- This article is about the French administrative région of Lorraine. For the historical duchy and province of Lorraine, see Lorraine (province). Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France.
| Région Lorraine | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Région flag | Region logo | |
| Location | ||
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| Administration | ||
| Capital | Metz | |
| Regional President | Jean-Pierre Masseret (PS) (since 2004) |
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| Departments | Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Moselle Vosges |
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| Arrondissements | 19 | |
| Cantons | 157 | |
| Communes | 2,337 | |
| Statistics | ||
| Land area1 | 23,547 km² | |
| Population | (Ranked 11th) | |
| - January 1, 2007 est. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture In France, the president of the regional council (French Président du conseil régional) is the elected official who heads the Conseil régional The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Meurthe-et-Moselle is a department in the northeast of France named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers Meuse (møːz is a department in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. Moselle is a ''département'' in the east of France named after the Moselle River. Vosges (voːʒ is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. The cantons of France are territorial subdivisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. The following are ranked lists of French regions. Population figures are from the 1999 census To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here The following are ranked lists of French regions. Population figures are from the 1999 census New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. | 2,343,000 | |
| - March 8, 1999 census | 2,310,376 | |
| - Density (2007) | 100/km² | |
| 1 French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The following are ranked lists of French regions. Population figures are from the 1999 census 386 sq. mi. or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers |
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Lorraine (German: Lothringen, Spanish: Lorena) is one of the 26 régions of France. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Metz is considered to be the official capital since that is where the regional parliament is situated. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture The region's name is derived from the medieval Lotharingia. --> Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in
Contents |
Administrative history
It is important to note that the current région of Lorraine is larger than the historical duchy of Lorraine which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. Year 1737 ( MDCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The modern région includes provinces and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine proper. The Kingdom of France was organised into Provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département These are:
- Barrois
- Three Bishoprics: non-contiguous territories around Metz, Verdun, and Toul which were detached from the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century and came under French sovereignty. Barrois, during the Middle Ages, was the territory of the Counts and dukes of Bar, in the eastern part of present-day France, bordering Lorraine The Three Bishoprics (Trois-Évêchés constituted a province of pre- Revolutionary France consisting of the bisphoprics of Verdun, Metz Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Toul is a historic fortified town of France, a Sous-préfecture of the The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in
- several small principalities which were still part of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the French Revolution. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
Some people consider that the traditional province of Lorraine is limited to the duchy of Lorraine proper, while other people consider that it includes Barrois and the Three Bishoprics. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. The problem is that the duchy of Lorraine was at the origin duchy of upper Lorraine, not including the whole area called Lorraine.
The case of Barrois is the most complicated: the western part of Barrois (west of the Meuse River), known as Barrois mouvant, was detached from the rest of Barrois in the early 14th century and passed under French sovereignty. The Meuse (in Dutch and in German: "Maas" in Latin: "Mosa" in Celtic:"Mus" (the rootword presumingly On the other hand, the largest part of Barrois (east of the Meuse River) was a duchy (Duchy of Bar) part of the Holy Roman Empire and united with the duchy of Lorraine in the 15th century by the marriage of the Duke of Bar, René I of Naples, with the daughter of the Duke of Lorraine, Isabella. Bar was an historic duchy and county of the Holy Roman Empire later incorporated into France The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in René of Anjou ( January 16, 1409 &ndash July 10, 1480) also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French Isabella (1400 &ndash February 28 1453) was Duchess of Lorraine from 1431 to her death Thus the duchies of Bar and Lorraine were united in personal union under the same duke, although formally they kept separate existence until their incorporation into France in 1766. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
During the French Revolution, four départements were created on the main parts of the territories of Barrois, Three Bishoprics and the Duchy of Lorraine: Meuse, Meurthe, Moselle and Vosges. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Meuse (møːz is a department in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. Meurthe is a former département of France. Its Préfecture (capital was Nancy. Moselle is a ''département'' in the east of France named after the Moselle River. Vosges (voːʒ is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. After 1870 some parts of Moselle and Meurthe became German and the parts that stayed French formed the new Meurthe et Moselle. Meurthe-et-Moselle is a department in the northeast of France named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers After 1918 Moselle became French again.
When the French régions were created in the middle of the 20th century, it was decided to gather Meurthe et Moselle, Meuse, Moselle and Vosges into a single region, simply called "Lorraine".
