- This article is about the historical duchy and province of Lorraine. For the modern-day administrative région of Lorraine, see Lorraine (region). Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy
Lorraine (French: Lorraine, German: Lothringen, Spanish: Lorena) is a historical area in present-day northeast France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Some of the main cities are Metz, Nancy and Verdun. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune
Contents |
History
Lotharingia
Lorraine was originally an independent kingdom. --> Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or It was created in 843, when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor Named after the new ruler, Holy Roman Emperor Lothar, the area and other territories controlled by Lothar became known as Lotharingia. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Lothair I ( German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 &ndash 29 September 855) --> Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in In France, this became known as Lorraine, while in Germany, it was eventually known as Lothringen. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In the Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property; thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothar".
Upper Lorraine
In 959, the duchy was divided into Upper and Lower regions which became permanent following the death of Duke Bruno. The upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of the Moselle, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum. The usage of Lotharingia Superioris and Lorraine in official documents begins later, around the fifteenth century.
Duchy of Lorraine
The dukes of Upper Lorraine gradually came to be known simply as the dukes of Lorraine, because the significance of the Lower duchy declined greatly in the latter half of the eleventh century. This article is about a symbol For the film see The Cross of Lorraine.
In the 17th century, the French kings began to covet Lorraine, which lay between France proper and its possessions in Alsace. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lorraine, after siding with the Emperor in the Thirty Years' War, was largely occupied by France in 1641. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Duke Charles IV to flee to a Viennese exile. Charles IV ( April 5 1604 &ndash September 18 1675) was Duke of Lorraine from 1624 to 1634 when he abdicated under French pressure The French continued to occupy Lorraine for almost thirty years, only giving it up to Charles's heir by the Treaty of Ryswick which ended the Nine Years War in 1697. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th The Duchy was again occupied by France during the War of the Spanish Succession, although Duke Leopold Joseph continued to reign. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting See Leopold Joseph for similarly named royalty Leopold Joseph called le bon (the good) ( Innsbruck, September 11 Leopold's son and successor, Francis Stephen, was forced to give up the Duchy in 1737, after the War of the Polish Succession, in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Early life He was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France) the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine and his wife The War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 - 1738) was sparked by a Polish Civil war over the succession to Augustus II, King of Poland The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Francis Stephen was betrothed to Archduchess Maria Theresa, daughter and heir to Charles VI, and the French would only approve the marriage if Francis gave up his rights to Lorraine. Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Francis and Maria Theresa's marriage resulted in the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Replacing Francis Stephen in Lunéville was the last Duke of Lorraine, Stanislaus Leszczynski, former king of Poland, Louis XV's father-in-law, with the understanding that it would revert to the French crown upon his death. Lunéville is a commune in the French région of Lorraine. It is a Sous-préfecture of the Meurthe-et-Moselle Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca With Stanislas's death in 1766, Lorraine became part of France in 1766 and was reorganized by the French government.
French and German provinces
Lorraine, along with Alsace, has long been contested territory between France and Germany. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. After being annexed by Louis XIV, there was opposition to efforts to have the French language and customs imposed upon them, a process which Stanislaus I effectively ended during his reign but which was resumed afterwards. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A part of Lorraine, along with Alsace, was united with Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 causing a large number of French people to emigrate into France (including Algeria). The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Under Bismarck's German Empire Alsace-Lorraine had (unlike other German states that were monarchies or free cities) virtually no autonomy and was ruled by a governor appointed by the Reichskanzler. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler The use of the French language was proscribed. In 1911, some degree of autonomy was granted.
This part of Lorraine remained a part of Germany after the end of World War I, when the Kaiser abdicated and the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine declared itself independent, with support of the United States. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 France occupied the area after a few days and annexed it. Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring that of French were then begun. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
The region was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1940 during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Lorraine was combined with the Saarland, and Alsace with Baden. Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. The French language was again proscribed and education at German schools made compulsory. The war-torn area returned to France in November 1944. Because of the fighting in the area, Lorraine is home to the largest American cemetery in France.
Culture
Despite the French government's 'single language' policy, the local Germanic dialect still survives in the northern part of the region. It is known as Lorraine Franconian in English, francique or platt (lorrain) in French (not to be confused with lorrain, the Romance dialect spoken in the region). Lorraine Franconian (francique mosellan platt lorrain platt mosellan is a designation in practice ambiguous for Dialects of German spoken in the north-eastern Lorrain is a language spoken by a minority of people in Lorraine in France and in Gaume in Belgium This is distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language, although the two are often confused. Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region Neither has any form of official recognition.
Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton, Provençal and Alsatian) Lorraine Franconian was largely replaced by French with the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region
Foodstuffs and dishes associated with Lorraine include quiche lorraine, Mirabelle plum, baba au rhum, bergamotes, macarons, and madeleines. In French cuisine, a quiche (IPA) is a baked dish that is made primarily of eggs and Milk or Cream in a Pastry The mirabelle plum, also known as the mirabelle prune ( Prunus domestica var A rum baba or baba au rhum is a small yeast cake saturated in liquor usually Rum, and sometimes filled with Whipped cream or Pastry cream. This article is about the citrus fruit For the herb see Monarda didyma. A macaron is a traditional French Pastry from Nancy, a commune of the Meurthe et Moselle département
Further reading
Publications in English
- Linda Herrick & Wendy Uncapher, Alsace-Lorraine Atlantic Bridge to Germany, Origins, Janesville, WI, 2003.
- Hughes, S. P. (2005) Bilingualism in North-East France with specific reference to Rhenish Franconian spoken by Moselle Cross-border (or frontier) workers. [1]
External links
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic