| Louis Philippe II Joseph, duc d'Orléans | |
 Louis-Philippe-Joseph, by Antoine-François Callet | |
| Born | April 13, 1747 Château de Saint Cloud, Saint-Cloud |
|---|---|
| Died | November 6, 1793 (aged 46) Paris, France |
| Spouse | Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre |
| Children | Louis-Philippe of France Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier |
| Parents | Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti |
Louis Philippe II Joseph, Duke of Orléans (April 13, 1747 – November 6, 1793), called Philippe Égalité, was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France. Antoine-François Callet (1741-1823 Paris generally known as Antoine Callet, was a French painter of portraits and allegorical works who acted as official portraitist to Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1747 ( MDCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Château de Saint-Cloud was a royal Château in France, built on a magnificent site overlooking the Seine at Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine Saint-Cloud is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, duchesse d'Orléans, ( March 13 1753 - June 23 1821) wife of the so-called "royal Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, duc de Montpensier ( 3 July 1775, Palais-Royal, Paris - 18 May 1807 Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans ( August 23, 1777 - December 31, 1847) was one of the twin daughters of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans Prince Louis-Charles of Orléans Comte de Beaujolais ( October 17, 1779 - May 30, 1808) was the younger brother of King Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe I Duke of Orléans, known as le Gros ( the Fat) ( May 12, 1725 &ndash November 18, 1785) was a member of Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti duchesse d'Orléans ( June 20 1726 &ndash February 9 1759) was a French princess who by marriage was Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1747 ( MDCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He actively supported the French Revolution, but was nonetheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was
His son Louis-Philippe became King of the French in the July Revolution of 1830; following his career, the term Orléanist came to be attached to the movement in France that favoured constitutional monarchy. Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is
Contents |
Early life
Philippe Égalité was son of Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans and of Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti, and was born at Château de Saint Cloud, in Saint-Cloud. Louis Philippe I Duke of Orléans, known as le Gros ( the Fat) ( May 12, 1725 &ndash November 18, 1785) was a member of Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti duchesse d'Orléans ( June 20 1726 &ndash February 9 1759) was a French princess who by marriage was The Château de Saint-Cloud was a royal Château in France, built on a magnificent site overlooking the Seine at Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine Saint-Cloud is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France.
Having borne the title of Duke of Montpensier until his grandfather's death in 1752, he became Duke of Chartres and in 1769 married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre (1753–1821), daughter and heiress of his cousin, the Duke of Penthiêvre, a grand admiral of France and the richest man in the country at the time. The French lordship of Montpensier (named after the village of Montpensier, département of Puy-de-Dôme) located in historical Originally the Duchy of Chartres ( duché de Chartres) was the comté de Chartres, an Earldom. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, duchesse d'Orléans, ( March 13 1753 - June 23 1821) wife of the so-called "royal Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon duc de Penthièvre ( November 16, 1725 &ndash March 4, 1793) was the son of Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon comte The title Admiral of France is one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, the naval equivalent of Marshal of France.
Since it was certain that his wife would become the richest woman in France upon the death of her father, Philippe was determined to play a political role at court equal to that of his great-grandfather Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who had been the Regent of France during the minority of King Louis XV. Philippe II Duke of Orléans ( August 2, 1674 &ndash December 2, 1723) was a member of the royal family of France A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Besides being power-hungry, the two men were to resemble each other in character and debauchery[1].
