Long house - Citizendia

A Pacific Northwest Coast-style longhouse at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants and many Ethnic groups The Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia (UBC campus near Vancouver, Canada, is one of the foremost museums of Pacific Northwest The University of British Columbia ( UBC) is a Canadian public research University with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna

In archaeology and anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long, narrow, single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe and North America. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of

Many were built from timber and often represent the earliest form of permanent structure in many cultures. Types include the Neolithic long house of Europe, the Medieval Dartmoor longhouse and the Native American long house. The Neolithic long house was a long narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in Europe around 7000 years ago The Dartmoor Longhouse is a type of traditional home found on the high ground of Dartmoor, in the south west of the United Kingdom. Longhouses were and are built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over 100 meters long (330 ft but generally around

1 Europe
2 The Americas
3 Asia
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading

Europe

A reconstructed Viking Age house.

In archaeology there are two European longhouse types that are now extinct.

The Neolithic long house type was introduced with the first farmers of central and western Europe around 5000 BCE—7000 years ago. The Neolithic long house was a long narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in Europe around 7000 years ago
The Germanic cattle farmer longhouses emerged along the southwestern North Sea coast in the third or fourth century BC and might be the ancestors of several medieval house types such as the Scandinavian langhus, the English, Welsh and Scottish longhouse variants and the German and Dutch Fachhallenhaus. The Fachhallenhaus (hall house structured into bays also Hallenhaus is a timber-framed farmhouse which combines living quarters byre/stable and a harvest storeroom under

The medieval longhouse types of Europe of which some examples have survived are among others:

The Scandinavian or Viking Langhus
The southwest England variants in Dartmoor and Wales
The northwest England type in Cumbria
The Scottish Longhouse, "Black house" or taighean dubha
The Frisian Langhuis
The French longère or maison longue (with different versions from different origins)

The Americas

In North America two groups of longhouses emerged: the Native American long house of the tribes usually connected with the Iroquois in the northeast, and an unrelated type used by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Dartmoor Longhouse is a type of traditional home found on the high ground of Dartmoor, in the south west of the United Kingdom. The black house ( Scottish Gaelic: taigh dubh (formerly "tigh" is a traditional type of house which used to be common in Highland Scotland, Longhouses were and are built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over 100 meters long (330 ft but generally around The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants and many Ethnic groups A detailed description of the latter is contained in the slave narrative of John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people in 1802-1805. The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in Britain and the its colonies. John Rodgers Jewitt (born on 21 May, 1783 in Boston, England) was an armourer who entered the historical record with his Memoirs

In South America the Tucano people of Colombia and northwest Brazil traditionally combine a household in a single long house. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Tucano are a group of indigenous South Americans living in the northwestern Amazon along the Vaupés river and the surrounding area Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

Asia

Ancient Mumun pottery period culture

In Daepyeong, an archaeological site of the Mumun pottery period in Korea long houses have been found that date to circa 1100-850 B. Daepyeong is the name of a complex prehistoric Archaeological site located in the Nam River valley near Jinju in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either Prehistoric or historic or contemporary and The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. C. Their layout seems to be similar to those of the Iroquois of America.

Taiwan

The long house may be an old building tradition among the people of Austronesian origin or intensive contact. The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke The Austronesian language group seems to have spread to south east Asia and the Pacific islands as well as Madagascar from the island of Taiwan. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Groups like the Siraya of ancient Taiwan built long houses and practiced head hunting as did for example the later Dayaks of Borneo. The Siraya were an Indigenous people of Taiwan, comprising at least five major subtribes Mattauw Soelangh Baccloangh Sinckan and Taivoan

Borneo longhouse

A Modern Iban Longhouse in Kapit Division

Many of the inhabitants of the Southeast Asian island of Borneo (now Kalimantan, Indonesia and States of Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia), the Dayak, live traditionally in buildings known as a longhouse, Rumah panjang in Malay, rumah panjai in Iban. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Iban could be The Iban people (or Sea Dayak) an ethnic group in Kalimantan ( Indonesian Borneo) and Sarawak Common to most of these is that they are built raised off the ground on stilts and are divided into a more or less public area along one side and a row of private living quarters lined along the other side. This seems to have been the way of building best accustomed to life in the jungle in the past, as otherwise hardly related people have come to build their dwellings in similar ways. Jungle usually refers to a dense Forest in a hot climate such as a Tropical rainforest. One may observe similarities to South American jungle villages also living in large single structures. The design is elegant: being raised, flooding presents little inconvenience. The entry could double as a canoe dock. Being raised, cooling air could circulate as well as have the living area above ground where any breeze is more likely. Livestock could shelter below at night when their security might be a concern.

