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| Locale | Greater London, Chiltern, Epping Forest, Three Rivers and Watford |
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| Transit type | Rapid transit |
| Began operation | 1863 |
| System length | 250 miles / 400 km (approximate[1]) |
| No. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. Quality of Rural Life In May 2008 the district was named by the Halifax bank as having the best rural quality of life anywhere in Britain Settlement The north east of the district is rural and sparsely populated for an area so close to London; it includes the town of Chipping Ongar and surrounding Politics District council Three Rivers is a Non-metropolitan district that elects one-third of its councillors at any one time three times every four years Watford (ˈwɒtfəd) is a town and district in Hertfordshire, England, situated 19 miles (30 km northwest of London A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common of lines | 11 |
| No. of stations | 268 served (250 owned) |
| Daily ridership | 4. 25 million (approximate) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in) (standard gauge) |
| Operator(s) | Transport for London |
| Part of a series of articles on The Tube |
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The London Underground is a metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire in England. Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. The history of the London Underground is one of gradual evolution The Infrastructure of the London Underground includes 11 lines which serve 268 stations by rail Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of London Underground stations. The history of London Underground 's rolling stock is as complex as the history of the network itself The London Underground has long provided inspiration in various areas of popular culture The tube map is the Schematic diagram representing the lines stations and zones of London 's Rapid transit rail system the London Underground A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. It is the world's oldest underground railway system. Services began on 10 January 1863 on the Metropolitan Railway. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Metropolitan Railway (MetR and the Metropolitan District Railway (District were the first two underground railways to be built in London, creating the world's [2] Despite its name, about 55% of the network is above ground. It is commonly called the Underground and the Tube from the shape of the system's deep-bore tunnels. A tunnel boring machine ( TBM) is a machine used to excavate Tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata.
The earlier lines of the present London Underground system, built by various companies, became part of an integrated passenger transport system (which excluded the main line railways) in 1933 under the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). The board The LPTB had seven members a chairman and six other members The underground network became a separate entity when London Underground Limited (LUL) was set up by the UK government in 1985. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at [3] Since 2003 LUL has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, which is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London[4]. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see
The Underground has 268 stations and approximately 400 km (250 miles) of track[1], making it the longest underground railway in the world by route length, and one of the most served in terms of stations. A metro station is a railway station for a Rapid transit system often known by names such as "metro" "underground" and "subway" In 2007, over one billion passenger journeys were recorded. [5]
Contents |
History
Railway construction in the United Kingdom began in the early 19th century. The history of the London Underground is one of gradual evolution The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar By 1850 six separate railway termini had been built just outside the centre of London: London Bridge, Euston, Paddington, King's Cross, Bishopsgate, Waterloo. London Bridge station is a National Rail and London Underground station in the London Borough of Southwark, which occupies a large area on two levels immediately Euston station (official name London Euston) is a major Railway station to the north of central London in the London Borough of Camden London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station King's Cross station is a major railway terminus opened in 1852 Bishopsgate station is a closed railway station that was located on Shoreditch High Street ( A10) in London. Only Fenchurch Street station was located in the City of London itself. Fenchurch Street is a railway station in the south eastern corner of the City of London close by the Tower of London and two miles (3 For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically Traffic congestion in London had increased in this period, partly due to the need for rail travellers to complete their journeys into the city centre by road. An underground railway to link the City of London with the mainline termini was first proposed in the 1830s, but it was not until the 1850s that the idea was taken seriously as a solution to the traffic congestion problems. [6]
The first underground railways
In 1854 an Act of Parliament was passed approving the construction of an underground railway between Paddington Station and Farringdon Street via King's Cross, which was to be called the Metropolitan Railway. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station Farringdon station is a London Underground and National Rail station in Clerkenwell, just north of the City of London in the London Borough King's Cross station is a major railway terminus opened in 1852 The Metropolitan Railway (MetR and the Metropolitan District Railway (District were the first two underground railways to be built in London, creating the world's This was to be built with the support of the Great Western Railway, who helped fund the project on the grounds that a junction would be built with their mainline terminus at Paddington. The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West Paddington is an area of the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. However construction did not begin until February 1860 due to financial problems. The fact that this project got underway at all was largely due to the lobbying of Charles Pearson, who was Solicitor to the City of London at the time. Charles Pearson (October 1793 - September 1862 was Solicitor to the City of London and an early promoter of the need for an underground railway in central London A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically In 1859 he finally persuaded the City of London Corporation to help fund the scheme. The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London.
The Metropolitan was opened to the public on January 10, 1863. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [2] It was the world's first urban underground passenger-carrying railway. Within a few months of opening it was carrying over 26,000 passengers a day. [7]. A year later the line was extended to Hammersmith in the west and a year after that it was extended to Moorgate in the east. Hammersmith is a London Underground station in Hammersmith. It is the western terminus of the Hammersmith & City Line. Moorgate station is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London, on Moorgate, north of London Wall. Most of this original route is now part of the Hammersmith and City Line. The Hammersmith and City line is a line of the London Underground, coloured salmon pink on the London Underground Map, running between Hammersmith in Later in the decade other branches were opened to Swiss Cottage, South Kensington and Addison Road, Kensington (now known as Kensington Olympia). Swiss Cottage tube station is a London Underground station at Swiss Cottage. South Kensington is a London Underground station in Kensington, west London. Kensington Olympia station is a National Rail and London Underground station in West London.
On December 24, 1868, the Metropolitan District Railway began operating services between South Kensington and Westminster using Metropolitan Railway trains and carriages. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Metropolitan Railway (MetR and the Metropolitan District Railway (District were the first two underground railways to be built in London, creating the world's South Kensington is a London Underground station in Kensington, west London. For other items relating to Westminster see Westminster (disambiguation Westminster is a London Underground station in the The company, which soon became known as "the District", was first incorporated in 1864 to complete an Inner Circle railway around London in conjunction with the Metropolitan. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This was part of a plan to build both an Inner Circle line and Outer Circle line around London.
The Metropolitan and the District were initially friendly to each other. They shared four directors and the two companies were widely expected to merge once the Inner Circle was completed. However a fierce rivalry soon developed when the independent directors on the District board became disattisfied with the performance of the Metropolitan service providers. On 3 January 1870 the Metropolitan informed the District that operating agreements would cease in 18 months. The four Metropolitan directors serving on the District board subsequently resigned. This severely delayed the completion of the Inner Circle project as the two companies competed to build far more financially lucrative railways in the suburbs of London. In 1870 the District completed its route between West Brompton and Blackfriars, with an interchange with the Metropolitan at South Kensington. West Brompton is a Network Rail West London Line (WLL and London Underground District Line station in west London. London Blackfriars station is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London. Over the decade the Metropolitan was extended to Harrow in the north-west whilst the District was extended to Ealing, Richmond and Fulham in the west and south-west. Ealing Broadway is a National Rail and London Underground station in Ealing in west London. Richmond station is a London Underground and National Rail station located in Richmond in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in Fulham (pronounced "fullum" is an area of south-west London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, (the successor to the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham The Inner Circle was finally completed in 1884. Attempts were made to establish an Outer Circle route, but this idea was later dropped. The Outer Circle was a railway route in London operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries over tracks which are now mainly owned by Network Rail but include Due to the rivalry that ensued between the Metropolitan and the District, the Inner Circle was not operated as a single service until the full integration of London's underground railways in the 1930s. The railway was renamed the Circle line in 1949. The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground.
The early tunnels were dug mainly using cut-and-cover construction methods. A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon This caused widespread disruption and required the demolition of several properties on the surface. The first trains were steam-hauled, which required effective ventilation to the surface. Ventilation shafts at various points on the route allowed the engines to expel steam and bring fresh air into the tunnels. One such vent is at Leinster Gardens, W2. [8] In order to preserve the visual characteristics in what is still a well-to-do street, a five-foot-thick (1. 5 m) concrete façade was constructed to resemble a genuine house frontage.