As Duke of Chartres he opposed the plans of René de Maupeou in 1771, when Maupeou successfully upheld royal interests in a confrontation with the Parlement de Paris, and was promptly exiled to his country estate of Villers-Côtterets (Aisne). René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou ( February 25, 1714 &ndash July 29, 1792) was a French politician Chancellor of France This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. Villers-Cotterêts is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France. Aisne (ɛn is a department in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River. When Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774, Louis Philippe was still a suspect in the eyes of the court; Marie Antoinette hated him for what she viewed as treachery, hypocrisy and selfishness, and he, in turn, scorned her. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/
Military service
In 1778, he served in the squadron of the Count of Orvilliers and was present in the naval battle of Ushant on July 27, 1778. A squadron is a small unit or formation of Cavalry, armour, Aircraft (including Balloons) or Warships Army Louis Guillouet comte d'Orvilliers (1708 &ndash 1792 was a French Admiral. Origins The British had 30 ships of the line commanded by Admiral the Honourable Augustus Keppel in HMS ''Victory''. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or He then was removed from the navy due in part to the queen's hatred of him, but also due to his own incompetence and cowardice. As compensation, he was given the honorary post of colonel-general of hussars. Colonel General is a senior Military rank which is used in some of the world’s militaries Hussar (original Hungarian spelling huszár, plural huszárok, Husaria refers to a number of types of Light cavalry created in Hungary
Marriage and issue
He married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre at the Palace of Versailles, on June 6, 1769. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, duchesse d'Orléans, ( March 13 1753 - June 23 1821) wife of the so-called "royal The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Their children included:
- Louis-Philippe III, Duke of Orléans (1773-1850), who was King of the French between 1830 abd 1848
- Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier (1775-1807), who died in exile
- Princess Adélaïde of Orléans (1777-1847)
- A twin daughter (1777-1782), sister of Adélaïde
- Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais (1779-1808), who died in exile
Louise Marie Adélaïde brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a considerable dowry of six million livres[2], an annual income of 240,000 livres (later inceased to 400,000 livres), as well as lands, titles, residences and furniture. Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, duc de Montpensier ( 3 July 1775, Palais-Royal, Paris - 18 May 1807 Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans ( August 23, 1777 - December 31, 1847) was one of the twin daughters of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Prince Louis-Charles of Orléans Comte de Beaujolais ( October 17, 1779 - May 30, 1808) was the younger brother of King Louis-Philippe Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of The livre tournois (" Tours pound " was one of numerous currencies used in France in the Middle Ages; and a money of
The Countess of Genlis
During the first few months of their marriage the couple appeared devoted to each other, but the marriage did not remain happy. The duke soon took as his mistress, Stéphanie, Countess of Genlis, one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting and the niece of his father's morganatic wife, Madame de Montesson. Madame de Genlis, full name Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Aubin comtesse de Genlis, or Madame Brûlart, ( January 25, 1746 - December A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage Charlotte-Jeanne Béraud de la Haye de Riou marquise de Montesson ( Paris, 1737 &ndash Paris, 6 February 1806) was a mistress to Despite the duchess' opposition, the countess was made the governess of the couple's children. A governess is a female employee of a family who teaches children within their home Due to the countess' machinations, the duchess soon was alienated from her own children, prompting her to suffer from depression. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe
Louise Marie Adélaïde was forced into contact with her children's governess on a daily basis, since the countess was housed by her lover in the couple's Paris home, the Palais Royal. The duchess also inadvertently met another of her husband's mistresses, the Scottish courtesan, Grace Elliott, because her husband insisted on housing her too at the Palais Royal. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A courtesan in mid-16th century usage referred to a mistress or trained artisan of dance and singing especially one associated with wealthy powerful or upper-class Grace Dalrymple Elliott ( 1754 ? – 1823) was a Scottish Courtesan who was resident in France at the time of the French Revolution
Liberalism
After his disgrace, Louis Philippe retreated to a life of luxury. He often visited the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became an intimate of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King George IV). The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom In France, he made anglomanie fashionable, with an admiration for anything British popular, from liberalism to jockeys). Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal In Sport, a jockey is one who rides Horses in Horse racing or steeplechase racing primarily as a profession He was also the Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Orient de France. The Grand Orient de France ( GOdF or GOF) is the largest of several Masonic organizations in France and the oldest in Continental Europe [3] He also made himself very popular in Paris by his large gifts to the poor during times of famine. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation To appear egalitarian, he opened up the gardens of the Palais Royal to the public and allowed shops in the palace's arcades.
Before the Assembly of Notables in 1787, he had succeeded his father as Duke of Orléans, and showed his liberal ideas in a bold manner, leading to suspicions that he was plotting to become constitutional king of France. History The Assembly of Notables consisted of a group of notables invited by the King of France to discuss reform of the government A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is In November, he again showed his liberalism during the lit de justice, which Étienne de Brienne had made the king hold. In France under the Ancien Régime, the lit de justice was a particular formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne ( October 9, 1727 &ndash 16 February, 1794) was a French churchman and Politician For this transgression, he was again exiled to Villers-Côtterets.
The approaching convocation of the Estates-General made his friends very active on his behalf; he circulated in every bailliage the pamphlets which the Abbot Sieyès had drawn up at his request. The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (Les États-Généraux de 1789 was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a Bailiff. The term was also applied to a territory in which the Sheriff 's functions were exercised by a privately appointed He was elected in three districts, by the noblesse of Paris, Villers-Côtterets and Crépy-en-Valois. The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and Crépy-en-Valois is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. In the Second Estate he headed the liberal minority under the guidance of Adrien Duport, and led the minority of forty-seven noblemen who seceded from their own estate (June 1789) and joined the Third Estate. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages Adrien Duport (1759 &ndash 1798 was a French Politician. He was born in Paris. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages
Political Campaign
One of the greatest impacts Égalité left on the revolution was that of the way he spread his political ideologies. As a man of great wealth, he used his money to spread his liberal ideas across the nation. As mentioned above, Egalite spread pamphlets supporting himself, as well as his liberal views. His administration invented a form of political advertisement that people today may take for granted. He also surrounded himself with people to assist in the writing and spreading of the pamphlets, as well as hiring representatives to sit in for him at assemblies across France.
.svg/160px-Blason_duche_fr_Orleans_(moderne).svg.png)
He hired people, such as the marquis Ducrest, whose family took over control of Égalité's political advisory service. Once Égalité gave control to the people around him, his movement lost some of his original intentions. Initially started to spread the word of anti-Bourbon liberalism, the movement began to see people looking to gain personal profit and political power, which was something of little interest to the rich, quiet man. The movement, though somewhat altered by differing motives, still retained some of Égalité's original beliefs. This became apparent when the Instructions and Deliberations were released by his administration. Though not written by Égalité himself, the writings held values that were very close to his heart; the closest being that of the freedom to travel when and where he pleased.
Égalité's political impact forever changed the way republican societies view government. Almost all politicians in countries with a democratic republic treat the time leading up to an election as Égalité did. In today’s politics, most campaigns require a great deal of financial backing, as well as propaganda and advertising. Though his political activities may seem trivial to people today, Égalité had a great influence on today’s politics.
Revolution
The part he played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The royal court accused him of being at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the "gold of Orléans" as the cause of the Reveillon riot and the storming of the Bastille (mirroring the subsequent belief held by the Jacobins that everything opposing them relied on the "gold of Pitt the Younger"). The Réveillon Riot occurred on 28 April 1789 in the St Antoine district of Paris where a factory which produced luxury wallpaper was owned The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on 14 July 1789. The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. His hatred of Marie Antoinette, his previous disgrace at court, and his liberalism (alongside his friendship with Duport and Choderlos de Laclos), all seem to point towards his involvement. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/ Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos ( October 18, 1741, Amiens, France - September 5, 1803, Taranto
Grace Elliott, who was one of Louis Philippe's lovers at the time, attested to the fact that during the riot of July 12[4], the duke was on a fishing excursion, and that he was rudely treated by the king the next day when the duke went to offer his cousin his services. Grace Dalrymple Elliott ( 1754 ? – 1823) was a Scottish Courtesan who was resident in France at the time of the French Revolution Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Supposedly, the duke was so disgusted by the accusation that he was seeking the crown, that he wanted to go to the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the His favorite lover, the Countess of Buffon, however, would not go with him, so he decided to remain in Paris. He was later accused of having caused the march of a hungry mob on Versailles on October 5 by hoarding grain and blaming the lack of bread in Paris on the king and queen. The March on Versailles, also known as The Bread March of Women, and The Women's March on Versailles, was an event in the French Revolution. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Eyewitnesses claim to have seen him circulating among the rowdy crowd earlier in the day and of having directed the attack upon the queen's bedchamber later that evening in an attempt to have his nemesis, Marie Antoinette, murdered by the frenzied peasants. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/
