the monarchy. Madame de Châteauroux was forced to leave to the boos of the public. Although Louis' recovery earned him the 'well-beloved' epithet from a public relieved by his survival, the events at Metz (August 1744) appear to have left profound scars on his psyche as well as on French political life. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Nevertheless, the king soon returned to his adulterous ways.
War with Austria
In 1743, France entered the War of the Austrian Succession. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe Late in Louis’s reign Corsica and Lorraine were won, but this came only a few years after the devastating loss of nearly all of France's colonial empire to France's arch-enemy Great Britain, in the Seven Years' War. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The Treaty of Paris of 1763 proved one of the most humiliating episodes of the French monarchy. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a France ceded India, Canada, and all lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, while Spain received France's lands west of the Mississippi. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. France's empire in the New World was thus almost completely lost; the kingdom retained control only of some territories in the West Indies, French Guiana, and the tiny islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Canada. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France The Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is a group of small islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, the France's policies in the Americas and India had ended in a dismal failure. Its prestige sank dramatically.
Madame de Pompadour
Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, later the marquise de Pompadour, who met Louis XV in February 1745 at a lavish masked ball given in honour of the Dauphin's marriage, was the most famous mistress of the reign, and the most honourable one. Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a She was the daughter of a chief agent of the powerful Pâris family of financiers who became embroiled in the intrigue that ousted the duc de Bourbon as head of the Regency council in favour of Cardinal Fleury. Louis IV Henri Joseph de Bourbon-Condé prince de Condé ( duc de Bourbon and d'Enghien) ( August 18 1692 &ndash January 27 1740 A beautiful woman, educated, cultured, intelligent, and sincerely attached to the king, she nonetheless possessed one major shortcoming in the eyes of the masses: she was a commoner, from the bourgeoisie, and even worse, a commoner who meddled in royal politics.
The public had generally accepted the mistresses of Louis XIV, who, apart from Madame de Maintenon, were all chosen in the highest spheres of the aristocracy and had very little influence on the government. Françoise d'Aubigné Scarron Marquise de Maintenon ( November 27, 1635 - April 15, 1719) was the Morganatic second wife of King But that the king would thus compromise himself with a commoner was felt to be a profound disgrace. Soon there were hundreds of libels called poissonnades (a word meaning something like "fish stew", a pun based on the marquise de Pompadour's family name, Poisson, which means "fish" in French), violently attacking the Marquise, as in this example: "Daughter of leech, and leech herself, Poisson ["Fish"], with an extreme arrogance, flaunts in this château, without fear or dread, the substance of the people and the shame of the King. A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Leeches are Annelids comprising the Subclass Hirudinea. There are freshwater terrestrial and marine leeches "
Despite the critics, the marquise de Pompadour had an undeniable influence on the flourishing of French arts during the reign of Louis XV, a reign that is often considered the peak of French architecture and interior design (see: Louis XV style). Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 The Louis XV style or Louis Quinze was a French Rococo style in the Decorative arts, and to a lesser degree Architecture A patron of the arts, the Marquise amassed a considerable amount of furniture and objets d'art in her various estates. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, She was responsible for the tremendous development of the porcelain manufactory of Sèvres, which became one of the most famous porcelain manufacturers in Europe, and her commands ensured the living of artists and families of craftsmen for many years. Sèvres is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. She was also a prominent patron of architecture, being responsible for the building of the Place Louis XV (now called Place de la Concorde) and the École Militaire in Paris, both built by her protégé Ange-Jacques Gabriel. The Place de la Concorde is one of the major squares in Paris, France. The École Militaire (Military School is a vast complex of buildings housing various military teaching facilities located in Paris, France, southeast of the Ange-Jacques Gabriel ( October 23, 1698 &ndash January 4, 1782) was the most prominent French Architect of his generation
The École Militaire, for the creation of which she successfully lobbied the king, showed her commitment to the training of officers from poor families of the aristocracy. The Marquise was a liberal at heart and she steadily defended the Encyclopédie against the attacks of the Church. Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general She was a supporter of the Philosophy of the Enlightenment, and tried to win the king to its new ideas, albeit not quite as successfully as she hoped. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century She was criticised for the lavish display of luxury in her various estates, although her rich family of financiers in many instances gave money to the government and saved the monarchy from bankruptcy. All her estates, which she had bequeathed to the state, reverted to the crown at her death.
