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Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State, with two meanings (and full styles) at different periods of history.

Contents

Feudal royal regent

The title of Lord Protector was originally used by royal princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency (i. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor e. not merely member of a collegial regency council) while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule. In law the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes Adulthood and is legally

Notable cases in England are:

Cases in Scotland:

Cromwellian republican Commonwealth

The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The English Interregnum was the period of Parliamentary and Military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland The English Council of State, later also know as the Protector's Privy Council, was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653–September 1658) and his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell (September 1658–May 1659) during what is now known as The Protectorate. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord

The 1653 Instrument of Government (republican constitution) stated that;

Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life.

Arms of the republican Protectorate
Arms of the republican Protectorate

The replacement constitution of 1657, the pseudo-monarchical Humble Petition and Advice, gave ‘his Highness the Lord Protector’ the power to nominate his successor. The Humble Petition and Advice was the second and last codified Constitution of England. Cromwell chose his eldest surviving son, the politically inexperienced Richard. This non-representative and de facto dynastic mode of succession, the royal connotations of both styles awarded, even a double invocation 16 December 1653 - 3 September 1658 "By the Grace of God and Republic Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland" and many other monarchic prerogatives, such as awarding knighthood, and the authoritarian traits of the whole militarized regime meant that the regicidal civil war, allegedly to uphold parliament against 'royal tyranny' and Protestantism against 'Stuart papacy', had in fact produced a repressive crowned republic, fatally unable to bring peace and prosperity back. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part In Political science, a crowned republic is an informal term with two distinct meanings

The younger Cromwell, who succeeded on his father's death in September 1658, held the position for only eight months before resigning in May 1659, being followed by the second period of Commonwealth rule until the Restoration of the exiled heir to the Stuart throne Charles II in May 1660. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Since that Restoration the title has not been used in either above manner. George, Prince of Wales, appointed to the regency in 1811, was referred to as "His Royal Highness the Prince Regent". For the station on the Docklands Light Railway, see Prince Regent DLR station. George exercised the powers of the monarchy just as medieval Lords Protectors had done, but the title's republican associations had rendered it distasteful. It is not considered likely to be revived in the foreseeable future.

References in culture

Literature

In 1659, the royalist Anglican theologian (later bishop of Rochester) Thomas Sprat made his witty and literary reputation with his satirical poem To the Happie Memory of the most Renowned Prince Oliver, Lord Protector, clearly mocking Cromwell's regal status. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Thomas Sprat (1635 &ndash 20 May 1713 English divine was born at Beaminster, Dorset, and educated at Wadham College Oxford, where he

In Prince Caspian, the second book in C. S. Lewis's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia, the usurper Miraz begins his reign calling himself "Lord Protector". Prince Caspian The Return to Narnia is a Novel for children by C Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Miraz is a fictional character from C S Lewis 's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia.

In Orson Scott Card's series of fantasy novels The Tales of Alvin Maker, set in an alternate early 19th century America, England continues to be ruled by the Cromwells as Lords Protector, while the Stuarts rule the "Crown Colonies" (roughly equivalent to the states from Virginia to Georgia) from "Camelot" (Charleston). Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a bestselling American Author, Critic, political writer and speaker. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Tales of Alvin Maker is a series of novels by Orson Scott Card that revolve around the experiences of a young man Alvin Miller who discovers he has incredible powers A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. The references especially come into play in Heartfire, the fifth book in the series, where much of the story occurs in Camelot. Heartfire (1998 is an Alternate history / Fantasy novel by Orson Scott Card.

In the 1992 novel Anno Dracula, Dracula takes the title of Lord Protector upon marrying Queen Victoria and becoming Prince Consort. Anno Dracula is a 1992 novel by British writer Kim Newman. The book is an Alternate history novel that contains characters from multiple Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland A prince consort, generally speaking is a common term for the husband of a Queen regnant, unless he himself also is a king in his own right

In the 2007 Transformers film universe, the Prequel comic book states that before the Cybertronian Civil War over control of the All Spark, Optimus Prime and Megatron shared power, with Optimus Prime seemingly the political leader of the Cybertronians, and Megatron filling the role of the Lord Protector, the executor of Cybertronian law and order. Transformers is a 2007 Live-action Film adaptation of the ''Transformers'' franchise, directed by Michael Bay and The AllSpark is a term for two different objects within the Transformers media franchise In the Beast Machines Transformers television series This refers to the original character For other uses see Optimus Prime (disambiguation Optimus Prime (known as Convoy in Japan Megatron They are described as "one fair, the other firm".

In the Dies the Fire book series, the character Norman Arminger takes the role of Lord Protector in his neo-feudalistic kingdom of Portland. Dies the Fire is a post-apocalyptic 2004 novel by Alternate history author S

Television

Alan B'Stard on the final episode of UK sitcom The New Statesman, suggested, seeking alternatives in case he was not made Prime Minister, that he might proclaim himself Lord Protector of England. For the current affairs magazine see New Statesman. For other uses see New Statesmen. For the current affairs magazine see New Statesman. For other uses see New Statesmen. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation.

In the Star Trek Voyager episode "Blink of an Eye" during which Voyager is trapped in orbit above a planet experiencing a rapid passage of time, the first attempt shown by the people to contact Voyager was made during the planet's medieval period by a Lord Protector. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of By the end of the episode, the planet's technologically-advanced society was governed by the Central Protectorate, hinting that the planet's head of state was still called Lord Protector.

In the Stargate Atlantis episode "The Tower" (Season 2, Episode 15) the team come across a planet ruled by a Lord Protector from a city with the same dimensions as Atlantis. Stargate Atlantis (often abbreviated as SGA) is an American - Canadian Science fiction Television program, part of the

Video games

In the Microprose videogame Sid Meier's Civilization II, the term Lord Protector (or its corresponding female form Lady Protector) is applied to the leader of the English civilization under the Fundamentalist type of government. MicroProse, as a corporation and brand name has been owned by several entities since its original founding by Sid Meier and Bill Stealey in 1982 Sidney K Meier (born February 24 1954 in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada) is an American programmer and designer of several Sid Meier's Civilization II, aka Civ II, is a Turn-based strategy Computer game designed by Brian Reynolds Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often Religious in nature a reaction

Also, in the Sony MMORPG "Everquest" Paladins who attain the 65th level are given the title of "Lord Protector"

In Europa Universalis III by Paradox Interactive, Lord/Lady Protector is applied to a country's head of state under the Republican Dictatorship form of government. Europa Universalis III (EUIII is a grand strategy Computer game by Paradox Interactive. Paradox Interactive is a Swedish Video game developer based in Stockholm that is known for producing historical Strategy Computer

Other use

Lord Protector has also been used as a rendering of the Latin Advocatus in the sense of a temporal Lord (such as a Monarch) who acted as the protector of the (mainly secular) interests of (a part of) the church; compare vidame. Vidame, a French corruption of the official Latin term vicedominus ('vice-lord' was a Feudal title in France.

Sources and references

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