On December 7, 1869 the East London Railway started operating services between Wapping and New Cross Gate (then known as New Cross) using the Thames Tunnel designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. Wapping was a London Underground station near Wapping in east London, England. New Cross Gate station is a railway station in New Cross, London. The Thames Tunnel is an underwater tunnel built beneath the River Thames in London. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. This had originally opened in 1843 as a pedestrian tunnel, but it was purchased by the East London Railway in 1865 and it was converted into a railway tunnel. The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map.
By the end of the 1880s, underground railway services reached Chesham on the Metropolitan, Hounslow and Wimbledon on the District and Shoreditch and New Cross on the East London Railway. Chesham lies at the end of the Chesham branch of the Metropolitan line, and opened 8 July 1889 as the original northern terminus of the Wimbledon station is a National Rail, London Underground, and Tramlink station located in Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton Shoreditch tube station is a former London Underground station in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London. See also the nearby New Cross Gate station, formerly called New Cross as well By the end of the 19th century, the Metropolitan had extended its lines far outside of London to Aylesbury, Verney Junction and Brill, creating new suburbs along the route. Aylesbury railway station is the only Railway station in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. Verney Junction is a hamlet in the Parish of Middle Claydon in north Buckinghamshire, England. The Wotton estate Wotton House (built 1704-14 was the second seat of the Grenvilles of Stowe and was usually occupied by the family's eldest son the heir to Right up until the 1930s the company pursued ambitions to maintain the railway as a main-line operation rather than a rapid transit service.
The first tube lines
Following advances in the use of tunnelling shields, electric traction and deep-level tunnel designs, later railways were built further underground. A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel This caused far less disruption at ground level than the cut-and-cover construction method. It was therefore cheaper and preferable.
The City & South London Railway (C&SLR, now part of the Northern Line) opened in 1890, between Stockwell and King William Street (Now Bank and Monument). The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. Stockwell tube station is a London Underground station in Stockwell, in the London Borough of Lambeth. For the station called Monument on the Tyne and Wear Metro, see Monument Metro station It was the first "deep-level" electrically operated railway in the world. By 1900 it had been extended at both ends, to Clapham Common in the south and Moorgate Street (via a diversion) in the north. Clapham Common tube station is a station on London Underground 's Northern Line. The second such railway, the Waterloo and City Railway, opened in 1898. The Waterloo & City line is a short underground Railway line in London, which formally opened on 11 July 1898 It was built and run by the London and South Western Railway and subsequently it was not incorporated into the Underground when the rival companies began to integrate their services in the 1900s. The London and South Western Railway (L&SWR was a Railway company in England from 1838 to 1922
On July 30, 1900 the Central London Railway (now known as the Central Line) was opened, operating services from Bank to Shepherd's Bush. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. It was nicknamed the "Twopenny Tube" for its flat fare and cylindrical tunnels; the "tube" nickname was eventually transferred to the Underground system as a whole. An interchange with the C&SLR was provided at Bank. Construction had also begun in August 1898 on another line, the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway. The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. However work on this railway came to a halt eighteen months after it began when funds ran out.
Into the 20th century
In the early 20th century, the presence of six independent operators running different Underground lines caused passengers substantial inconvenience; in many places passengers had to walk some distance above ground to change between lines. The costs associated with running such a system were also heavy, and as a result many companies looked to financiers who could give them the money they needed to expand into the lucrative suburbs as well as electrify the earlier steam operated lines. The most prominent of these was Charles Yerkes, an American tycoon who during 1900 and 1902 acquired the District and the as yet unbuilt Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (later to become part of the Northern Line). Charles Tyson Yerkes ( June 25, 1837 &ndash December 29, 1905) was an American financier born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map.
Yerkes also acquired the Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway (jointly to become the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway, the core of the modern Piccadilly Line) and the moribund Baker Street & Waterloo Railway to form Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd (UERL) on April 9, 1902. The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited (UERL was the Holding company for three of the new deep-level "tube" underground Railway Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting That company also owned three tramway companies and went on to buy the London General Omnibus Company, creating an organisation colloquially known as "the Combine". The London General Omnibus Company or LGOC, was the principal Bus operator in London between 1855 and 1933
Before those schemes were implemented the independent Great Northern & City Railway opened in 1904 between Finsbury Park and Moorgate. Finsbury Park Station is a busy transport interchange in North London. Moorgate station is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London, on Moorgate, north of London Wall. It was the only tube line of sufficient diameter to be capable of handling main-line sized stock, but remained separate from the main line network. It was bought out by the Metropolitan in 1913.
By 1904 the District had opened its South Harrow branch and the MetR opened its Uxbridge branch. South Harrow is a London Underground station on the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly Line. Uxbridge is a London Underground station in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, north-west London. In 1905 most of the lines of the Metropolitan and District were finally electrified. District railway trains eventually reached Uxbridge when the link to the Metropolitan at Rayners Lane was completed in 1910. Rayners Lane is a London Underground station in the district of Rayners Lane in north west London, amid a 1930s development originally named Harrow
The Baker Street & Waterloo Railway opened in 1906, soon rebadging itself the Bakerloo, and by 1907 had been extended to Edgware Road in the north and Elephant & Castle in the south. The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. Edgware Road tube station is a name shared by two separate stations on the London Underground. Elephant & Castle tube station, is a station on the London Underground system The Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton also opened in 1907 between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith; the single station branch to Strand (later Aldwych) opened in 1907. The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR) opened in 1907 from Charing Cross to Camden Town, with two northward branches, one to Golders Green, one to Highgate (now Archway). Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross in the City of Westminster with entrances located in Trafalgar Square Camden Town tube station is a major junction on the Northern Line and one of the busiest stations on the London Underground network Golders Green tube station is a London Underground station in Golders Green, north London. Highgate tube station is a London Underground station on Archway Road, Highgate, not far from Highgate Village in north London.
By 1907 the C&SLR had been extended northwards to Euston, making an interchange there with the CCE&HR, and with main lines at Kings Cross, St Pancras and Euston. Euston tube station is a London Underground station served by the Victoria Line and both branches of the Northern Line (not to be confused with nearby
In early 1908 the underground railway operators agreed to promote their services jointly as "the Underground", creating a free publicity map of the network in the process. New station signs and ticketing arrangements were also put into place.
The 1910s and 1920s
On 1 January 1913 the UERL absorbed two other independent tube lines, the City & South London Railway (now part of the Northern line) and the Central London Railway. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map.
As the monopoly of the Combine asserted itself, only the Metropolitan Railway stayed away from this process of integration, retaining pretensions of being considered to be a main-line railway. The Metropolitan Railway (MetR and the Metropolitan District Railway (District were the first two underground railways to be built in London, creating the world's Proposals were put forward for a merger between the two companies in 1913 but the plan was rejected by the Metropolitan.
The Bakerloo line extension to Queen's Park was completed in 1915, and the service extended to Watford Junction via the London and North Western Railway tracks in 1917. Queen's Park station is a Network Rail station served by London Underground and London Overground with some unadvertised London Midland services Watford Junction station is a railway station in Watford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR L&NWR was a Railway company of the United Kingdom which existed between 1846 and 1922 The extension of the Central line to Ealing Broadway was delayed by the war to 1920. Ealing Broadway is a National Rail and London Underground station in Ealing in west London.
The major development of the 1920s was the integration of the CCE&HR and the C&SLR and extensions to form what was to become the Northern line. This necessitated enlargement of the older parts of the C&SLR, requiring temporary closures, during 1922—24. The Golders Green branch was extended to Edgware in 1924, and the southern end was extended to Morden in 1926. Golders Green tube station is a London Underground station in Golders Green, north London. Edgware tube station is a London Underground station in Edgware, in the London Borough of Barnet, in North London. Morden station is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton.