The marquise de Pompadour was officially settled on the third floor (second storey) of the Palace of Versailles, in small but comfortable apartments that can still be visited today. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region There, she organized fine suppers for the king, with chosen guests, far from the pomp and etiquette of the court. The atmosphere in these private quarters was so relaxed that the king was said to serve coffee during the suppers. She often entertained the king, trying to relieve him from the state of boredom in which the court often plunged him. The king, who liked a more bourgeois lifestyle than his forefather Louis XIV, found in the private apartments of the Marquise de Pompadour, located above his own office and bedchamber, the intimacy and reassuring feminine presence of which he had been deprived during his childhood.
The marquise de Pompadour, who was reportedly in frail health, was no more than a friend after 1750. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Although the sexual relationship stopped, the Marquise remained the close confidante and friend of the king until her death, quite a feat in the history of royal mistresses. She, more than anyone else, was adept at understanding the complex and demanding personality of the king. After 1750, the king was mired in a series of short-lived love affairs and sexual relationships, hiding his temporary conquests in a small mansion at the Parc-aux-Cerfs ("Stags' Park"), whose most famous occupant was Marie-Louise O'Murphy. Marie-Louise O'Murphy de Boisfaily ( 21 October, 1737 &ndash 11 December, 1814) was a child- Courtesan, one of the several mistresses Legend later enormously exaggerated the events occurring at the Parc-aux-Cerfs, contributing to the dark reputation still associated with Louis XV's name today. In fact, the king's womanizing behavior was not very different from that of many of his illustrious ancestors, such as kings Francis I or Henry IV, to say nothing of other European monarchs such as Henry VIII of England. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of
First attempt at reform
All these love affairs did not take the king away from the duties of his office, but he lacked the administrative energy of his great-grandfather, Louis XIV. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Catherine of Navarre, also known as Catherine de Bourbon (1559 Paris &ndash 13 February 1604, Nancy) was the daughter of Antoine For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Nicholas Henri of France, duc d'Orléans, was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian Queen Marie de' Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Philippe I Duke of Orléans ( September 21, 1640 &ndash June 9, 1701) was the second son of Louis XIII of France and Anne Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Marie-Thérèse de France was the fourth child and third daughter of Louis XIV and his Queen Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Marie Louise Élisabeth de France ( 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Henriette-Anne de France ( 14 August 1727 at Versailles —- 10 February 1752 at Versailles was the twin sister of Marie Adélaïde de France ( 23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French Princess. Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse de France ( May 11, 1733 - June 7, 1799) was the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine ( 27 July 1734 - 2 March 1782) was a French princess See also Louise-Marie of France (1812-1850 Queen of the Belgians Life Early life She was the elder daughter of Louis Dauphin of France, the only son of King Louis XV, and the Dauphin's wife Princess Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France ( 19 December 1778 &ndash 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of King Louis XVI of France Ancestry Son of Marie Antoinette Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Ancestry Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis-Antoine of France Dauphin of France and Duke of Angoulême (born Louis-Antoine of Artois; August 6, 1775 – June 3, 1844) Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 Louise Marie Thérèse of France ( Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois; born September 21, 1819, Élysée-Bourbon Paris, France; died List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below He preferred to make decisions based solely on the advice of Cardinal Fleury, and frequently relied on the cardinal to carry out those decisions. During the seventeen long years of Fleury's government, the king learned the generalities of government policy without the specifics of implementation.