Lotharingia experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under the Hohenstaufen emperors, but this prosperity was terminated in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. --> Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia During the Renaissance, prosperity returned to Lothringia under Habsburg administration, until the Thirty Years' War devastated large parts of southern Germany. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Most of Elsaß was ceded to France at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which marked its start, along with Alsace, as a contested territory between France and Germany (French-German enmity). The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern In which from 1871 until 1918 a large part of the region was part of the German Empire as the Imperial Province Elsaß-Lothringen. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871
Geography
Lorraine is the only French region to have borders with three other countries: Belgium (Wallonia), Luxembourg, and Germany (Saar, Rhineland-Palatinate). The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. It also borders the French regions of Franche-Comté, Alsace, and Champagne-Ardenne. Franche-Comté ( Franc-Comtois: Fràntche-Comté; Franco-Provençal: Franche-Comtât) the former "Free County" of Burgundy Champagne-Ardenne is one of the 26 regions of France. history and geogaphyChampagne-Ardenne is a region located in the northeast of France bordering Belgium The location of Lorraine led to it being seen as a strategic asset and as the crossroads of four nations, it had a very important role in European affairs. Many rivers run through Lorraine, including the Rhine, Moselle, Meurthe, and Meuse. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Moselle is a ''département'' in the east of France named after the Moselle River. Meurthe is a former département of France. Its Préfecture (capital was Nancy. Meuse (møːz is a department in northeast France, named after the Meuse River.
Culture
Most of Lorraine has a clear French identity. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France For this reason, Bismarck only annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 The disputed third, known as Moselle, had a culture not easily classifiable as either French or German, possessing both Romance and Germanic dialects. Moselle is a ''département'' in the east of France named after the Moselle River. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Like many border regions, Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects, sometimes not even mutually intelligible with either French or German.
Despite the French government's "single language" policy, local Germanic dialects still survive in the northern part of the region. They are known as a whole as Lorraine Franconian in English, francique or platt (lorrain) in French (not to be confused with lorrain, the Romance dialect spoken in the region). Lorraine Franconian (francique mosellan platt lorrain platt mosellan is a designation in practice ambiguous for Dialects of German spoken in the north-eastern Lorrain is a language spoken by a minority of people in Lorraine in France and in Gaume in Belgium These dialects are distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language, to the south, although the two are often confused. Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region Neither has any form of official recognition. Historically, there are two dialect familiies spoken in Germanic Lorraine. Both Moselle and Lorraine Franconian are spoken in the region. They are similar to the dialects native to the neighboring west central German dialets spoken in Luxembourg and Germany.
Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton, Flemish, Catalan, Provençal and Alsatian), Lorraine and Moselle Franconian German have been largely replaced by French since the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany Flemish (Vlaams in Dutch) is a popular informal term to refer to Belgian Dutch ( Belgisch-Nederlands in Dutch Dutch as spoken in Belgium Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region However, there are efforts underway to preserve the dialects and many older people still speak them.
Cross of Lorraine
During World War II, the cross was adopted as the official symbol of the Free French Forces (French: Forces Françaises Libres, or FFL) under Charles de Gaulle. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French
The capitaine de corvette Thierry d'Argenlieu suggested the adoption of the Cross of Lorraine as the symbol of the Free French, both to recall the perseverance of Joan of Arc (whose symbol it had been), and as an answer to the Swastika. Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu, in religion Louis de la Trinité ( August 7 1889 - September 7 1964) was a priest diplomat and This article is about a symbol For the film see The Cross of Lorraine. Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is
In his General Order n° 2 of 3 July 1940, vice-admiral Émile Muselier, then chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French for only two days, created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a cockade also featuring the Cross of Lorraine. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Emile Henry Muselier ( Marseilles, 17 April 1882 - Toulon, 2 September 1965) was a French admiral who led A cockade is a knot of ribbons or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colors which is usually worn on a Hat.
Appropriately, de Gaulle is memorialised by a gigantic 43-meter high Cross of Lorraine at his home village of Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. Colombey-les-Deux-Églises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne département, France.
The cross was also carried on the fuselages of aircraft flying on behalf of the Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres (FAFL) from 1940 to 1943 to distinguish them from the aircraft of the Vichy French air force, which continued to sport the traditional roundels of the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air), dating from World War I. The Free French Air Force (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres FAFL were the air arm of Free French Forces during the Second World War. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The French Air Force ( French: Armée de l'Air (ALA literally Air Army) is the Air force of the French Armed Forces. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
The Cross of Lorraine was later adopted by Gaullist movements such as the Rally for the Republic (RPR). Gaullism (Gaullisme is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. The Rally for the Republic ( French: Rassemblement pour la République, RPR) was a French Right-wing Political party
Cuisine
The use of the potato in Lorraine can be traced back to 1665 and it is used in various traditional dishes of the region such as the potée lorraine. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The Breux potato, which takes its name from the village of Breux in the north of the Meuse, is considered to be excellent by experts due to the perfect conditions of the area. Breux is the name or part of the name of several communes in France Breux Meuse Breux-Jouy, in the Essonne département Smoked bacon is also a traditional ingredient of the cuisine of Lorraine. It is used in various traditional dishes of the region, including the famous Quiche Lorraine. The mirabelle plum of Lorraine is the emblematic fruit of Lorraine. The mirabelle plum, also known as the mirabelle prune ( Prunus domestica var It is used in pies and other desserts, as well as in alcoholic beverages. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon
Traditional dishes in the region include:
- Quiche Lorraine
- Pâté lorrain (chopped pork and veal flavoured with white wine and baked in puff pastry)
- Potée lorraine (a stew of smoked meats and sausages, with cabbage and root vegetables)
- Andouille (tripe sausage)
Beverages
- Wine: The most well-known wine of the region is the pinot noir of Toul. Andouille ( French:, American English: (pronounced ahn-DWEE) is definedas "a coarse-grained smoked meat made using Pork, Chitterlings Tripe is a type of edible Offal from the Stomachs of various Domestic animals. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Toul is a historic fortified town of France, a Sous-préfecture of the There are vineyards in the valley of the Moselle, the valley of Seille, the valley of Metz, and the valley of Sierck. The Seille (sɛj is a River in the French région of Lorraine, right tributary of the Moselle River.