The Watford branch of the Metropolitan was opened in 1925. Watford is a station at the end of the Watford branch of London Underground 's Metropolitan Line in the north-western part of the network in Zone 7
The 1930s and 1940s
The Metropolitan opened its branch to Stanmore in 1932. Stanmore tube station is a London Underground station at Stanmore. This and the realigned Metropolitan slow lines between Finchley Road and Wembley Park were taken over in 1939 by the Bakerloo, itself extended in new deep-level tunnels from Baker Street to Finchley Road (in turn the Jubilee line took over these lines in 1979). Finchley Road tube station is a London Underground station at the corner of Finchley Road and Canfield Gardens in the London Borough of Camden, Wembley Park tube station is a London Underground station in Wembley Park, Greater London. The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. Baker Street tube station is a station on the London Underground located at the junction of Baker Street and the Marylebone Road.
The last major extensions applied by the Combine were to the Piccadilly line. By 1933 the Cockfosters branch was complete, and at the western end through services were running (via realigned tracks between Hammersmith and Acton Town) to Hounslow West and Uxbridge. Cockfosters is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line for which it is the northern terminus Acton Town is a London Underground station in Acton, west London, and is served by the Piccadilly and District Lines Hounslow West is a London Underground station in Hounslow in west London. Uxbridge is a London Underground station in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, north-west London.
In 1933 the Combine, the Metropolitan and all the municipal and independent bus and tram undertakings were merged into the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), a self-supporting and unsubsidised public corporation which came into being on 1 July 1933. The board The LPTB had seven members a chairman and six other members "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The LPTB soon became more widely known as "London Transport" (LT), its shortened title.
London Transport set in motion a scheme for the expansion of the network, the 1935–1940 New Works Programme. The "New Works Programme 1935 - 1940" was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB commonly known as London Transport This consisted of plans to extend some lines, to take over the operation of others from the main-line railway companies, and to electrify the entire network. During the 1930s and 1940s, several sections of main-line railway were converted into (surface) lines of the Underground. The oldest part of today's Underground network is the Central line between Leyton and Loughton, which opened as a railway seven years before the Underground itself. Leyton tube station is a London Underground station at Leyton. Loughton is a London Underground station some two miles north of the Greater London boundary in the Epping Forest district of Essex.
The outbreak of World War II delayed all these schemes. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including From mid-1940, the Blitz led to the use of many Underground stations as shelters during air raids and overnight. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. For the general article about fortified structures see Bunker. Strategic bombing is a Military strategy used in a Total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather The authorities initially tried to prevent this, but later supplied bunks, latrines, and catering facilities. A latrine (from Latin lavatrina a privy is a structure (usually small holding a single person for Defecation. Catering is the Business of providing Foodservice at a remote site Later in the war, eight London deep-level shelters were constructed under stations, ostensibly to be used as shelters (each deep-level shelter could hold 8,000 people) though plans were in place to convert them for a new express line parallel to the Northern line after the war. The London deep-level shelters are eight deep-level Air-raid shelters that were built under London Underground stations during World War II. Some stations (now mostly disused) were converted into government offices: for example, Down Street was used for the headquarters of the Railway Executive Committee and was also used for meetings of the War Cabinet before the Cabinet War Rooms were completed;[9] Brompton Road was used as a control room for anti-aircraft guns and the remains of the surface building are still used by London's University Royal Naval Unit (URNU) and University London Air Squadron (ULAS). Down Street, also known as Down Street (Mayfair, was a station of the London Underground 's Piccadilly Line which closed in 1932 A War Cabinet is a committee formed by a government in time of war The Cabinet War Rooms now known as the Churchill Museum, were constructed in 1938 and were heavily used by Winston Churchill during World War II. Brompton Road tube station is a disused station on the Piccadilly Line of the London Underground. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces
Post-war developments
On 1 January 1948 London Transport was nationalised by the incumbent Labour government and incorporated into the operations of the British Transport Commission (BTC). New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The British Transport Commission (BTC was created by Clement Attlee 's post-war Labour government as a part of its nationalisation programme to oversee The LTPB was replaced by the London Transport Executive. Creation The organisation was created by the Transport Act 1947 and replaced the London Passenger Transport Board.
One of the last acts of the LTPB was the go-ahead for the completion of the postponed Central line extensions. The western extension to West Ruislip was completed in 1948, and the eastern extension to Epping in 1949; the single-line branch from Epping to Ongar was taken over and electrified in 1957, it was abandoned in 1994. West Ruislip is a Network Rail station located on Ickenham Road between Ickenham and Ruislip in western Greater London; it is served by Epping on the London Underground is the eastern terminus of the Central Line.
The BTC prioritised the reconstruction of its main-line railways, which had also been nationalised, over the maintenance of the Underground. Although it committed itself to the completion of the New Works Programme, many of the original plans were shelved. The "New Works Programme 1935 - 1940" was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB commonly known as London Transport However the BTC did authorise the completion of the electrification of the network, seeking to replace steam locomotives on the parts of the system where they still operated. This phase of the programme was completed when the Metropolitan Line was electrified to Chesham in 1960. The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground, coloured Magenta on the Tube map. Chesham lies at the end of the Chesham branch of the Metropolitan line, and opened 8 July 1889 as the original northern terminus of the Steam locomotives were fully withdrawn from London Underground passenger services on 9 September 1961 - when British Railways took over the operations of the Metropolitan line between Amersham and Aylesbury. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also Rail transport in Great Britain, National Rail, Network Rail This article is about the defunct entity "British Railways" Amersham station is a Railway station serving Amersham in Buckinghamshire. Aylesbury railway station is the only Railway station in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.
In 1963 the London Transport Executive was replaced by the London Transport Board, directly accountable to the Ministry of Transport. See also Anthony Bull - Chairman 1965 to 1970 History of transport in London (1933-2003 On 1 January 1970, the Greater London Council (GLC) took over responsibility for London Transport. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Greater London Council (GLC was the top-tier Local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986
The first real post-war investment in the network came with the carefully planned Victoria Line, which was built on a diagonal northeast-southwest alignment beneath Central London, incorporating centralised signalling control and automatically driven trains which opened in stages between 1968 and 1971. Victoria Line train leaving depotjpg|thumb|right|300px|1967 Stock train leaving Northumberland Park Depot]] The Victoria line is part of the London Underground The term Central London refers to the districts of London England which are considered closest to the centre The Piccadilly line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977, and the Jubilee line was opened in 1979, taking over part of the Bakerloo line, with new tunnels between Baker Street and Charing Cross. Heathrow Terminals 1 2 3 is a London Underground station at Heathrow Airport on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly Line. Baker Street tube station is a station on the London Underground located at the junction of Baker Street and the Marylebone Road. Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross in the City of Westminster with entrances located in Trafalgar Square
In 1984, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government removed London Transport from the GLC's control, replacing it with London Regional Transport (LRT) - a statutory corporation for which the Secretary of State for Transport was directly responsible. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. See also History of transport in London (1933-2003 The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. The government planned to modernise the system whilst slashing its subsidy from taxpayers and ratepayers at the same time. As part of this strategy London Underground Limited was set up in 1985, as a wholly owned subsidiary of LRT, to run the network on LRT's behalf. This period saw the introduction of automatic ticketing machines and network-wide Travelcards. Travelcard is an inter-modal ticket valid for a period of time varying from one day to a year for use on most Public transport in London. In 1994, with the privatisation of British Rail, LRT took control of the Waterloo and City line, incorporating it into the Underground network for the first time. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business See also Rail transport in Great Britain, National Rail, Network Rail This article is about the defunct entity "British Railways" In 1999 the Jubilee line extension to Stratford in London's East End was begun. Stratford station is a Railway station in Stratford, Newham, East London on National Rail, London Underground and This plan included the opening of a completely refurbished interchange station at Westminster. For other items relating to Westminster see Westminster (disambiguation Westminster is a London Underground station in the The Jubilee line's old terminal platforms at Charing Cross were abandoned but maintained operable for emergencies.