In modern times many of the older longhouses have been replaced with buildings using more modern materials but of similar design. In areas where flooding is not a problem, beneath the longhouse between the stilts, which was traditionally used for a work place for tasks such as threshing, has been converted into living accommodation or has been closed in to provide more security. also in modern times long houses in asia were made of grass and tree bark

The layout of a traditional longhouse could be described thus:

Along the whole length of the building runs a wall placed near the middle. The one side would seem like a corridor or hall from one end to the other, while the other side is blocked from public view by the wall.

Behind this wall lay the private units, bilik, each with a single door for each family. These are usually divided from each other by walls of their own and contain the living and sleeping spaces. The kitchens, dapor, sometimes reside within this space but are quite often situated in rooms of their own, added to the back of a bilik or even in a building standing a little away from the longhouse and accessed by a small bridge due to the fear of fire, as well as reducing smoke and insects attracted to cooking from gathering in living quarters. .

The corridor itself is divided into three parts. The space in front of the door, the tempuan, belongs to each bilik unit and is used privately. This is where rice can be pounded or other domestic work can be done. A public corridor, a ruai, basically used like a village road, runs the whole length in the middle of the open hall. Along the outer wall is the space where guests can sleep, the pantai. On this side a large veranda, a tanju, is built in front of the building where the rice (padi) is dried and other outdoor activities can take place. Under the roof is a sort of attic, the sadau, that runs along the middle of the house under the peak of the roof. Here the padi, other food, and other things can be stored. Sometimes the sadau has a sort of gallery from which the life in the ruai can be observed. The pigs and chicken live underneath the house between the stilts.

The houses built by the different tribes and ethnic groups can differ from each other. Houses described as above may be used by the Iban Sea Dayak and Melanau Sea Dayak. Iban History See also Iban history The origin of the name Iban is a mystery although many theories exist Iban History See also Iban history The origin of the name Iban is a mystery although many theories exist Origins The Melanau were in the 19th Century settled in scattered communities along the main tributaries of the Rajang River in Central Sarawak Similar houses are built by the Bidayuh, Land Dayak, however with wider verandas and extra buildings for the unmarried adults and visitors. Location Predominantly Bidayuh areas are Lundu, Bau, Penrissen Padawan, and Serian. The buildings of the Kayan, Kenyah, Murut, and Kelabit used to have fewer walls between individual bilik units. Kayan is name of a tribe found in Borneo island The Kayan people are categorized as a part of the Dayak people of Borneo The Kenyahs People The Kenyah are an indigenous Austronesian -speaking people of Borneo, living in the remote Baram (Lio Mato Long Jeeh Long The Kelabit, who have close ties to the Lun Bawang, are an indigenous people of the Sarawak highlands with a minority in the neighbouring state of Brunei The Punan seem to be the last ethnic group that adopted this type of house building. Relation to the "other" Punans Are all Punan related tribes/ethnic? There is this popular misunderstanding that all the so called Punan on the island of The Rungus of Sabah in north Borneo build a type of longhouse with rather short stilts, the house raised three to five feet of the ground, and walls sloped outwards. The Rungus are an Ethnic group of Borneo, residing primarily in northern Sabah in the area surrounding Kudat.

A lot of place names in Sarawak still have the word "Long" in their name and most of these still are or once were longhouses. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Some villages like Long Semado in Sarawak even have airfields of their own. Regions with long houses are for example Ulu Anyut and Ulu Paku in Sarawak. Ulu Anyut is the sub-area of Ulu Paku, Spaoh, Betong Division in the Sarawak State of Malaysia. Ulu Paku is an area the small district of Spaoh, Sarawak, Malaysia. Another long house is the Punan sama. Punan Sama is a small village ( Longhouse) situated along the Rajang River in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Siberut

A traditional house type on the island of Siberut, part of the Mentawai Islands some 130 kilometers (81 mi) to the west off the coast of Sumatra (Sumatera), Indonesia is also described as a longhouse. Siberut is the largest and northernmost of the Mentawai Islands, lying 150 Kilometres west of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. The Mentawai Islands are a chain of about seventy islands and islets off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Some five to ten families may live in each, but they are organised differently on the inside.

