Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Lotus 1-2-3
Image:Lotus 1-2-3 9.8 icon.png
Developed by IBM
Latest release 9. A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology A software release is the distribution whether public or private of an initial or new and upgraded version of a Computer software product 8 / 2002
OS Microsoft Windows
Genre spreadsheet
License Proprietary
Website www.ibm.com

Lotus 1-2-3 is a spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (now part of IBM). An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Computer software can be organized into categories based on common function type or field of use A spreadsheet is a Computer application that simulates a paper worksheet A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A spreadsheet is a Computer application that simulates a paper worksheet Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) is a Software company with headquarters in Westford, International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology It was the IBM PC's first "killer application"; its huge popularity in the mid-1980s contributed significantly to the success of the IBM PC in the corporate environment. A killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) in the jargon of computer programmers and video gamers has been used to refer to any Computer program [1]

Contents

Beginnings

Lotus 1-2-3 3.0 for DOS.
Lotus 1-2-3 3. 0 for DOS.

The Lotus Development Corporation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, a friend of the developers of VisiCalc. Mitchell David Kapor (born November 1, 1950) is the founder of Lotus Development Corporation and the designer of Lotus 1-2-3, the " VisiCalc was the first Spreadsheet program available for personal computers 1-2-3 was originally written by Jonathan Sachs, who had written two spreadsheet programs previously while working at Concentric Data Systems, Inc. ---- Jonathan Sachs (born in 1947 was the programmer who co-founded Lotus Development Corporation with Mitch Kapor in 1982 and created the first version of the [2] To aid its growth, in the UK, and possibly elsewhere, Lotus 1-2-3 was the very first computer software to use television consumer advertising.

1-2-3 was released on January 26, 1983, started outselling then-most-popular VisiCalc the very same year, and for a number of years was the leading spreadsheet for the DOS operating system. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) VisiCalc was the first Spreadsheet program available for personal computers DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Unlike Microsoft Multiplan, it stayed very close to the model of VisiCalc, including the "A1" letter and number cell notation, and slash-menu structure. Multiplan was an early Spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft. It was free of notable bugs, and was very fast because it was programmed entirely in assembly language and bypassed the slower DOS screen input/output functions in favor of writing directly to memory-mapped video display hardware. See the terminology section below for information regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler

This reliance on the specific hardware of the IBM PC led to 1-2-3 being utilized as one of the two litmus test applications for true 100% compatibility when PC clones started to appear in the early- to mid- 80's. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. 1-2-3 was used to test general application compatibility, with Microsoft Flight Simulator being used to test graphics compatibility. Microsoft Flight Simulator (sometimes abbreviated to MSFS or FS) is a Flight simulator program for Microsoft Because all of a spreadsheet needs to be resident in memory, it also drove the race to utilise more memory, and extended memory and expanded memory techniques were needed to overcome the DOS limit of 640KB to allow larger spreadsheets - this was so important that a memory used/remaining indicator was displayed on-screen. In computing Extended memory refers to memory above the first Megabyte of Address space in an IBM PC with an 80286 or later In computing expanded memory (commonly known as EMS memory) is a system of Bank switching introduced around 1984 that provided additional memory to MS-DOS

User features

The name "1-2-3" stemmed from the product's integration of three main capabilities. Along with being a spreadsheet, it also offered integral charting/graphing and rudimentary database operations.

Data features included sorting data in any defined rectangle, by order of information in one or two columns in the rectangular area. Justifying text in a range into paragraphs allowed it to be used as a primitive word processor.

It had keyboard-driven pop-up menus as well as one-key commands, making it fast to operate. It was also user-friendly, introducing an early instance of context-sensitive help accessed by the F1 key.

Macros and add-ins (introduced in version 2. A macro (from the Greek 'μάκρο' for long or far in Computer science is a rule or Pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence 0) contributed much to 1-2-3's popularity, allowing dozens of outside vendors to sell macro packages and add-ins ranging from dedicated financial worksheets to full-fledged word processors. (In the single-tasking MS-DOS, 1-2-3 was sometimes used as a complete environment. MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. ) Lotus 1-2-3 supported EGA graphics on the PC/AT and VGA graphics on the PS/2. The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA is the IBM PC Computer display standard specification located between CGA and VGA in terms of graphics The IBM Personal Computer/AT, more commonly known as the IBM AT and also sometimes called the PC AT or PC/AT, was IBM 's second-generation The term Video Graphics Array ( VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread The Personal System/2 or PS/2 was IBM 's third generation of Personal computers The PS/2 line released to the public in 1987 was created by IBM in an Early versions used the filename extension "WKS". A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a Computer file applied to indicate the encoding convention ( File format) of its contents [3] In version 2. 0, the extension changed first to "WK1",[4] then "WK2". [5] This later became "WK3" for version 3. 0[6] and "WK4" for version 4. 0. [7]