The marquis de la Fayette, apparently jealous of Louis Philippe's popularity, persuaded the king to send the duke to Britain on a mission, and he accordingly remained in England from October 1789 to July 1790. On July 7, he took his seat in the National Assembly, which two day later reformed as the National Constituent Assembly. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death The National Assembly of France is the lower legislative house under the French Fifth Republic. The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the On October 2, both he and Honoré Mirabeau were declared by the Assembly entirely free of any complicity in the events of October. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Honoré Gabriel Riqueti Comte de Mirabeau ( March 9, 1749 &ndash April 2, 1791) was a French writer popular orator and statesman
Citoyen Égalité
He subsequently tried to keep himself distant from the political world, but he was still suspect to the court and subject to pressures from his partisans to replace Louis XVI. His lack of political aspirations could be proven by noting that he did not attempt to obtain any leading position after the King's flight to Varennes (in June 1791). The Flight to Varennes ( June 20 - 21, 1791) was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France In fact, Louis Philippe attempted to reconcile with the court in January 1792, but was rejected - and refused to aid the King any further.
In the summer of 1792, he was present for a short time with the Army of the North, together with his two sons, the future King and the Duke of Montpensier, but had returned to Paris before the insurrection of August 10. The French Revolutionary Army is the term used to refer to the military of France during the period between the fall of the Ancien regime under Louis
During the Republic, he underwent personal risk in saving fugitives - in particular, he saved the life of Louis René Quentin de Richebourg de Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries Palace, who was his personal enemy, at the request of Mrs. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed Elliott. After accepting the title of citoyen Égalité, conferred on him by the Commune, he was elected twentieth and last deputy for Paris to the National Convention, where he again had no notable contribution other than voting in the king's trial - he gave his vote for the execution of Louis. The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795 and especially from 1792 until 1795 During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment.
This compliance to republican rules did not save him from suspicion, which was especially aroused by the friendship of his eldest son, the Duke of Chartres, with Charles François Dumouriez. Charles François Dumouriez ( January 25, 1739 &ndash March 14, 1823) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars When the news of the desertion of Chartres and Dumouriez became known in Paris, all the Bourbons left in France, including Égalité, were ordered to be arrested on April 5. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop He remained in prison at Fort Saint-Jean until October, and the beginning of the Reign of Terror. Fort Saint-Jean is a fortification in Marseille, built in 1660 by Louis XIV at the entrance to the Old Port. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was
As a member of the House of Bourbon, Louis Philippe was shortlisted for a trial on October 3, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day (accounts of his execution mention his exceptional courage). The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation.
Ancestors
References
- ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Marie Antoinette:Antonia Fraser
- ^ "Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, better known in history by his revolutionary name of Egalite, meaning Equality, was the fifth Grand Master of the Masonic Order in France. " ORLEANS, DUKE OF, Letter O, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FREEMASONRY AND ITS KINDRED SCIENCES, by ALBERT C. MACKEY M. D.
- ^ Marie Antoinette:Antonia Fraser
Sources
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
See also
Titles
Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans Born: April 13 1747 Died: November 6 1793 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | duc de Chartres 1752–1785 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | duc d'Anjou 1785–1793 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | duc de Montpensier 1747–1752 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | duc de Nemours 1785–1793 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | duc d'Orléans 1785–1793 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | prince de Joinville 1785–1793 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
| Royal titles | ||
| Preceded by Louis Philippe I d'Orléans | Monsieur le Prince 1785–1793 | Succeeded by Louis Philippe III d'Orléans |
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