Vietnam

A Mnong longhouse in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Tây Nguyên, translated as Western Highlands and sometimes also called Central Highlands, is one of the regions of Vietnam.

The M'nong and E De of Vietnam also have a tradition of building long houses (Nhà dài) that may be 30 to 40 m long. The Mnong or M'nong (Vietnamese M'Nông are an ethnic group from Vietnam (92451 in 1999 The E De (also Ê Đê, Rhade, or Rade) are an ethnic group of the Hill Cham agglomeration of southern Vietnam (population 270348 Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially ^[1] In contrast to the jungle versions of Borneo these sport shorter stilts and seem to use a veranada in front of a short (gable) side as main entrance.

Nepal

The Tharu people are indigenous people living in the Terai plains on the border of Nepal and India. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The Terai ("moist land" is a belt of marshy Grasslands Savannas and Forests at the base of the Himalaya range in India Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A smaller number of Tharus live in India, mostly in Champaran District of Bihar and in Nainital District of Uttar Pradesh. Champaran is a historic region around, which now forms the East Champaran district, and the West Champaran district in Bihar. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Nainital is a district of Uttarakhand state India. The headquarter is at Nainital. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U ^[2] The Tharu live in longhouses which may hold up to 150 people. In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world The longhouses are built of mud with lattice walls^[3] They grow barley, wheat, maize, and rice, as well as raise animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and goats. A lath is a thin narrow strip of some straight-grained wood or other material including Metal or Gypsum. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many In the big rivers, they use large nets to fish. ^[4]

Because the Tharu lived in isolation in malarial swamps until the recent use of DDT, they developed a style of decorating the walls, rice containers and other objects in their environment. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long The Tharu women transform outer walls and verandahs of their homes into colorful paintings dedicated to Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity and fertility. A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porchIt is also described as an open pillared gallery generally roofed built around a central structure Lakshmi or Mahalakshmi (pronunciation; Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी lakṣmī) is the Hindu Goddess of Wealth A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

All Around The World

Each longhouse was covered on the sides with ropelike grass and tree bark. Its roof was made of bark and strenthened with animal skins. If the skins and bark were peeled away, a frame of bent young trees would appear.

Notes and references

^ Vietnamese description of the Nhà dài of the Ê Đê
^ The Tharu Page. Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole An igloo ( Inuit language: iglu, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ "house" plural iglooit or igluit, but in English A tipi' (also teepee, tepee) is a conical Tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized by the Native Americans The Dualchas Building Design group is an Architecture practice based on the Isle of Skye in the Highlands of Scotland. WigWam is a duo comprising Alex James, the Bassist from Blur and vocalist Betty Boo. Retrieved on 2006-12-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
^ Photo of building a wall. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
^ Gurkas, Brahmans, Cchetris, Tharu. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev

Bibliography

For the Longhouses in Sarawak on Borneo these books were used as sources among others:

Morrison, Hedda. [1962] (Fifth impression 1974). Life in a Longhouse

- Borneo Literature Bureau Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Printed in Hong Kong by Dai Nippon Printing Co. (Int. ) Ltd. - with translations to Malay, Iban and Chinese (Pendiau Dirumah Panjai - Kehidupan Di-Rumah Panjang). Short introduction text followed by the photo section (ca. 170) with quite detailed descriptions to each photo in the four languages.

Dickson, M. G. [1962] (Third edition (revised) 1968). Sarawak and its People

- Borneo Literature Bureau. Printed in Hong Kong by Dai Nippon Printing Co. (Int. ) Ltd. Basic school book keeping the language simple and explaining things so children unaware of the world outside of their village can easily understand. Yet, as school books often are, very rich in information. On page 100 is a drawing of a longhouse (cut open) with a detailed description. Some of the photos are from Hedda Morrison - see her book "Life in a Longhouse"

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