Version 2 introduced macros with syntax and commands similar in complexity to an advanced BASIC interpreter, as well as string variable expressions. In Computer programming, BASIC (an Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of High-level programming languages Later versions supported multiple worksheets, and were written in C. tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured

There is also a version of 1-2-3 for the HP 200LX, a palmtop released by Hewlett-Packard, Also known as HP. The HP 200LX (also known as Project Felix is a Personal digital assistant introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1994

Rivals

Lotus 1-2-3 inspired imitators, the first of which was Mosaic Software's "The Twin," written in the fall of 1985 largely in the C language, followed by VP-Planner, which was backed by Adam Osborne. Adam Osborne ( March 6, 1939 &ndash March 18, 2003) was an American Author, Book and software These were able to not only read 1-2-3 files, but also execute many or most macro programs by incorporating the same command structure. Copyright law had first been understood to only cover the source code of a program. After the success of lawsuits which claimed that the very "look and feel" of a program were covered, Lotus sought to ban any program which had a compatible command and menu structure. Look and feel is a term used in descriptions of products and fields such as Marketing, Branding and Trademarking to signify the experience a person has using Program commands had not been considered to be covered before, but the commands of 1-2-3 were embedded in the words of the menu displayed on the screen. 1-2-3 won its case against Mosaic Software. However when they sued Borland over its Quattro Pro spreadsheet, the courts ruled that it was not a copyright violation to merely have a compatible command menu or language. Borland Software Corporation is a software company headquartered in Austin Texas. Quattro Pro is a Spreadsheet program developed by Borland and now sold by Corel, most often as part of Corel's WordPerfect Office. In 1995, the First Circuit found that command menus are an uncopyrightable "method of operation" under section 102(b) of the Copyright Act. The 1-2-3 menu structure (example, slash File Erase) was itself an advanced version of single letter menus introduced in VisiCalc. VisiCalc was the first Spreadsheet program available for personal computers Letter accelerators are still present in DOS and Windows and some web applications today, and are still often absent in Mac OS X-based applications, due to the fact that Mac OS was originally (and generally is still) heavily mouse-oriented, rather than keyboard-based. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently

Decline

The rise of Microsoft Windows in the personal computer market was accompanied by the rise in Microsoft's competing spreadsheet, Excel, which gradually surpassed the position of 1-2-3. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer In Computing, Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) consists of a proprietary Spreadsheet -application written and distributed Being loyal to OS/2, Lotus was slow to embrace Windows. OS/2 is a computer Operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively At first, a complete rewrite was planned to overtake Excel, but this project failed to turn out a finished product. 1-2-3 for Windows is still simply a graphical wrapper around the original interface. Additionally, several versions of 1-2-3 were available concurrently, each with different functionality and a slightly different interface.

1-2-3's intended successor, Lotus Symphony, was Lotus's entry into the anticipated "integrated software" market. IBM Lotus Symphony is a suite of applications for creating editing and sharing text spreadsheet and other documents Integrated software is software for Personal computers that combines the most commonly used functions of many productivity software programs into one application It intended to expand the rudimentary all-in-one 1-2-3 into a fully-fledged spreadsheet, graph, database and word processor for Windows, but none of the integrated packages ever really succeeded. 1-2-3 migrated to the Windows platform, where it remains available as part of Lotus SmartSuite. SmartSuite is an Office suite from IBM 's Lotus Software group By release 9 of Lotus SmartSuite, 1-2-3 had matched the capabilities of Excel but it was too late. SmartSuite is an Office suite from IBM 's Lotus Software group In Computing, Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) consists of a proprietary Spreadsheet -application written and distributed Current releases of 1-2-3 still have advantages over Excel such as ground breaking database connectivity, however, lack of interest and support by IBM has led to its inevitable decline.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18818026 Acquired 2007-10-31
  2. ^ http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/lotus/library/ls-NDHistory/ 2007-10-31
  3. ^ WKS File Extension - Open .WKS files
  4. ^ WK1 File Extension - Open .WK1 files
  5. ^ WK2 File Extension - Open .WK2 files
  6. ^ WK3 File Extension - Open .WK3 files
  7. ^ WK4 File Extension - Open .WK4 files

External links

Lotus Development Corporation v Borland International Inc, 516 U As Easy As was a Shareware Spreadsheet for MS-DOS developed in the mid 1980s which endured until the end of the MS-DOS era of computing
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic