Saint Louis IX
King of France (more...)
Representation of Saint Louis considered to be true to life - Early 14th century statue from the church of Mainneville, Eure, France
Reign	8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270
Coronation	29 November 1226, Reims
Full name	Known as Saint Louis
Titles	Count of Artois (1226–37)
Born	25 April 1214(1214-04-25)
Birthplace	Poissy, France
Died	25 August 1270 (aged 56)
Place of death	Tunis, North Africa
Buried	Saint Denis Basilica
Predecessor	Louis VIII
Successor	Philip III
Consort	Marguerite of Provence (1221–95)
Issue	Isabelle, Queen of Navarre (1241–71) Philip III (1245-85) Jean Tristan, Count of Valois (1250–70) Pierre, Count of Perche and Alençon (1251–84) Blanche, Crown Princess of Castille (1253–1323) Marguerite, Duchess of Brabant (1254–71) Robert, Count of Clermont (1256–1317) Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy (1260–1327)
Royal House	House of Capet
Father	Louis VIII of France
Mother	Blanche of Castile

French Monarchy
Direct Capetians
Louis IX
Philip III
Robert, Count of Clermont
Agnes, Duchess of Burgundy

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years Currently there is no French sovereign three distinct traditions (the Legitimist the Orleanist and the Mainneville is a commune in the Eure department in Haute-Normandie in northern France. Eure is a department in the north of France named after the Eure River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern The County of Artois (comté d'Artois graafschap Artesië was a Carolingian county (comitatus established in Western Francia. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Poissy is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 23 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Marguerite of Provence ( Forcalquier, c 1221 &ndash December 21, 1295, Paris) was the eldest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Provence Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Robert of France (1256 &ndash February 7 1317) was made Count of Clermont in 1268 Agnes of France (c 1260 - December 19, 1327) was the youngest daughter of Louis IX of France and Marguerite Berenger of Provence For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Robert of France (1256 &ndash February 7 1317) was made Count of Clermont in 1268 Agnes of France (c 1260 - December 19, 1327) was the youngest daughter of Louis IX of France and Marguerite Berenger of Provence Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below He was also Count of Artois (as Louis II) from 1226 to 1237. counts of Artois (French Comtes d'Artois Dutch Graven van Artesië were the Rulers over the County of Artois from the 9th century until the abolition Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was a member of the House of Capet and the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. Poissy is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 23 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. He is the only canonized King of France and consequently there are many places named after him, most notably St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He established the Parlement of Paris. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament.

Sources

Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous biography of Louis, Life of Saint Louis. Jean de Joinville (c 1224 &ndash December 24, 1317) was one of the great Chroniclers of medieval France. Jean de Joinville (c 1224 &ndash December 24, 1317) was one of the great Chroniclers of medieval France. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counsellor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294

Coin of Saint Louis, Cabinet des Médailles. The Cabinet des Médailles, or Cabinet de France, more formally known as Le département des Monnaies Médailles et Antiquités de la Bibliothèque Nationale, is – The Latin inscription reads LVDOVICVS (i. e. "Louis") DEI GRACIA (i. e. "by the Grace of God", where Latin gratia was spelt gracia) FRANCOR REX (i. By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part e. "King of the Franks", where Francor. The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years Currently there is no French sovereign three distinct traditions (the Legitimist the Orleanist and the is the abbrevation of Francorum).

Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The title confessor is used in the Christian Church in several ways A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of Guillaume de Chartres (Guillielmus de Carnoto Willemus de Carnoto Prince of the Cistercian Principality of Seborga was a grand master of the Knights Templar 1210 &ndash The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Pathus' biography, which he wrote using the papal inquest mentioned above. While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king.

Early life

Louis was born in 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. Poissy is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 23 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 For other persons called Blanche of Castile see Blanca of Castile. A member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Because of Louis's youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor

His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty. Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied The horrific fate of that dynasty in Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers evidently did not tarnish Louis's credentials for sainthood. The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control

No date is given for the beginning of Louis's personal rule. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis began ruling personally, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued as an important counselor to the king until her death in 1252.

On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite of Provence (1221 – December 21, 1295), whose sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III of England. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Marguerite of Provence ( Forcalquier, c 1221 &ndash December 21, 1295, Paris) was the eldest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Provence Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Eleanor of Provence (c 1223 &ndash 26 June 1291 was Queen Consort of King Henry III of England. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216

Crusading

At the age of 15, Louis brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse that cleared his father of wrong-doing. The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209&ndash1229 was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar Raymond VII of Saint-Gilles (July 1197 &ndash 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the Cathars. Raymond VI of Toulouse ( October 27, 1156 &ndash August 2, 1222) was count of Toulouse and marquis of Provence from 1194

Louis's piety and kindness towards the poor was much celebrated. In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion He went on two crusades, in his mid-30s in 1248 (Seventh Crusade) and then again in his mid-50s in 1270 (Eighth Crusade). The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Seventh Crusade was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. The Eighth Crusade was a Crusade launched by Louis IX, King of France, in Both were complete disasters; after initial success in his first attempt, Louis's army of 15,000 men was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people^cite. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249,^[1] an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed. Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat (دمياط is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. But the march from Damietta towards Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The Nile Delta ( Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and a sudden power shift took place, as the sultan's slave wife Shajar al-Durr set events in motion which were to make her Queen, and eventually place the Egyptians' slave army of the Mamluks in power. Shajar al-Durr ( Arabic: شجر الدر " Strings of Pearls " ( Royal name: al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil Shajar al-Durr (Arabic الملكة On April 6, 1250 Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur^[2] and was captured by the Egyptians. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus The Battle of Fariskur fought on April 6, 1250 between the Crusaders led by Louis IX King of France (later Saint Louis and Egyptian His release was eventually negotiated, in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (at the time France's annual revenue was only about 250,000 livres tournois, so it was necessary to obtain a loan from the Templars), and the surrender of the city of Damietta. ^[3]

Following his release from Egyptian captivity, Louis spent four years in the crusader Kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffe. Caesarea (קיסריה Qesarya قيسارية pronounced Kaysaria) is a town in Israel on the outskirts of Caesarea Maritima, the ancient port Jaffe is a Surname, and may refer to Al Jaffee, cartoonist David Jaffe, a video game designer and director Louis used his wealth to assist the crusaders in rebuilding their defenses and conducting diplomacy with the Islamic powers of Syria and Egypt. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Upon his departure from the Middle East, Louis left a significant garrison in the city of Acre for its defense against Islamic attacks. The historic presence of this French garrison in the Middle East was later used as a justification for the French Mandate following the end of the First World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Louis exchanged multiple letters and emissaries with Mongol rulers of the period. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol ruler of Armenia and Persia. Eljigidei was a Mongol commander in Persia, fl (1206-1251/2 Eljigidei was given command over the Mongol forces in Persia by the new khan Güyük Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ^[4] Eljigidei suggested that King Louis should land in Egypt, while Eljigidei attacked Baghdad, in order to prevent the Saracens of Egypt and those of Syria from joining forces. Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as an emissary to the Great Khan Güyük Khan in Mongolia. Andrew of Longjumeau (Original French name André de Longjumeau) was a 13th century Dominican missionary and diplomat and one of the most active Occidental diplomats Güyük ( cyrillic:Гүюг хаан c. 1206–1248 was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East However, Güyük died before the emissary arrived at his court, and nothing concrete occurred. Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court, the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who went to visit the Great Khan Möngke Khan in Mongolia. William of Rubruck (c 1220 in Rubrouck Flanders - c 1293 was a Flemish Franciscan missionary and explorer Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан also transliterated as Mongke Mongka Möngka Mangu or Mangku ( c

Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe

Wooden statue of Saint Louis (perhaps a copy of the statue at the church of Mainneville?)

Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's daughters and female relatives to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Louis most likely ordered the production of the Morgan Bible, a masterpiece of medieval painting. The Morgan Bible ( The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, Ms M

Saint Louis ruled during the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", when the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The king of France was regarded as a primus inter pares among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army, and ruled the largest and most wealthy kingdom of Europe, a kingdom which was the European center of arts and intellectual thought (La Sorbonne) at the time. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The prestige and respect felt in Europe for King Louis IX was due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he was the quintessential example of the Christian prince, and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon His reputation of saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in the quarrels opposing the rulers of Europe.

Religious zeal

The Holy Crown of Jesus Christ was bought by Louis IX from Baldwin II of Constantinople. In Christianity the Crown of Thorns, one of the instruments of the Passion, was the woven chaplet of thorn branches worn by Jesus before his Crucifixion Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople It is preserved today in a 19th century reliquary, in Notre Dame de Paris. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the