Into the 21st century
Transport for London (TfL) replaced LRT in 2000, a development that coincided with the creation of a directly elected Mayor of London and the Greater London Assembly. The London Assembly is an elected body part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power with a two-thirds
In January 2003 the Underground began operating as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), whereby the infrastructure and rolling stock were maintained by two private companies (Metronet and Tube Lines) under 30-year contracts, whilst London Underground Limited remained publicly owned and operated by TfL. Public-private partnership ( PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more Metronet Rail is a brand within the Transport for London group that is responsible for the maintenance renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure on nine London Underground Tube Lines Limited was previously known as JNP during the shadow running of the infraco it is currently a private company responsible for the maintenance renewal and upgrade of the
There was much controversy over the implementation of the PPP. Supporters of the change claimed that the private sector would eliminate the inefficiencies of public sector enterprises and take on the risks associated with running the network, while opponents said that the need to make profits would reduce the investment and public service aspects of the Underground. There has since been criticism of the performance of the private companies; for example the January 2007 edition of The Londoner,[10] a newsletter published periodically by the Greater London Authority, listed Metronet's mistakes of 2006 under the headline Metronet guilty of 'inexcusable failures'. The Londoner is a Newsletter in the style of a Newspaper published by the Mayor of London and delivered free to most households in Greater
Metronet was placed into administration on 18 July 2007. Administration is a procedure under the Insolvency laws of a number of Common law jurisdictions which functions as a rescue mechanism for insolvent companies Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [11] [12]TfL has since taken over Metronet's outstanding commitments.
The UK government has made concerted efforts to find another private firm to fill the vacuum left by the liquidation of Metronet. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at Metronet Rail is a brand within the Transport for London group that is responsible for the maintenance renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure on nine London Underground However only TfL has expressed a viable interest in taking over Metronet's responsibilities so far. Even though Tube Lines appears to be stable, this has put the long-term future of the PPP scheme in doubt. Tube Lines Limited was previously known as JNP during the shadow running of the infraco it is currently a private company responsible for the maintenance renewal and upgrade of the The case for PPP was also weakened in 2008 when it was revealed that the demise of Metronet had cost the UK government £2 billion. The five private companies that made up the Metronet alliance had to pay £70m each towards paying off the debts acquired by the consortium. But due to a deal struck with the government in 2003, when the PPP scheme began operating, the companies were protected from any further liability. The UK taxpayer therefore had to foot the rest of the bill. This undermined the argument that the PPP would place the risks involved in running the network into the hands of the private sector. [13]
Transport for London
Transport for London (TfL) was created in 2000 as the integrated body responsible for London's transport system. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. It replaced London Regional Transport. It assumed control of London Underground Limited in July 2003. [14]
TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules. The Greater London Authority ( GLA) is the city-wide governing body for London, England. [15] It has three subsidiaries: London Transport Insurance Guernsey Ltd, the TfL Pension Fund Trustee Company and Transport Trading Ltd (TTL). TTL has six wholly-owned subsidiaries, one of which is London Underground Limited. [16]
The TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London. The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see The Mayor also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London. However the day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London, who is currently Peter Hendy. Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous Peter Hendy, CBE, (born 19 March 1953 started his career in the Public transport industry in 1975 as a London Transport graduate trainee The first Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, chose to chair the TfL Board himself. Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician. His successor, Boris Johnson, has nominated Tim Parker for the task, subject to the approval of the Greater London Assembly. Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964 is a British Politician and Journalist. [17]
The Mayor is responsible for producing an integrated transport strategy for London and for consulting the GLA, TfL, local councils and others on the strategy. The Mayor is also responsible for setting TfL's budget. The GLA is consulted on the Mayor's transport strategy, and inspects and approves the Mayor's budget. It is able to summon the Mayor and senior staff to account for TfL's performance. London TravelWatch, a body appointed by and reporting to the Assembly, deals with complaints about transport in London. [18]
Infrastructure
Stations and lines
The London Underground's 11 lines are the Bakerloo line, Central line, Circle line, District line, Hammersmith & City line, Jubilee line, Metropolitan line, Northern line, Piccadilly line, Victoria line, and Waterloo & City line. The Infrastructure of the London Underground includes 11 lines which serve 268 stations by rail The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground. The District line is a line of the London Underground, coloured green on the Tube map. The Hammersmith and City line is a line of the London Underground, coloured salmon pink on the London Underground Map, running between Hammersmith in The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground ("the Tube" in the United Kingdom. The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground, coloured Magenta on the Tube map. The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. Victoria Line train leaving depotjpg|thumb|right|300px|1967 Stock train leaving Northumberland Park Depot]] The Victoria line is part of the London Underground The Waterloo & City line is a short underground Railway line in London, which formally opened on 11 July 1898 Until 2007 there was a twelfth line, the East London line, but this has closed for conversion work and will be transferred to the London Overground when it reopens in 2010. The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. London Overground (LO is a Commuter rail service in London UK.
The Underground serves 268 stations by rail; an additional six stations that were on the East London line are currently served by Underground replacement buses. A metro station is a railway station for a Rapid transit system often known by names such as "metro" "underground" and "subway" Fourteen Underground stations are outside Greater London, of which five (Amersham, Chalfont & Latimer, Chesham, Chorleywood, Epping) are beyond the M25 London Orbital motorway. Amersham station is a Railway station serving Amersham in Buckinghamshire. Chalfont and Latimer station is a station in Travelcard Zone 8 (previously zone C on the Metropolitan line Chesham lies at the end of the Chesham branch of the Metropolitan line, and opened 8 July 1889 as the original northern terminus of the Chorleywood station is a London Underground and National Rail station in Travelcard Zone 7 (previously zone B on the Metropolitan line Epping on the London Underground is the eastern terminus of the Central Line. To see information about the M25 motorway under construction in Ireland, see N25 road. Of the 32 London boroughs, six (Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Sutton and Hackney) are not served by the Underground network. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. The London Borough of Bexley ( is a London borough in south east Greater London which forms with other boroughs part of Outer London. The London Borough of Bromley ( is a London borough of south east London, England and forms part of Outer London. The London Borough of Croydon ( is a London borough in South London, England and is part of Outer London. The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames ( is a borough in south-west London, England. The London Borough of Sutton ( is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Outer London. The London Borough of Hackney ( is a London borough in North-East London and forms part of Inner London.
Lines on the Underground can be classified into two types: subsurface and deep-level. The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground, coloured Magenta on the Tube map. The A60 Stock is a class of sub-surface Train run on the London Underground, and was built in 1960 by Cravens of Sheffield for the extension The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. The 1973 Tube Stock operates on the Piccadilly Line of the London Underground, and was introduced in 1975 for the opening of the extension to Heathrow Central (now Rayners Lane is a London Underground station in the district of Rayners Lane in north west London, amid a 1930s development originally named Harrow The subsurface lines were dug by the cut-and-cover method, with the tracks running about 5 m (16 ft 5 in) below the surface. A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon The deep-level or tube lines, bored using a tunnelling shield, run about 20 m (65 ft 7 in) below the surface (although this varies considerably), with each track in a separate tunnel. A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel These tunnels can have a diameter as small as 3. 56 m (11 ft 8 in) and the loading gauge is thus considerably smaller than on the subsurface lines. A loading gauge is the envelope or contoured shape within which all Railroad cars, Locomotives coaches Buses Trucks and other Lines of both types usually emerge onto the surface outside the central area.