Starting in 1743 with the death of Fleury, the king ruled alone without a first minister. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He had read many times the instructions of Louis XIV: "Listen to people, seek advice from your Council, but decide alone. " Although he was without a doubt more intelligent and cultured than his great-grandfather, Louis XV lacked self-confidence. His political correspondence reveals his deep knowledge of public affairs as well as the soundness of his judgment. However, the king was often afraid of making firm decisions, fearing that he might be wrong and other people might be right. It was only when pushed to the limit, often when it was too late, that he suddenly resolved to bold action, with a brutality that stunned people.
Always supportive and friendly towards his ministers in appearance, his displeasure was felt suddenly and without warning. This led to a reputation for deviousness. It was very difficult for ministers to decipher the king, or to know if their behavior was in agreement with his desires. Usually, they were given great independence of action in their own ministries with the king never really directing them. Very often, they never received any warning or sign of disagreement from the king before a sudden fall from grace. Moreover, the king often kept them in the dark concerning his true line of reasoning, frequently communicating without their knowledge with foreign courts through a network of diplomats and spies called the Secret du Roi ("the secret of the king"). For a period of over twenty years King Louis XV split his diplomacy into official and secret channels
Most government work was conducted in committees of ministers which met without the king. The king reviewed policy only in the Conseil d'en haut, the High Council, which was composed of the king, the dauphin, the chancellor, the contrôleur général des finances, and the secretary of state in charge of foreign affairs. Created by Louis XIV, the council was in charge of state policy regarding religion, diplomacy, and war. There, he let various political factions oppose each other and vie for influence and power: the dévot party, led by the Comte d'Argenson, secretary of state for war, opposed the parti philosophique, which supported the Enlightenment philosophy and was led by Machault d'Arnouville, controller-general of finances. Dévots (pronounced /devo/ and meaning "devout people" in French) was the name given in France in the first half of the 17th century to a party following a Catholic Not to be confused with Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson, Governor of New France '' Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy comte d'Argenson ( The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century This page is a list of French finance ministers, including the equivalent positions of Superintendent of Finances and Controller-General of Finances
The parti philosophique was supported by the marquise de Pompadour, who acted as a sort of minister without portfolio from the time she became royal mistress in 1745 until her death in 1764. Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 A Minister without Portfolio is either a Government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister that does not head a particular ministry. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Marquise was in favour of reforms. Supported by her clan of financiers (Pâris-Duverney, Montmartel, etc. ), she obtained from the king the appointment of ministers (Bernis, secretary of state for foreign affairs, in 1757), as well as their dismissal (Orry, controller-general of finances, in 1745; Maurepas, secretary of state for the Navy, in 1749). François-Joachim Cardinal de Pierre de Bernis ( May 22, 1715 &ndash November 3, 1794) French cardinal and Statesman The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Philibert Orry, count of Vignory and lord of La Chapelle-Godefroy was a French statesman born in Troyes on the 22 January 1689 and who died Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux comte de Maurepas ( July 9, 1701 - November 21, 1781) was a French statesman Year 1749 ( MDCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a On her advice, the king supported the policy of fiscal justice designed by Machault d'Arnouville. In order to finance the budget deficit, which amounted to 100 million livres in 1745, Machault d'Arnouville created a tax on the twentieth of all revenues which affected also the privileged classes (Edict of Marly, 1749). The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of The Château de Marly was located in what has become Marly-le-Roi, the commune that existed at the edge of the royal park
This breach in the privileged status of the aristocracy and the clergy, normally exempt from taxes, was a first in French history, although it had already been advocated by visionary minds such as Vauban under Louis XIV. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to However, the new tax was received with violent protest from the privileged classes sitting in the provincial estates (états provinciaux) of the few provinces which still kept the right to decide over taxation (most provinces had long lost their provincial estates (états provinciaux) and the right to decide over taxation that came with it). The new tax was also violently opposed by the clergy and by the parlements. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Pressed and eventually won over by his entourage at court, the king gave in and exempted the clergy from the twentieth in 1751. Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Eventually, the twentieth became a mere increase in the already existing taille, the most important direct tax of the monarchy from which privileged classes were exempted. Taille was also a name used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach for the Baroque Cor anglais. It was the first defeat in the "taxation war" waged against the privileged classes.
