Longwave

Longwave can also refer to the economics concept of Kondratiev waves, or to the rock band Longwave. Also widely written as Kondratieff. In Heterodox economics, Kondratiev waves —also called Grand supercycles surges long waves or K-waves—are Longwave is an American Indie rock band The band was formed in 1999 by guitarist songwriter and vocalist

The longwave radio band is the range of frequencies approximately lying between 12 and 1000 kHz^[1] (corresponding to wavelengths between 20000 and 250 metres respectively), although the term also applies to subsets of this range (for example commercial longwave broadcasting is understood to range from 148. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 5 and 283. 5 kHz, i. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. e. wavelengths between 2000 and 1000 metres). In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International

This range encompasses the low-frequency (LF) band (30 kHz–300 kHz). Low Frequency or LF refers to Radio Frequencies (RF in the range of 30 kHz&ndash300 kHz

1 Band propagation characteristics
2 Historical significance
3 Broadcasting
- 3.1 ITU Region 2 note
4 List of longwave broadcasting transmitters
5 References
6 See also
7 Further reading

Band propagation characteristics

Longwave signals have the property of following the curvature of the earth, making them ideal for continuous, continental communications. In Physics, surface wave can refer to a Mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media usually two fluids with different densities Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Unlike shortwave radio, longwave signals do not reflect or refract using the ionosphere, so there are fewer and less severe interference-caused fadeouts. Shortwave Radio operates between the frequencies of 3000 KHz (3 Reflection is the change in direction of a Wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which Refraction is the change in direction of a Wave due to a change in its Speed. The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is Ionized by solar radiation In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications Instead, the D-layer of the ionosphere and the surface of the earth serve as a waveguide directing the signal. The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is Ionized by solar radiation A waveguide is a structure which guides waves such as Electromagnetic waves Light, or Sound waves

Historical significance

Essentially all radio transmitters before 1924 were longwave transmitters. For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna Propagation of shorter wavelengths was not understood until the shortwave experiments by amateur radio operators in 1923 and by Marconi in 1924. Shortwave Radio operates between the frequencies of 3000 KHz (3 Shortwave Radio operates between the frequencies of 3000 KHz (3 Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications Spark-gap transmitters were used prior to World War I, until the development of powerful Radio alternators by General Electric just prior to the war. A spark-gap transmitter is a device for generating Radio frequency electromagnetic waves. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to Alternating current electrical energy Vacuum tubes began to be used to generate radio frequencies in the mid-1920s. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall.

After 1924, use of longwave radio for long distance communication began to decline, as much less expensive shortwave transmitters began to carry increasingly heavy volumes of long distance communication. A period of explosive growth of shortwave communications began in 1927, leading to rapid decline in longwave radio usage.

Broadcasting

In Europe, North Africa, Russia and Mongolia (ITU Region 1), longwave radio frequencies in the band 148. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East 5 to 283. 5 kHz are used for domestic and international broadcasting. International broadcasting is Broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at a foreign rather than a domestic audience Carrier frequencies are multiples of 9 kHz ranging from 153 to 279 kHz. There are two exceptions in Germany, where two stations are offset by 3 kHz either side of 180 kHz. Historically LW stations operated on frequencies as high as 413 kHz (although the highest carrier frequency currently in use for LW broadcasting is 279 kHz). Some stations derive their carrier frequencies from an atomic clock. An atomic clock is a type of Clock that uses an Atomic resonance Frequency standard as its timekeeping element It can be therefore used as frequency standard. A frequency standard is a stable oscillator used for Frequency Calibration or reference

Several countries transmitted radio programming over power lines or telephone lines using LW frequencies. These systems were known variously as Linjesender, Telefonrundspruch or Wire Broadcasting however these systems were phased out with the introduction of ISDN and later ADSL and it is believed that there are no longer any in operation. A Linjesender was a low power Longwave Transmitter used for broadcasting in Norway Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ( ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over Copper Telephone