While the tube lines are for the most part self-contained, the subsurface lines are part of an interconnected network: Each shares track with at least two other lines. The subsurface arrangement is somewhat similar to the New York City Subway, which also runs separate "lines" over shared tracks. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency
Rolling stock and electrification
The Underground uses rolling stock built between 1960 and 2005. The fleet of 1996 Stock running on the London Underground 's Jubilee Line is currently the most modern on the network The history of London Underground 's rolling stock is as complex as the history of the network itself Stock on subsurface lines is identified by a letter (such as A Stock, used on the Metropolitan line), while tube stock is identified by the year in which it was designed (for example, 1996 Stock, used on the Jubilee line). The A60 Stock is a class of sub-surface Train run on the London Underground, and was built in 1960 by Cravens of Sheffield for the extension The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground, coloured Magenta on the Tube map. The fleet of 1996 Stock running on the London Underground 's Jubilee Line is currently the most modern on the network All lines are worked by a single type of stock except the District line, which uses both C and D Stock. The District line is a line of the London Underground, coloured green on the Tube map. C Stock is the name given to the trains currently running on London Underground 's Circle and Hammersmith & City lines as well as on the District Two types of stock are currently being developed — 2009 Stock for the Victoria line and S stock for the subsurface lines, with the Metropolitan line A Stock being replaced first. The 2009 stock (previously designated 2005 stock) is a type of London Underground train currently under construction by Bombardier Transportation for The S Stock is a class of sub-surface Train currently under construction by Bombardier for the London Underground to replace ageing A60 and A62 Rollout of both is expected to begin about 2009. In addition to the Electric Multiple Units described above, there are Engineering Stock, such as ballast trains and brake vans. An electric multiple unit or EMU is a Multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using Electricity as the motive power Over the years London Underground has acquired various types of engineering stock to help with the construction of new lines and maintenance of existing lines They are identified by a 1-3 letter prefix, then a number.
The Underground is one of the few networks in the world that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that on third-rail and overhead networks is provided by the running rails. On the Underground a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energised at +420 V DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is centrally between the running rails, at -210 V DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630 V DC.
Cooling
In summer, temperatures on parts of the London Underground can become very uncomfortable due to its deep and poorly ventilated tube tunnels: temperatures as high as 47 °C (117 °F) were reported in the 2006 European heat wave. In summer temperatures on parts of the London Underground can become very uncomfortable due to its deep and poorly ventilated tube tunnels temperatures as high as 47° Country-by-country Belgium Belgium experienced two heat waves in July 2006 [19] Posters may be observed on the Underground network advising that passengers carry a bottle of water to help keep cool. [20]
Planned improvements
There are many planned improvements to the London Underground. Ealing Common is a London Underground station on the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly Line, and on the Ealing Broadway branch of the The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. A new station opened on the Piccadilly line at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 on 27 March 2008 and is the first extension of the London Underground since 1999. Heathrow Terminal 5 station is a shared railway station at London 's Heathrow Airport, and opened on March 27 2008. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [21][22] Each line is being upgraded to improve capacity and reliability, with new computerised signalling, automatic train operation (ATO), track replacement and station refurbishment, and, where needed, new rolling stock. Automatic train operation (ATO ensures partial or complete automatic Train piloting and driverless functions A trial program for a groundwater cooling system in Victoria station took place in 2006 and 2007; it aimed to determine whether such a system would be feasible and effective if in widespread use. London Victoria is a major London Underground, National Rail and Coach station in the City of Westminster. [23] A trial of mobile phone coverage on the Waterloo & City line[24] aims to determine whether coverage can be extended across the rest of the Underground network. Although not part of London Underground, the Crossrail scheme will provide a new route across central London integrated with the tube network. Crossrail is a project to build major new Railway connections under central London.
The long proposed Chelsea-Hackney line which is planned to begin operation in 2025, may be part of the London Underground, which would mean it would give the network a new Northeast to South cross London line to provide more interchanges with other lines and relieve overcrowding on other lines. The Chelsea-Hackney (or "Chelney" line is a safeguarded route for an Underground railway running from south-west London to north-east London However it is still on the drawing board. It was first proposed in 1901 and has been in planning since then. In 2007 the line was passed over to Cross London Rail Ltd the current developers of Crossrail therefore the line may be either part of the London Underground network or the National Rail network. There are advantages and disadvantages for both.
Travelling
Ticketing
The Underground uses TfL's Travelcard zones to calculate fares. The London Underground metro system of London, England uses a mix of paper and electronic smart-card ticketing Travelcard is an inter-modal ticket valid for a period of time varying from one day to a year for use on most Public transport in London. Greater London is divided into 6 zones; Zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just beyond the Circle line, and Zone 6 is the outermost and includes London Heathrow Airport. Travelcard Zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for London 's zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within London Travelcard Zone 6 is the sixth outward concentric zone of the Transport for London zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within Stations on the Metropolitan line outside Greater London are in Zones 7-9. [25]
Travelcard zones 7-9 also apply on the Euston-Watford Junction line (part of the London Overground). With Watford High Street being within the zones, but as of April 2008, Watford Junction is outside of these zones and therefore a special fare applies.
There are staffed ticket offices, some open for limited periods only, and ticket machines usable at any time. Some machines that sell a limited range of tickets accept coins only, other touch-screen machines accept coins and banknotes, and usually give change. These machines also accept major credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
More recently, TfL has introduced the Oyster card, a smartcard with an embedded contactless RFID chip, that travellers can obtain, charge with credit, and use to pay for travel. The Oyster card is a form of electronic ticketing used on public transport services within the Greater London area of the United Kingdom. A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Like Travelcards they can be used on the Underground, buses, trams and the Docklands Light Railway. The Oyster card is cheaper to operate than cash ticketing or the older-style magnetic-strip-based Travelcards, and the Underground is encouraging passengers to use Oyster cards instead of Travelcards and cash (on buses) by implementing significant price differences. Oyster-based Travelcards can be used on National Rail throughout London. Pay as you go is available on a restricted, but increasing, number of routes. The acceptance of Oyster Card (pay as you go on National Rail in London, England has been limited to a restricted number of National Rail services since [26][27]
Penalty fares and fare evasion
In addition to automatic and staffed ticket gates, the Underground is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes ticket inspectors with hand-held Oyster card readers. The Oyster card is a form of electronic ticketing used on public transport services within the Greater London area of the United Kingdom. Passengers travelling without a ticket valid for their entire journey are required to pay at least a £20 penalty fare and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 under which they are subject to a fine of up to £1,000, or three months' imprisonment. On the United Kingdom 's Public transport systems a penalty fare is a special fare charged at a higher than normal price because the purchaser did not comply with The Regulation of Railways Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict c 57 was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom following the Armagh rail disaster. Oyster pre-pay users who have failed to 'touch in' at the start of their journey are charged the 'maximum cash fare' (£4, or £5 at some National Rail stations) upon 'touching out'. The Oyster card is a form of electronic ticketing used on public transport services within the Greater London area of the United Kingdom. National Rail is a brand name of the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC In addition, an Oyster card user who has failed to touch in at the start of their journey and who is detected mid-journey (i. e. on a train) by an Inspector is now liable to a penalty fare of £20. No £4 maximum charge will be applied at their destination as the inspector will apply an 'exit token' to their card.
It should be noted that whilst the Conditions of Carriage require period Travelcard holders to touch-in and touch-out at the start and end of their journey, any Oystercard user who has a valid period Travelcard covering their entire journey is not liable to pay a Penalty fare where they have not touched-in. Neither the Conditions of Carriage or Schedule 17 of the Greater London Authority Act 1999, which shows how and when Penalty fares can be issued, would allow the issuing of a Penalty fare to a traveller who had already paid the correct fare for their journey. The Greater London Authority Act 1999 (1999 c 29 is the Act of Parliament that established the Greater London Authority, the London Assembly
Delays
According to statistics obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, the average commuter on the Metropolitan line wasted three days, 10 hours and 25 minutes in 2006 due to delays (not including missed connections). [28] Between 17 September 2006 and 14 October 2006, figures show that 211 train services were delayed by more than 15 minutes. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [29] Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15 minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL. [30]
Hours of operation
The Underground does not run 24 hours a day, (except for at New Year and on major public events - such as the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002 and the Opening and Closing ceremony of the London Olympics in 2012) because the majority of lines have only two tracks (one in each direction) and therefore need to close at night for planned maintenance work. First trains on the network start operating around 04:30, running until around 01:30. Unlike systems such as the New York City Subway, few parts of the Underground have express tracks that would allow trains to be routed around maintenance sites. The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency Recently, greater use has been made of weekend closures of parts of the system for scheduled engineering work.
Accessibility
Accessibility by people with mobility issues was not considered when most of the system was built, and most older stations are inaccessible to disabled people. Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e More recent stations were designed for accessibility, but retrofitting accessibility features to old stations is at best prohibitively expensive and technically extremely difficult, and often impossible. Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems Even when there are already escalators or lifts, there are often steps between the lift or escalator landings and the platforms. An escalator is a Conveyor transport device for transporting people consisting of individual linked steps that move up or down on tracks which keep the treads An elevator or lift is a Transport device used to move people or goods vertically from one floor to another
Most stations on the surface have at least a short flight of stairs to gain access from street level, and the great majority of below-ground stations require use of stairs or some of the system's 410 escalators (each going at a speed of 145 ft (44 m) per minute, approximately 1. 65 mph (3 km/h)). There are also some lengthy walks and further flights of steps required to gain access to platforms. The emergency stairs at Covent Garden station have 193 steps (the equivalent climbing a 15-storey building) to reach the exit,[31] so passengers are advised to use the lifts as climbing the steps can be dangerous. Covent Garden is a London Underground station in Covent Garden.
The escalators in Underground stations include some of the longest in Europe, and all are custom-built. The longest escalator is at Angel station, 60 m (197 ft) long, with a vertical rise of 27. Angel tube station is a London Underground station in The Angel, Islington. 5 m (90 ft). [1] They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year, with 95% of them operational at any one time, and can cope with 13,000 passengers per hour. Convention and signage stipulate that people using escalators on the Underground stand on the right-hand side so as not to obstruct those who walk past them on the left.
TfL produces a map indicating which stations are accessible, and since 2004 line maps indicate with a wheelchair symbol those stations that provide step-free access from street level. A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits Step height from platform to train is up to 300 mm (11. 8 in), and there can be a large gap between the train and curved platforms. Only the Jubilee Line Extension is completely accessible. The Jubilee line extension is the extension of the London Underground Jubilee line from Green Park to Stratford, through south and east London
TfL plans that by 2020 there should be a network of over 100 fully accessible stations, consists of those recently built or rebuilt, and a handful of suburban stations that happen to have level access, along with selected 'key stations', which will be rebuilt. These key stations have been chosen due to high usage, interchange potential, and geographic spread, so that up to 75% of journeys will be achievable step-free. [32]
Overcrowding
Overcrowding on the Underground has been of concern, particularly at Camden Town station and Covent Garden, which merit access restrictions at certain times[33]. Camden Town tube station is a major junction on the Northern Line and one of the busiest stations on the London Underground network Covent Garden is a London Underground station in Covent Garden. Restrictions are introduced at other stations when necessary. Several stations have been rebuilt to deal with overcrowding issues, with Clapham Common and Clapham North on the Northern line being the last remaining stations with a single narrow platform with tracks on both sides. At particularly busy occasions, such as football matches, British Transport Police may be present to help with overcrowding. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The British Transport Police ( BTP) (Heddlu Trafnidiaeth Prydeinig is a Special police force empowered to police those railways and light-rail systems in On 24 September 2007, King's Cross underground station was totally closed due to "overcrowding". Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. According to a 2003 House of Commons report,[34] commuters face a "daily trauma" and are forced to travel in "intolerable conditions".
Safety
Accidents on the Underground network, which carries around a billion passengers a year, are rare. The London Underground network carries more than a billion passengers a year There is just one fatal accident for every 300 million journeys. [35] There are several safety warnings given to passengers, such as the traditional 'mind the gap' announcement and the regular announcements for passengers to keep behind the yellow line. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political "Mind the gap" is a warning to Train passengers to remind them of the sometimes significant gap between the train door and the Station platform. Relatively few accidents are caused by overcrowding on the platforms, and staff monitor platforms and passageways at busy times prevent people entering the system if they become overcrowded.
Most fatalities on the network are suicides. Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits beneath the track, originally constructed to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but they also help prevent death or serious injury when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train and aid access to the unfortunate person. [36]
Heathrow Stations
 Terminals 1-3 station |
 Terminal 4 Station |
 Terminal 4 Roundel |
 Terminal 5 Station |
Image
TfL's Tube map and "roundel" logo are instantly recognisable by any Londoner, almost any Briton, and many people around the world. The tube map is the Schematic diagram representing the lines stations and zones of London 's Rapid transit rail system the London Underground A roundel in Heraldry is any circular shape in military use it is an Emblem of nationality employed on military aircraft and air force flags generally round and A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) The original maps were often street maps with the lines superimposed, and the stylised Tube map evolved from a design by electrical engineer Harry Beck in 1931. Henry C Beck (1903&ndash1974 known as Harry Beck, was a graphic designer best known for creating the present London Underground Tube map in 1933 [37] Virtually every major urban rail system in the world now has a map in a similar stylised layout and many bus companies have also adopted the concept. TfL licences the sale of clothing and other accessories featuring its graphic elements and it takes legal action against unauthorised use of its trademarks and of the Tube map. Nevertheless, unauthorised copies of the logo continue to crop up worldwide. The phrase "mind the gap," played when trains stop at certain platforms, has also become a well known catchphrase. "Mind the gap" is a warning to Train passengers to remind them of the sometimes significant gap between the train door and the Station platform.
The roundel
The origins of the roundel, in earlier years known as the 'bulls-eye' or 'target', are obscure. A roundel in Heraldry is any circular shape in military use it is an Emblem of nationality employed on military aircraft and air force flags generally round and While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the 19th-century symbol of the London General Omnibus Company — a wheel with a bar across the centre bearing the word GENERAL — its usage on the Underground stems from the decision in 1908 to find a more obvious way of highlighting station names on platforms. The London General Omnibus Company or LGOC, was the principal Bus operator in London between 1855 and 1933 The red circle with blue name bar was quickly adopted, with the word "UNDERGROUND" across the bar, as an early corporate identity. [38] The logo was modified by Edward Johnston in 1919. Edward Johnston CBE ( 11 February 1872 &ndash 26 November 1944) was a British Craftsman who is credited with
Each station displays the Underground roundel, often containing the station's name in the central bar, at entrances and repeatedly along the platform, so that the name can easily be seen by passengers on arriving trains.
The roundel has been used for buses and the tube for many years, and since TfL took control it has been applied to other transport types (taxi, tram, DLR, etc. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Tramlink (initially known as Croydon Tramlink) is a Tramway system serving the South London area of United Kingdom. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR is a Light rail system serving the redeveloped Docklands area of East London England. ) in different colour pairs. The roundel has to some extent become a symbol for London itself.