As a result of these attempts at reform, the Parlement of Paris, using the quarrel between the clergy and the Jansenists as a pretext, addressed remonstrances to the king (April 1753). This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In these remonstrances, the Parlement, which was made up of privileged aristocrats and ennobled commoners, proclaimed itself the "natural defender of the fundamental laws of the kingdom" against the arbitrariness of the monarchy.
War and foreign policy, 1740-1763
After the death of Fleury, France initially experienced success abroad despite the King's loss of his trusted advisor. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), which pitted the French and Prussians against the Austrians, British, and Dutch, culminated in a series of major French victories: the Battle of Fontenoy (1745), the Battle of Rocourt (1746), and the Battle of Lauffeld (1747). The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This battle should not be confused with the two battles of Fontenay, which occurred at a different location in 841 and 1944 Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Battle of Rocoux ( 11 October, 1746) was a French victory over an allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch Year 1746 ( MDCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Battle of Lauffeld took place on 2 July 1747, during the French invasion of the Netherlands. Year 1747 ( MDCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Battle of Fontenoy, won by the Maréchal de Saxe, is still remembered as one of the most decisive French victories against the British. Maurice comte de Saxe (Moritz Graf von Sachsen 28 October, 1696 &ndash 20 November, 1750) was a French general who was Marshal By 1748, France occupied the entire Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), then the wealthiest area of Europe, and appeared on its way to fulfilling its traditional dream of extending its north-eastern border to the Rhine. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The embarrassment at Metz (1744) now largely forgotten, the king was at the peak of his popularity. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
However, at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Louis shocked his people and the rest of Europe by agreeing to restore all his conquests to Austria. The second Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ( Aachen) of 1748 ended the War of the Austrian Succession. Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Louis XV, who at heart was not a bellicose king, unlike his great-grandfather Louis XIV, felt content to rule a nearly hexagon-shaped kingdom, which he called his pré carré (i. Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees e. "square field"), a term still used in French politics today. He thought it better to cultivate the pré carré rather than trying to expand it. The king declared he had made peace "as a king and not as a merchant". The attitude of the king was hailed in Europe, and he became overnight the "arbiter of Europe".
At home, however, his popularity sharply declined. The people had forgiven Louis XV for his high taxes, his mistresses, and his lavish expenditures, as long as he was successful in wars. But the news that the king had restored the Southern Netherlands to Austria was met with disbelief and bitterness. Parisians coined the phrase: "As stupid as the peace" ("Bête comme la paix"). Historians usually consider that the year 1748 saw the first true manifestation of public opinion in France, a nationalist public opinion that the king did not understand. That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies The year proved a turning point in the king's popularity: after 1748, pamphlets against the king's mistresses became increasingly widely published and read, and his popularity steadily declined.
By 1755, a new European conflict was brewing, the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle being but a sort of truce. Already, French and British were fighting each other in North America without a declaration of war (see French and Indian War). The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. In 1755, the British seized 300 French merchant ships, in violation of international law. Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or A few months later, on 16 January 1756, Great Britain and Prussia signed a treaty of "neutrality". Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1756 ( MDCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In Paris and Versailles, the parti philosophique could not hide their disappointment at this betrayal by King Frederick II of Prussia, who was until then seen as an enlightened sovereign friend of the Philosophers. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the
Frederick II had even welcomed Voltaire in Potsdam when the famous writer had run into trouble with the dévot party in France. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference. But the truth was that Frederick II was motivated first and foremost by personal interests and the desire to expand the territory of Prussia by any means available. He had already abandoned his French ally during the War of Austrian Succession, signing a separate peace treaty with Austria in December 1745. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Marquise de Pompadour particularly disliked Frederick II, who had always showed contempt for her, and even named one of his poodles "Pompadour". At the same time, French officials realized that the Habsburg empire of Austria was no more the danger it had been in the heyday of the Habsburgs, back in the 16th and 17th centuries, when they controlled Spain and most of Europe and presented a formidable challenge to France. Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant The new dangerous power looming now on the horizon was Prussia. In a "reversal of alliances", the king signed the Treaty of Versailles with Austria on 1 April 1756, overruling his ministers and putting an end to more than 200 years of conflict with the Habsburgs. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1756 ( MDCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Louis apparently expected that joining with Austria would prevent another war on the continent by confronting Prussia with a counter-coalition. He was sadly mistaken. Austria was bent on regaining Silesia, which Prussia had grabbed in 1740 and had not returned. At the end of August 1756, having learned that Austria was negotiating to enlist Russia against him, Frederick II invaded Saxony without a declaration of war. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. He soon defeated the unprepared Saxon and Austrian armies and occupied the whole of Saxony. The Saxon ruler's younger daughter was the Dauphin's wife and his elder daughter was married to Charles VII of Naples, a Bourbon cousin. Augustus III (Augustus III the Saxon or the Corpulent (August III Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and Frederick's treatment of the Polish-Saxon royal family was particularly brutal; Queen Maria Josepha, the dauphine's mother, died from maltreatment. Family She was born an Archduchess of Austria as a daughter of Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor and Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick. These actions by Frederick II profoundly shocked Europe, and particularly France. The wife of the Dauphin had a miscarriage as a result of the news coming from Saxony. Louis XV was left with no choice but to enter the war.
Meanwhile, Britain had already declared war on France on 18 May 1756. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1756 ( MDCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The ensuing Seven Years' War (1756-1763) was to have profound consequences for France and Britain. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Year 1756 ( MDCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Assassination attempt
At home, discontent grew, fuelled by the perceived political incompetence of the king and the spending spree of the court. Louis-Michel van Loo ( 1707-03-02 &ndash 1771-03-20) was a French painter. As previously highlighted, modern historians have shown that the king was in fact not incompetent, albeit not resolute enough. The spending at court was also not particularly high under Louis XV, at any rate not any higher than under previous French kings, and certainly much lower than in some other European courts, such as in Russia, where Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth spent enormous amounts of money to build palaces in and around Saint Petersburg. Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Court spending also helped to carry French arts to their zenith under Louis XV, and supported thousands of families of artists and craftsmen. French arts were admired and copied all over Europe. Even today, 250 years later, "Louis XV" style is still a favourite among the rich and famous around the world. Yet at the time the French public, influenced as it was by a violent campaign of libels against the king and the Marquise de Pompadour starting in the mid-1740s, could only see royal incompetence and spending sprees.
This was what may have inspired the assassination attempt on the king by Robert Damiens. Robert-François Damiens (La Thieuloye 9 January 1715 - Paris 28 March 1757) was a Frenchman who attained notoriety by unsuccessfully On 5 January 1757 would-be assassin Damiens entered the Palace of Versailles, as did thousands of people every day to petition the king. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region At 6pm, as night had fallen on a cold Versailles covered in snow, the king, who was visiting his daughter, left her apartments to return to the Trianon where he was staying. The Grand Trianon was built in Versailles by Louis XIV, and it was designed to be a place where he and his close family could escape from the hectic life of court at the As he was walking in the Marble Courtyard between two lines of guards lighting the way with torches, headed toward his carriage which was waiting at the edge of the Marble Courtyard, Damiens suddenly emerged from the dark, passed through the guards, and stabbed the king in the side with a penknife.