ITU Region 2 note

In the Americas (ITU Region 2), there is no longwave broadcast band. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America In North America during the 1970s the longwave frequencies 167, 179 and 191 kHz were used for a short-lived network of civil defence emergency broadcasting stations with stations at Ault, Colorado and Cambridge, Kansas, as well as station WGU-20 in Chase, MD. The Public Emergency Radio of the United States was a communications system conceived during the Cold war era in the 1970s for use in case of a national emergency WGU-20, also known as "the last radio station" was a Radio station operated by the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (predecesor of the Federal Emergency Management

Nowadays the 160-190 kHz range is used there for Part 15 Lowfers amateur and experimental stations. In the US, Part 15 is an often-quoted section of Federal Communications Commission (FCC rules and Regulations mainly regarding un Licensed LowFER ( Low - F requency E xperimental R adio is a license-free form of two-way radio communications practiced on frequencies below 500 kHz The 190-435 kHz band is used for navigational beacons. A Non-directional beacon ( NDB) is a Radio transmitter at a known location used as an aviation or marine Navigational aid

List of longwave broadcasting transmitters

List of the most important longwave broadcasting transmitters (Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwelle and World Radio TV Handbook). The World Radio TV Handbook, known also with the Acronym WRTH, is a directory of virtually every radio and TV station