Typography
Edward Johnston designed TfL's distinctive sans-serif typeface, in 1916. History Ancient usages Sans-serif letter forms can be found in Latin Etruscan, and Greek inscriptions for as early as 5th century BC In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises "New Johnston", modified to include lower case, is still in use. Johnston (or Johnston Sans) is a Humanist sans-serif typeface designed by and named after Edward Johnston. It is noted for the curl at the bottom of the minuscule l, which other sans-serif typefaces have discarded, and for the diamond-shaped tittle on the minuscule i and j, whose shape also appears in the full stop, and is the origin of other punctuation marks in the face. A tittle is a small distinguishing mark such as a Diacritic or the dot on a Lowercase i or j. A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the TfL owns the copyright to and exercises control over the New Johnston typeface, but a close approximation of the face exists in the TrueType computer font Paddington, and the Gill Sans typeface also takes inspiration from Johnston. TrueType is an Outline font standard originally developed by Apple Computer in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe 's Type 1 fonts Gill Sans is a humanist Sans-serif Typeface designed by Eric Gill in 1927 and released 1928
Contribution to arts
The Underground currently sponsors and contributes to the arts via its Platform for Art and Poems on the Underground projects. Russell Square is a London Underground station on Bernard Street Bloomsbury in the London Borough of Camden. Platform for Art is a visual arts showcase sponsored by London Underground, the Rapid transit system for London, England. Poems on the Underground is a project to bring Poetry to a wider audience by displaying various poems or Stanzas on advertising boards across the London Underground Poster and billboard space (and in the case of Gloucester Road tube station, an entire disused platform) is given over to artwork and poetry to "create an environment for positive impact and to enhance and enrich the journeys of…passengers". Gloucester Road is a London Underground station in South Kensington. [39]
Its artistic legacy includes the employment since the 1920s of many well-known graphic designers, illustrators and artists for its own publicity posters. Designers who produced work for the Underground in the 1920s and 1930s include Man Ray, Edward McKnight Kauffer and Fougasse. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Cyril Kenneth Bird, Pen name Fougasse ( 17 December 1887, London - 11 June 1965, London) was a British In recent years the Underground has commissioned work from leading artists including R. B. Kitaj, John Bellany and Howard Hodgkin. Ronald Brooks Kitaj ( 29 October 1932 &ndash 21 October 2007) (pronounced kit-EYE was an American -born Artist who spent John Bellany CBE, RA (born 18 June 1942) is a Scottish painter Sir Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin CH, CBE (born August 6, 1932) is a British painter and Printmaker.
In architecture, Leslie Green established a house style for the new stations built in the first decade of the 20th century for the Bakerloo, Piccadilly and Northern lines which included individual Edwardian tile patterns on platform walls. lambethnorthjpg|thumb|Lambeth North station without commercial development above]] Leslie William Green (1875— 31 August 1908) was an English Architect [40] In the 1920s and 1930s, Charles Holden designed a series of modernist and art-deco stations for which the Underground remains famous. Charles Henry Holden (12 May 1875 - 1 May 1960 was an English architect best known for his designs of some of the 1920s and 1930s stations on the London Underground railway Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial Holden's design for the Underground's headquarters building at 55 Broadway included avant-garde sculptures by Jacob Epstein, Eric Gill and Henry Moore (his first public commission). 55 Broadway is a notable building overlooking Saint James's Park in London. Sir Jacob Epstein ( 10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born sculptor who worked chiefly in the UK where Arthur Eric Rowton Gill ( 22 February 1882 – 17 November 1940) was a British sculptor, typeface designer, Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986 was an English artist and sculptor. The 1990s extension of the Jubilee line featured stations designed by leading architects such as Norman Foster, Michael Hopkins and Will Alsop. Norman Foster or Norm Foster may refer to Norman Foster Baron Foster of Thames Bank (born 1935 English architect and designer Norman Sir Michael Hopkins CBE RA AADipl (b May 5 1935 in Poole, Dorset) is an English Architect Will (William Alsop (born 12 December 1947) is a British Architect based in London.
Many stations also feature unique interior designs to help passenger identification. Often these have themes of local significance. Tiling at Baker Street incorporates a repeated of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette. Baker Street tube station is a station on the London Underground located at the junction of Baker Street and the Marylebone Road. Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887 Tottenham Court Road features semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi representing the local music industry at Denmark Street. Tottenham Court Road is a station on the London Underground, serving as an interchange between the Central Line and the Charing Cross branch of the Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi KBE, FRA ( March 7 1924 &ndash April 22 2005) was a Scottish sculptor Denmark Street is a short narrow road in central London, notable for its connections with British Popular music, and is known as the British Tin Pan Northern line platforms at Charing Cross feature murals by David Gentleman of the construction of Charing Cross itself. Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross in the City of Westminster with entrances located in Trafalgar Square David Gentleman (born 11 March 1930) is an English artist illustrator and designer Charing Cross is located at the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street in Central London, England.
In popular culture
The Underground has been featured in many movies and television shows, including Sliding Doors, Tube Tales and Neverwhere. The London Underground has long provided inspiration in various areas of popular culture Sliding Doors is a 1998 Film written and directed by former actor Peter Howitt. Tube Tales is a collection of nine short stories based on the true-life experiences of London Underground passengers submitted to Time Out magazine Neverwhere is an Urban fantasy Television series by Neil Gaiman that first aired in 1996 on BBC Two. The London Underground Film Office handles over 100 requests per month. The Underground has also featured in music such as The Jam's "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight" and in literature such as the graphic novel V for Vendetta. The Jam were an English Mod revival band active during the late 1970s and early 1980s " Down in the Tube Station at Midnight " was the second single taken from the album All Mod Cons by The Jam. V for Vendetta is a ten-issue Comic book Popular legends about the Underground being haunted persist to this day. [41]
After placing a number of spoof announcements on her web page, London Underground voice over artiste Emma Clarke had any further contracts cancelled in 2007. Emma Clarke (born 1971 is a comedy and drama script writer and an award-winning Voice-over artist, best known as the voice of the automated messages issued in the London [42][43]
See also
- 7 July 2005 London bombings
- 2007 Dean Farrar Street collapse
- British Transport Police
- Connect Project
- Docklands Light Railway
- (Croydon) Tramlink
- Crossrail
- London Overground
- Inspector Sands
- Leinster Gardens
- List of London Underground-related fiction
- List of rapid transit systems
- London Post Office Railway and other features of Subterranean London
- London Underground air pollution
- Lots Road power station
- Mind the gap
- Mornington Crescent (game)
- Paddington Bear
- The London Game
- The Tube (London Underground TV series)
- Transport in London (overview)
- Underground Ernie
- London Underground anagram map
References
- ^ a b c According to "Key facts. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during The 2007 Dean Farrar Street collapse, which occurred on 12 June 2007, was the collapse of the top two storeys of an office building in Dean Farrar Street London The British Transport Police ( BTP) (Heddlu Trafnidiaeth Prydeinig is a Special police force empowered to police those railways and light-rail systems in The "Connect Project" is a project name for a radio communications system developed for Transport for London. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR is a Light rail system serving the redeveloped Docklands area of East London England. Tramlink (initially known as Croydon Tramlink) is a Tramway system serving the South London area of United Kingdom. Crossrail is a project to build major new Railway connections under central London. London Overground (LO is a Commuter rail service in London UK. Inspector Sands is a code phrase used by Public transport authorities in the United Kingdom. Leinster Gardens is a street in Bayswater, London. It has two false Façades at numbers 23 & 24, constructed at the time of the original Many works of Fiction are set in the London Underground system or use it as a major plot element This is a list of rapid transit systems around the world Such systems are commonly called metros subways elevated railways rapid rail or underground railways The Post Office Railway, also known as Mail Rail, was a narrow-gauge driverless private underground railway in London built by the Post The metropolis of London has been occupied for millennia and has over that time acquired a large number of Subterranean structures UCL '20 minutes' myth One London Underground -related statistic that turns up occasionally is that 20 minutes on the Tube equals one cigarette Often confused with Fulham Power Station. Lots Road Power Station is a disused coal and later oil-fired power station on the "Mind the gap" is a warning to Train passengers to remind them of the sometimes significant gap between the train door and the Station platform. Mornington Crescent appears to have first made its appearance as a game featured in the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel game I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Paddington Bear is a Fictional character in Children's literature. The London Game is a British Board game based on the London Underground in London, England. The Tube is a multi-award-winning television programme shown on ITV London and certain BSkyB television channels including Sky Travel and London 's transport forms the hub of the road rail and air networks in the United Kingdom. Underground Ernie is a Computer-animated Children 's Television series produced by Joella Productions in the UK and A Parody map of the London Underground with the station and line names replaced with Anagrams was circulated on the web in February 2006 and featured on thousands of Transport for London. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. ", the total route length is 253 mi or 408 km. But in July 2007 the same page showed the same route length even though there were more stations. Thus it must not have been fully updated for the closure of the East London Line, whose route length was about 7 km. The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map.