The 8. 1 cm (3. 2 inch) blade entered the king's body between the fourth and fifth ribs. The king, who was bleeding, remained calm and called for a confessor as he thought he would die. Thoughts of poison came to his mind. At the sight of the queen, who had come in a hurry, he asked for forgiveness for his misbehaviour. However, the king survived. He was probably saved by the thick layers of clothes he wore on that cold day, which cushioned the blade, protecting the internal organs. Allegedly, the blade penetrated only 1 cm (0. 4 inch) into the king's body, leading Voltaire to mock what he called a "pinprick". François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French
Damiens, who was mentally unstable, had been a servant of members of the Parlement of Paris where he had heard much criticism of the king. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. This, combined with the violent pamphlets and general discontent with the king, convinced him that he had to commit regicide in order to save France. The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it Other sources say that he did not want to kill the king, but merely to give him a warning and thus force him to change his behaviour. In any case, it was the first attempt at regicide in France since the murder of King Henry IV by Ravaillac in 1610. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III François Ravaillac (1578 &ndash May 27, 1610) was a French Factotum in the courts of Angoulême and sometime tutor a religious Catholic zealot who murdered
The king, bent on forgiving Damiens, could not avoid a trial for regicide. Tried by the Parlement of Paris, Damiens was executed on the Place de Grève on 28 March 1757, following the horrible procedure applied to regicides: after numerous tortures, Damiens was carried to the Place de Grève in the cold afternoon of that day. The Place de Grève was before 1802 the name of the plaza now the City Hall Plaza ( place de l' Hôtel de Ville) in Paris, France. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Place de Grève was before 1802 the name of the plaza now the City Hall Plaza ( place de l' Hôtel de Ville) in Paris, France. There, he was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens's joints would not break; after some hours, representatives of the Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens's joints. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake. There was an immense crowd to watch this gruesome spectacle, which nobody had witnessed in 147 years. Balconies in buildings above the Place de Grève were rented to women of the aristocracy for the exorbitant price of 100 livres per balcony (approx. The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of $700 in 2005 US dollars). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been This tale of Damiens' brutal execution, recounted in the opening pages of Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish has been disputed by numerous historians. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison is a book written by the philosopher Michel Foucault.
| Silver Ecu of Louis XV, struck 1764 | |
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| Obverse: (Latin) LUD[OVICUS] XV D[EI] G[RATIA] FR[ANCORUM] ET NAV[ARRAE] REX or in English, "Louis XV, By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre" | Reverse: (Latin) SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM 1764, or in English, "Blessed Be the Name of the Lord, 1764" |
This gruesome execution was harshly criticized by the “philosophes”, who saw it as a remnant of a more brutal age. This article is about the medieval and early modern French currency not the European Currency Unit (ECU or an Electronic control unit (ECU In truth, the king himself had not much to do with the method of execution, and the people rejoiced at the king's having escaped Damiens's knife unharmed. It was the members of the Parlement of Paris who selected such a horrific execution, as they thought it would please the king, willing as they were to reconcile themselves with the king after their opposition to the tax on the twentieth and their support of the Jansenists against the king's will.