The perception of Louis IX as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was a devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. The Palais de Justice, located in the Île de la Cité in central Paris, France, is built on the site of the former royal palace of Saint Louis The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des The Sainte Chapelle, a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. In Christianity the Crown of Thorns, one of the instruments of the Passion, was the woven chaplet of thorn branches worn by Jesus before his Crucifixion The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which by a Christian tradition are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial This article describes the Christian Passion For other meanings see Passion. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Louis purchased these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, for the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres (the chapel, on the other hand, cost only 60,000 livres to build). Baldwin II of Courtenay (French Baudouin II de Courtenay, 1217 &ndash October 1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS This purchase should be understood in the context of the extreme religious fervor that existed in Europe in the 13th century. The purchase contributed greatly to reinforcing the central position of the king of France in western Christendom, as well as to increasing the renown of Paris, then the largest city of western Europe. During a time when cities and rulers vied for relics, trying to increase their reputation and fame, Louis IX had succeeded in securing the most prized of all relics in his capital. The purchase was thus not only an act of devotion, but also a political gesture: the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem. In The Bible, the New Jerusalem (also called the tabernacle of God, holy city, city of God, celestial city, and heavenly Jerusalem "

Louis IX took very seriously his mission as "lieutenant of God on Earth," with which he had been invested when he was crowned in Rheims. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Thus, in order to fulfill his duty, he conducted two crusades, and even though they were unsuccessful, they contributed to his prestige. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Contemporaries would not have understood if the king of France did not lead a crusade to the Holy Land. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש In order to finance his first crusade Louis ordered the expulsion of all Jews engaged in usury. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" This action enabled Louis to confiscate the property of expelled Jews for use in his crusade. However, he did not eliminate the debts incurred by Christians. One-third of the debt was forgiven, but the other two-thirds was to be remitted to the royal treasury. Louis also ordered, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the burning of some 12,000 copies of the Talmud in Paris in 1243. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from March 19, 1227 to August The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Such legislation against the Talmud, not uncommon in the history of Christendom, was due to medieval courts' concerns that its production and circulation might weaken the faith of Christian individuals and threaten the Christian basis of society, the protection of which was the duty of any Christian monarch. ^[5]

Tunique and cilice of Louis IX. Treasure of Notre-Dame de Paris. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the

In addition to Louis's legislation against Jews and usury, he expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and The area most affected by this expansion was southern France where the Cathar heresy had been strongest. The rate of these confiscations reached its highest levels in the years prior to his first crusade, and slowed upon his return to France in 1254.

In all these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill the duty of France, which was seen as "the eldest daughter of the Church" (la fille aînée de l'Église), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne, who had been crowned by the Pope in Rome in 800. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Indeed, the official Latin title of the kings of France was Rex Francorum, i. e. "king of the Franks," and the kings of France were also known by the title "most Christian king" (Rex Christianissimus). The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil. Eventually, in 1309, Pope Clement V even left Rome and relocated to the French city of Avignon, beginning the era known as the Avignon Papacy (or, more disparagingly, the "Babylonian captivity"). Pope Clement V' (About 1264 &ndash April 20, 1314) born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to

Antecedants: Lineage

Children

1. Blanche (1240 – April 29, 1243)
2. Isabelle (March 2, 1241 – January 28, 1271), married Theobald V of Champagne
3. Louis (February 25, 1244 – January 1260)
4. Philippe III (May 1, 1245 – October 5, 1285)
5. Jean (born and died in 1248)
6. Jean Tristan (1250 – August 3, 1270), married Yolande of Burgundy
7. Pierre (1251–84), Count of Perche and Alençon; Count of Blois and Chartres in right of his wife, Joanne of Châtillon
8. Blanche (1253–1323), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castille
9. Marguerite (1254–71), married John I, Duke of Brabant
10. Robert, Count of Clermont (1256 – February 7, 1317). Aenor of Châtellerault duchess of Aquitaine ( Châtellerault, Vienne France, c Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Theobald II (c 1238 &ndash December 4, 1270) ( French: Thibaud or Thibault, Spanish: Teobaldo) called Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Yolanda of Burgundy (Yolande de Bourgogne (December 1247 &ndash 2 June 1280) was the daughter of Eudes of Burgundy and Maud of Dampierre. Joan of Châtillon (d 1292 was countess of Blois from 1280 to 1292 and lady of Avesnes. Don Ferdinand de la Cerda (1253-1275 was the Crown Prince ( Infante) of Castile, eldest son of King Alfonso X of Castile and John I of Brabant, also called John the Victorious ( Leuven 1252/1253 &ndash May 3, 1294 in Leuven) was Duke of Brabant Robert of France (1256 &ndash February 7 1317) was made Count of Clermont in 1268 Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince He was the ancestor of King Henry IV of France. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III
11. Agnes of France (ca 1260 – December 19, 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy

Death and legacy

Saint Louis
Louis IX of France was revered as a saint and painted in portraiture well after his death (such portraits may not accurately reflect his appearance). Agnes of France (c 1260 - December 19, 1327) was the youngest daughter of Louis IX of France and Marguerite Berenger of Provence Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Robert II of Burgundy (1248 &ndash March 21 1306) was Duke of Burgundy between 1271 and 1306 inheriting the title from his brother Eudes of Burgundy This portrait was painted by El Greco ca 1592–95. El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance
King of France, Confessor
Born	25 April 1214(1214-04-25), Poissy, France
Died	25 August 1270 (aged 56), Tunis in what is now Tunisia
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Canonized	1297 by Pope Boniface VIII
Feast	25 August
Attributes	Depicted as King of France, generally with a crown, holding a sceptre with a fleur-de-lys on the end, possibly with blue clothing with a spread of white fleur-de-lys (coat of arms of the French monarchy)
Patronage	France, French monarchy; hairdressers; passementiers (lacemakers)
Saints Portal

Reliquary of Saint Louis (end 13th c. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Poissy is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 23 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below A crown is the traditional Symbolic form of Headgear worn by a Monarch or by a Deity, for whom the crown traditionally represents power A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A reliquary (also referred to as a Shrine or by the French term Chasse) is a container for Relics These may be the physical ) Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, Italy

During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis, August 25, 1270, and was succeeded by his son, Philip III. The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna, Italy Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Louis was traditionally believed to have died from bubonic plague but is thought by modern scholars to be dysentery. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood The Bubonic Plague didn't hit Europe until 1348, so the likelihood of him contracting and ultimately dying from the Bubonic Plague was very slim.

Christian tradition states that some of his entrails were buried directly on the spot in Tunisia, where a Tomb of Saint-Louis can still be visited today, whereas other parts of his entrails were sealed in an urn and placed in the Basilica of Monreale, Palermo, where they still remain. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in His corpse was taken, after a short stay at the Basilica of Saint Dominic in Bologna, to the French royal necropolis at Saint-Denis, resting in Lyon on the way. The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna, Italy Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. His tomb at Saint-Denis was a magnificent gilt brass monument designed in the late 14th century. It was melted down during the French Wars of Religion, at which time the body of the king disappeared. The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting Only one finger was rescued and is kept at Saint-Denis.

Veneration as a saint

Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is one of the few royals in French history to have been declared a saint. Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity

Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Because of the aura of holiness attached to his memory, many Kings of France were called Louis, especially in the Bourbon dynasty, who directly descended from one of his younger sons. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

The Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in 1842 and named in his honour. A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually

Places named after Saint Louis

The cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico, Saint Louis, Missouri, Saint-Louis du Sénégal in Senegal, Saint-Louis in Alsace, as well as Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California are among the many places named after the king. San Luis Potosí is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Saint-Louis, or Ndar as it is called in Wolof, is the capital of Senegal 's Saint-Louis Region Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Saint-Louis is a town and commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lake Saint-Louis, or in French fr Lac Saint-Louis, is a Lake in extreme southwestern Quebec, Canada, adjoining the Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk For the novel by Thornton Wilder, see The Bridge of San Luis Rey. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

The Cathedral Saint-Louis in Versailles, Basilica of St. Louis, King of France in St. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important The Basilica of Saint Louis King of France, formerly the Cathedral of Saint Louis, and colloquially the Old Cathedral, was consecrated in 1834 Louis, Missouri, the Cathedral-Basilica of St. Louis in St. Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis, commonly known as the Saint Louis Cathedral, or colloquially as the New Cathedral, in Saint Louis Missouri, was constructed Louis, Missouri, and the French royal Order of Saint Louis (1693–1790 and 1814–30) were also created after the king. The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis was a military Order of Chivalry founded on April 5, 1693 by The Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans is named after him.

Many places in Brazil called São Luís in Portuguese are named after Saint Louis. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

Famous portraits

A portrait of St. Louis hangs in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate.

Saint Louis is also portrayed on a frieze depicting a timeline of important lawgivers throughout world history in the Courtroom at the Supreme Court of the United States. In Architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an Entablature and may be plain or &ndash in the Ionic or Corinthian order &ndash A courtroom is the actual enclosed space in which a judge regularly holds Court. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

External links

• Goyau, Georges (1910), “St. Louis IX”, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. IX, New York: Robert Appleton Company, <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09368a.htm>. Retrieved on 13 August 2007 
• Site about The Saintonge War between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England.
• Account of the first Crusade of Saint Louis from the perspective of the Arabs..
• A letter from Guy, a knight, concerning the capture of Damietta on the sixth Crusade with a speech delivered by Saint Louis to his men.
• Etext full version of the Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a biography of Saint Louis written by one of his knights
• Biography of Saint Louis on the Patron Saints Index

Bibliography

Joinville, Jean de, The History of St. Louis (Trans. Joan Evans).

References