Frequency	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power	Remarks
153 kHz	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Donebach	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 363 m high, fed at the top	500 kW	Night: 250 kW
	Radio Romania	Romania	Braşov	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts with a height of 250 metres	1200 kW
	NRK Finnmark	Norway	Ingoy	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 362 m height, fed at the top, ex-Omega equipment	100 kW
	Chaine 1	Algeria	Kenadsa / Bechar	Three guyed steel lattice masts, height 357 m. Deutschlandfunk Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Sender Donebach (Transmitter Donebach is a 500 kilowatt longwave transmitter working on 153 kHz which transmits the program of "Deutschlandfunk" Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Bod Transmitter (also known as the Braşov Transmitter is the name of the transmitter facility for the central Longwave Radio station of Romania. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Longwave transmitter Ingøy is a Longwave transmitter of Norsk Rikskringkasting with the frequency of 153 kHz and a power of 100 kilowatts Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Kenadsa longwave transmitter is a longwave transmitter of the Algerian Broadcasting Company situated at Kenadsa near Bechar which transmits the program of Chaine 1 with a power	2000 kW
162 kHz	France Inter	France	Allouis	Two guyed steel lattice masts, height 350 m, fed on the top	2000 kW	Time signal phase-modulated
162 kHz	TRT	Turkey	Agri		1000 kW
171 kHz	Medi 1	Morocco	Nador	Directional aerial consisting of three guyed steel lattice masts, 380 metres tall	2000 kW
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Bolshakovo near Kaliningrad		600 kW
	Radio Rossii	Ukraine	Krasne near Lwow		150/75 kW	inactive at present
177 kHz	Deutschlandradio Kultur	Germany	Zehlendorf near Oranienburg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial mounted on 359. France Inter is a major French public radio network and part of Radio France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Allouis longwave transmitter first entered service as France 's central Longwave Transmitter, in 1939 The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation also known as TRT, ( Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) was founded in 1964, it is the national Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches MEDI 1 (also known as Radio Méditerranée Internationale), is a private, commercial Moroccan Radio network owned by various banks Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Nador transmitter is the main transmission facility for longwave and shortwave of Medi 1 Radio, a privately owned broadcasting company of Morocco Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Bolshakovo transmitter is the most powerful mediumwave broadcasting station for mediumwave in the world situated near Bolshakovo Russia Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Krasne is a name of several locations in Ukraine: Krasne (Ukraine, a town near Lviv, site of Krasne longwave transmitter Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Deutschlandradio Kultur (abbreviated to DLR Kultur or DKultur) is the culture-oriented Radio station of the German national Deutschlandradio Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Sender Zehlendorf is a transmission facility existing since 1936 Oranienburg is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel. 7 m high guyed mast, triangle aerial on 3 150 m high guyed steel lattice masts	500 kW	Since August 29th, 2005 between 2 and 5 a. m. CET DRM-Mode Non-standard frequency (not divisible by 9)
180 kHz	TRT	Turkey	Polatli		1200 kW	Turkish Programme
183 kHz	Europe 1	Germany	Felsberg-Berus	Directional aerial, four ground insulated steel lattice masts. Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM) is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for AM broadcasting, particularly The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation also known as TRT, ( Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) was founded in 1964, it is the national Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Europe 1, formerly known as Europe n° 1, is a privately-owned radio network created in 1955. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Longwave transmitter Europe 1 is the oldest privately owned Radio station in Germany, situated at Felsberg-Berus Germany Heights of 270 m, 276 m, 280 m and 282 m. Spare aerial: two ground insulated steel lattice masts of 234 m height.	2000 kW	French progamme. The most Powerful Longwave transmitter in Germany.
189 kHz	RÚV	Iceland	Gufuskalar near Hellissandur	Slight oval bi-directivity aerial, top loaded parallel connected triangular loops, mast as a common member, all guys insulated except two radiating diametrically opposed grounded top guys, loops closed by copper straps in the ground from two conducting guy grounding points to base of the guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 412m	300 kW	RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
189 kHz	RAI	Italy	Caltanissetta	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 282 m	10 kW	Inactive since August 2004
198 kHz	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom	Droitwich (SFN)	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground with a height of 213 metres	500 kW	Relays BBC World Service after the end of its own programmes. Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV ( ˈricɪsˌutvar̥pɪð) &ndash The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service &ndash is Iceland 's national public-service broadcasting Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Longwave radio mast Hellissandur is a 412 Metre high guyed radio mast for Longwave transmissions at Gufuskálar in the vicinity Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana, known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian public service broadcaster, and is considered Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Droitwich transmitting station is a large broadcasting facility for Longwave and Mediumwave transmissions established in 1934 in the Civil parish of A single-frequency network or SFN is a Broadcast network where several Transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same Frequency
	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom	Burghead (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast	50 kW
	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom	Westerglen (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 152 m	50 kW