- Beer: Historically, Lorraine was the location of many breweries, including the Champigneulles, Vézelise, Tantonville, Ligny-In-Barrois, Uckange, and Metz.
Today, many of these breweries have closed down, but there are still breweries operating in the region, including Les Brasseurs de Lorraine in Pont-à-Mousson. Two breweries, in Saint-Nicolas-de-Port and Stenay, have become museums. Saint-Nicolas-de-Port is a commune of the Meurthe-et-Moselle département, in France.
Economy
With 44 billion euros, Lorraine generates 3. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 4% of France's GDP, and ranks 8th out of the 22 regions of France. The logistics and service sectors have experienced the strongest growth in recent years while the traditional industries (textiles, mining, metallurgy) have experienced a decline and consequently the region has experienced a major difficulty with a rising unemployment rate that is near the national average. Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their In 1997 the last iron ore mine in Lorraine, which once produced over 50 million tonnes of iron, was closed. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted [1]
| Lorraine | France | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP 2000 | 44. 3 Billion Euros | 1. 816 Trillion Euros |
| Agriculture | 2. 5% | 2. 8% |
| Industry | 30. 7% | 25. 6% |
| Service | 66. 8% | 71. 6% |
| Unemployment June 2002 | 8. 4% | 9% |
Major communities
- Épinal
- Forbach
- Lunéville
- Metz
- Montigny-lès-Metz
- Nancy
- Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
- Sarreguemines
- Thionville
- Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
- Verdun
Fauna and regional Flora
Fauna
Flora
- Boxwood
- Charm
- Thistle
- Spruce
- Maple
- Fern
- Ash
- Geranium
- Beech
- Mirabelle
- Lily of the Valley
- Bilberry
- Sage
Notable Lorrainians
Art and Literature
- Jacques Callot (1592-1635)
- Claude n Gellée (1600-1682}
- Émile Erckmann (1822-1899)
- Alexandre Chatrian (1826-1890)
- Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)
- Émile Jules Gallé (1846-1904
- Jules Bastien Lepage (1848-1884
- Eugène Vallin (1856-1922)
- Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)(pictured)
- Victor Prouvé (1858-1943)
- Louis Majorelle (1859-1926)
- Lucien Weissenburger (1860-1929)
- Émile Friant (1863-1932)
- Paul Charbonnier (1865 - 1953)
- Henri Bergé (1870-1937)
- Jacques Gruber (1870-1936)
- Émile André (1871-1933)
- Jean-Marie Straub (1933-)
- Charles de Crevoisier (1947-)
- Bernard-Marie Koltès (1948-1989)
- Philippe Claudel (1962-)
Economy and Industry
Military
- Godfrey de Bouillon (1060-1100)
- Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
- Georges Mouton (1770-1838)
- Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774-1828)
- Louis-Hubert Lyautey (1854-1934)
Musicians, actors and comedians
- Florent Schmitt (1870-1958)
- Darry Cowl (1925-2006)
- Charlélie Couture (1956-)
- Tom Novembre (1959-)
- Patricia Kaas (1966-)
Politicians
- Pierre-Louis Roederer (1754-1835)
- Jules Ferry (1832-1893)
- Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934)
- Maurice Barrès (1862-1923)
- Albert Lebrun (1871-1950)
- Robert Schuman (1886-1963)
- Jack Lang (1939-)
Religion
- Bruno d'Eguisheim-Dagsbourg Pope Leo IX (1002-1054)
- Henri Grégoire (1750 - 1831)
Sciences
- Charles Messier (1730-1817)
- Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1757-1785)
- Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788-1867)
- Charles Hermite (1822-1901)
- Edmond Laguerre (1834-1886)
- Henri Poincaré {1854-1912}
- Marie Marvingt (1875-1963)
- Louis Camille Maillard (1878-1936)
- Hubert Curien (1924-2005)
Sport
Divers
- Antoine de Ville
- Raymond Schwartz (1894-1973)
See also
References
External links