But above all, the people were outraged that the king did not dismiss Madame de Pompadour, despite the clear signal sent by Damiens. Posters appeared on the walls of Paris with the following ironic pun: "Ruling from the Mint Court: A louis not properly struck shall be struck a second time. The Louis d'or is any number of French Coins first introduced by Louis XIII in 1640 " The Austrian ambassador wrote to Vienna: "The public discontent is general. All the conversations are about death and poison. There appeared in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles some dreadful posters threatening the life of the king. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region "
Later Life
The king, who had displayed calm and royal dignity on the day of the assassination attempt, sank into profound depression in the following weeks. He became convinced that he was on the wrong track. All attempts at reforms were abandoned. At the marquise de Pompadour's instigation, the king dismissed his two most hated ministers, the comte d'Argenson, secretary of state for war, and Machault d'Arnouville, keeper of the seals (justice minister) and before that controller-general of finances; and he called Choiseul to the government. Not to be confused with Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson, Governor of New France '' Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy comte d'Argenson ( The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France This page is a list of French justice ministers. Under the Ancien régime, the French minister responsible for the judiciary was the Chancellor This page is a list of French finance ministers, including the equivalent positions of Superintendent of Finances and Controller-General of Finances Étienne-François duc de Choiseul ( June 28, 1719 &mdash May 8, 1785) was a French military officer diplomat and statesman Reforms would resume only with Maupeou in 1771. René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou ( February 25, 1714 &ndash July 29, 1792) was a French politician Chancellor of France Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Death
Louis XV died of smallpox at the Palace of Versailles. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region He was the first Bourbon whose heart was not, as tradition demanded, cut out and placed in a special coffer. Instead, alcohol was poured into his coffin and his remains were soaked in quicklime. Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. In a surreptitious late-night ceremony attended by only one courtier, the body was taken to the cemetery at Saint Denis Basilica. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French
Louis' death saw the French monarchy at its nadir, in political, financial and moral terms. It might have recovered - it had recovered in the past from similar low points - but it would require an individual of unique abilities to pull back from the precipice. Since Louis XV's son, the dauphin Louis had died nine years earlier, instead came his grandson, the conventional and unimaginative Louis XVI, destined to inherit a Revolution along with the throne. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Two of Louis XV's other grandchildren occupied the French throne after the Napoleonic wars - Louis XVIII and Charles X. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated
Conclusion
Louis XIV had left France with serious financial difficulties. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Ultimately, Louis XV failed to overcome these fiscal problems, mainly because he was incapable of putting together conflicting parties and interests in his entourage. At Versailles, the king and the nobility surrounding him showed signs of boredom, signalling a monarchy in steady decline. Worse, Louis seemed to be aware of the forces of anti-monarchism threatening his family's rule and yet failed to do anything to stop them. Popular legend holds that Louis predicted, "After me, the deluge" ("Après moi, le déluge"). In fact this quotation is more precisely attributed to Madame de Pompadour, although it is not certain that even she ever said it. Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764
At first he was known popularly as Le Bien-aimé (the well-beloved) after a near-death illness in Metz in 1744 when many of his subjects prayed for his recovery. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a However, his weak and ineffective rule was a contributing factor to the general decline that culminated in the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In addition, the king was a notorious womanizer, although this was expected in a king; the monarch's virility was supposed to be another way in which his power was manifested. However, popular faith in the monarchy was shaken by the scandals of Louis’s private life and in the shadows of the scandalous court at Versailles, and by the end of his life he had become the well-hated.
Ancestors
See also
- Cabriole leg
- Étienne François, Duc de Choiseul
- Suppression of the Jesuits
- Louis heel, a shoe heel shape named after Louis XV. A cabriole leg is one of (usually four vertical supports of a piece of Furniture shaped in two Curves the upper Arc is Convex, while lower Étienne-François duc de Choiseul ( June 28, 1719 &mdash May 8, 1785) was a French military officer diplomat and statesman The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result A heel is the projection at the back of a Shoe which rests below the heel bone.
- The French Army 1600-1900
Notes
- Duke of Saint-Simon, Mémoires, Book 12, Chapter 15. [1]
- Marquis Philippe de Dangeau, Journal; 1856-60, Paris; XVI, 136; in Olivier Bernier, Louis the Beloved, The Life of Louis XV: 1984, Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company. Philippe de Courcillon Marquis de Dangeau ( September 21, 1638 - September 9, 1720) was a French officer and author p. 3.
- The scene is described in Olivier Bernier, Louis the Beloved, The Life of Louis XV: 1984, Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 17.
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Louis XV of France
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: February 15 1710 Died: May 10 1774 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Louis XIV |
King of France and Navarre September 1, 1715 – May 10, 1774 |
Succeeded by Louis XVI |
| French royalty | ||
| Preceded by Louis |
Dauphin of France March 8, 1712 – September 1, 1715 |
Succeeded by Louis |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Louis XV |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | French monarch |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 15, 1710 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Palace of Versailles, France |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 10, 1774 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Palace of Versailles, France |
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