	Chaine 1	Algeria	Berkaoui / Ouargla	Three guyed steel lattice masts. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Burghead transmitting station is a Broadcasting facility near Burghead ( in Scotland for long- and medium -wave radio transmission A single-frequency network or SFN is a Broadcast network where several Transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same Frequency The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Westerglen transmitting station is a facility for Longwave and Mediumwave broadcasting established in 1932 at Westerglen Farm 3 km south west of A single-frequency network or SFN is a Broadcast network where several Transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same Frequency Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's	2000 kW
	Polskie Radio Parlament/Program 1	Poland	Raszyn	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, 335 m high	500 kW	Only active during the daytime
	Radio Majak	Russia	Sankt Petersburg - Olgino	Omnidirectional aerial, 205 m high guyed steel lattice mast	150 kW
207 kHz	RÚV	Iceland	Eiðar near Egilsstaðir	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 220 m	100 kW	RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Aholming	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 265 m high, fed at the top	500 kW	Night: 250 kW
	Ukrainian Radio	Ukraine	Brovary	two guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground, 150 m high, each equipped with a cage antenna at its lower part	600 kW
216 kHz	Radio Monte Carlo	Monaco	Roumoules	Directional aerial, 3 300 metre high guyed steel lattice masts, 330 metre high guyed steel lattice mast as backup aerial	1200 kW	Transmitter site exterritorial, exclave of Monaco
225 kHz	Polskie Radio Program 1	Poland	Solec Kujawski	Directional aerial, 2 guyed radio masts fed on the top, heights 330 m and 289 m	1000 kW	Earlier transmitter site Konstantynów
234 kHz	RTL	Luxembourg	Beidweiler	Directional aerial, 3 guyed grounded steel lattice masts, 290 m high, with vertical cage aerials	2000 kW	Spare transmitter site Junglinster
234 kHz	Radio 1	Russia	Krasny Bor transmitter	Omnidirectional aerial, 271. Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna ( PR SA, "Polish Radio" is Poland 's public Radio network Broadcasting Corporation. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The longwave transmitter Raszyn is a longwave broadcasting transmitter near Raszyn, Poland. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV ( ˈricɪsˌutvar̥pɪð) &ndash The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service &ndash is Iceland 's national public-service broadcasting Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Eiðar longwave transmitter is a facility of the Icelandic Broadcasting Company used for longwave broadcasting on 207 kHz with a power of 100 kW Deutschlandfunk Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Aholming transmitter is a facility for broadcasting the program of Deutschlandfunk on 207 kHz with a power of 500 kW at day and 250 kW at night between Aholming and Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Brovary (Бровари is a City located in the Kiev Oblast in central Ukraine. Radio Monte Carlo ( RMC) is the name of six radio stations owned and managed by three different entities RMC Info is the French-speaking For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque The Roumoules transmitter is the main Broadcasting facility for long- and medium wave broadcasting of Radio Monte Carlo near Roumoules France. Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna ( PR SA, "Polish Radio" is Poland 's public Radio network Broadcasting Corporation. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Longwave transmitter Solec Kujawski is the new Longwave broadcasting facility of the Polish broadcasting company for the 225 kHz frequency The Warsaw radio mast was the world's tallest structure until its collapse on 8 August, 1991. RTL Group ( is Europe's largest TV radio and production company and is majority-owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Beidweiler Longwave Transmitter is a high-power broadcasting Transmitter for the French-speaking programme of RTL radio on the Longwave frequency The Junglinster Longwave Transmitter is a Longwave broadcasting facility used by RTL near Junglinster, Luxembourg, which went into service in Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Krasny Bor transmitter is a large facility for longwave mediumwave and shortwave broadcasting at Krasny Bor near Saint Petersburg, Russia 5 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	1200 kW	May be inactive at present
243 kHz	Danmarks Radio	Denmark	Kalundborg	Alexanderson aerial, carried from 2 118 Meter high free-standing steel lattice towers	300 kW	Stop 15 February 2007
252 kHz	Chaine 1	Algeria	Tipaza	Omnidirectional aerial, single guyed lattice steel mast, height 355 m	1500 kW	French programme; during night-time half transmitter-power
252 kHz	RTÉ Radio 1	Ireland	Clarkestown	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, insulated against ground, height 248 m	500 kW	Now the only AM transmitter for RTÉ Radio 1. DR (formerly Danmarks Radio) is Denmark 's national Broadcasting corporation The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Kalundborg Transmitter is a transmission facility for long - and Mediumwave near Kalundborg in Denmark. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tipaza Longwave Transmitter is the facility of the Algerian Broadcasting Company for transmitting French -speaking programs on the Longwave RTÉ Radio 1 ( Irish: RTÉ Raidió 1) is the principal radio channel of Irish Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The longwave transmitter Clarkestown is a Longwave Transmitter near Clarkestown County Meath, Ireland (see here for pictures Decreases power at night to 100kW.
261 kHz	Transmitter Burg	Germany	Burg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial on 324 m high guyed, grounded steel lattice mast, 210 m high steel tube mast, insulated against ground	200 kW	Inactive at the moment, formerly used by Radio Wolga and Radioropa Info
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Taldom	Omnidirectional aerial, central mast, 275 metre tall, surrounded by 5 guyed masts on a circle around	2500 kW	Most powerful transmitter in the world
	Radio Horizont	Bulgaria	Vakarel	One of the few Blaw-Knox Towers in Europe, 215m high	75 kW
270 kHz	ČRO 1 - Radiožurnál	Czech Republic	Topolna	Directional aerial (maximum of radiation in East-West direction), two grounded 257 m high guyed steel lattice mast with cage aerials	500 kW
	279 kHz	Belaruskaje Radyjo 1 (BR1)	Belarus	Sasnovy		500 kW
		Radio Mayak (RUS)	Russia	Yekaterinburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 256 m height, fed at the top	150 kW