- ^ a b History. Transport for London. Retrieved on 2007-03-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
- ^ History | Transport for London
- ^ How do I find out about transport in London?. Greater London Authority. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Transport for London (2007-03-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. "Tube carries one billion passengers for first time". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ The London Underground - An illustrated history, Oliver Green, pp. 3-4 (Ian Allen Ltd. , 1987)
- ^ The London Underground - An illustrated history, Oliver Green, p. 5 (Ian Allen Ltd. , 1987)
- ^ Slocombe, Mike (May 2005). 23-24, Leinster Gardens, W2. London Landmarks. Urban75. Urban75 (also sometimes referred to as u75 or urban) is a website and messageboard based in Brixton, England. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Conner, J. E. (1999). "Down Street", London's Disused Underground Stations. Capital Transport, p. 33. ISBN 185414-250-X.
- ^ "Metronet guilty of 'inexcusable failures'", The Londoner, January 2007. The Londoner is a Newsletter in the style of a Newspaper published by the Mayor of London and delivered free to most households in Greater Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ "Metronet calls in administrators", BBC, 18 July 2007. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ PPP Administration. Metronet Rail. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Railway Magazine, April 2008 issue, p. 6
- ^ Greater London Authority - Frequently Asked Questions
- ^ Company information | Transport for London
- ^ TfL subsidiaries | Transport for London
- ^ Greater London Authority - Press Release
- ^ Greater London Authority - Transport
- ^ Baking hot at Baker Street. BBC News.
- ^ Carry a bottle of water TfL poster.
- ^ First Piccadilly line trains travel to Heathrow Terminal 5
- ^ London Underground. Piccadilly line update. (21 August 2006). Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 3 December 2006. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Subsurface network (SSL) upgrade. alwaystouchout. com (2006-12-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Mobile phone trial on the Waterloo & City line. TfL (2007-03-15). Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
- ^ Numbered zones for stations. Watford Observer. Retrieved on 2007-11-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal
- ^ Oyster Help. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ TfL (2006-05-10). Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. "Transport Secretary and Mayor of London announce new Oyster deal". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Stephens, Alex. "Tube wastes three days a year of your life", The Harrow Observer, 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ London Underground performance update. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-03-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
- ^ Customer refunds. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ London's shortest tube journey. The Big Smoke. Time Out (2007-04-17). Time Out is a Publishing company based in London, England. The company's best known product is the Time Out weekly listings Magazine Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem “I have important advice for you. Never ever, under any circumstances, take the stairs. Don’t do it because although you think it might be quicker than waiting for the lift it won’t be, and the ascent will destroy you. There are 193 steps, and that’s the equivalent of climbing to the top of a 15-storey building. ”
- ^ Unlocking London for all. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Tube Map. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ "Commuters face 'daily trauma'", BBC, 2003-10-15. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ Safety first. The Economist (23 October 2003) Retrieved 3 December 2006. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Coats, T J; D P Walter (1999-10-09). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. "Effect of station design on death in the London Underground: observational study". British Medical Journal (319): 957. British Medical Association. History The BMA founded in 1832 by Charles Hastings was originally known as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA the first meeting of which was held in the boardroom PMID 10514158.
- ^ Beck, Harry. Harry Beck may refer to Harry Beck (footballer Harry Beck (graphic designer - designer of the London Underground Tube map Tube Map. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Logo. London Transport Museum. The London Transport Museum, or LT Museum based in Covent Garden, London, seeks to conserve and explain the transport heritage of Britain Not accessible 2007-01-10
- ^ Platform art. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. TfL. Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Many of these tile patterns survive, though a significant number of these are now replicas – London Underground's Edwardian Tile Patterns. Doug Rose. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ London Underground Ghosts. BBC h2g2. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ Griffiths, Peter. "Subway announcer fired over spoof messages", Reuters, 26 November 2007.
- ^ Clarke, Emma. spoof london underground announcements.
Further reading
- Day, John R. & Reed, John (2001), The Story of London's Underground, Capital Transport
- Garland, Ken (1994). Mr. Beck's Underground Map. Capital Transport.
- Green, Oliver (1987). The London Underground, An illustrated history. Ian Allen Ltd.
- Harris, Cyril M. (1977). What's in a Name? The origins of station names of the London Underground. London Transport and Midas Books.
- Hutchinson, Harold F. (1963). London Transport Posters. London Transport.
- Jackson, Alan & Croome, Desmond. Rails Through The Clay, Capital Transport 1993
- Lawrence, David. Underground Architecture, Capital Transport 1994
- Lee, Charles E. The Bakerloo line, a brief history, London Transport 1973 (and similar volumes covering other lines, published 1972-1976)
- Meek, James. London Review of Books, 5 May 2005, "Crocodile's Breath"
- Menear, Laurence. The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a Fortnightly British literary and political magazine Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London's Underground Stations, a Social and Architectural Study, Midas Books 1983
- Rose, Douglas. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History, Capital Transport 2005, ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0
- Saler, Michael. The Avant-Garde in Interwar England: 'Medieval Modernism' and the London Underground, Oxford University Press 1999
- Saler, Michael. "The 'Medieval Modern' Underground: Terminus of the Avant-Garde", Modernism/Modernity 2:1, January 1995, pp. 113-144
- Wolmar, Christian. Down the Tube: the Battle for London's Underground, Aurum Press 2002
- Wolmar, Christian. The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City For Ever, Atlantic 2004, ISBN 1-84354-023-1
External links
- Official
- Technical
- Clive Feather’s highly detailed Underground Line Guides
- Richard’s LU rolling stock page
- Technical Service Maps BCV/SSL/Tube Lines etc Technical Maps
- Tube Professionals’ RUmour NEtwork The Tubeprune
- Stephen Knight’s London Underground Track Maps (Site broken. Archived version on the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and )
- Visual
- London's Transport Museum Photographic Collection — A site of historical Transport for London images
- Photographs of London Underground
- London Underground Edwardian Tile Patterns
- London Underground Photos
- Tube Architecture
- Other
- Going Underground
- London Underground, the song by Adam Kay & Suman Biswas; warning! explicit content
- London Underground Tube Diary and Blog — commuters' blog
- London Underground Trivia
- Disused Stations on London's Underground
- London's Abandoned Tube Stations
- Index to London Underground History - A timeline of the London Underground
- alwaystouchout.com — a database of transport projects proposed or under way in London, including Underground projects
- Old Tube Architecture conservation — Victorian artefacts in need of protection.
- CityMayors article on history
- CityMayors article on PPP
- London Underground at the Open Directory Project
- (Italian) London underground
- Interactive London Underground Map
The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
Dictionary
London Underground
-proper noun
- The London underground railway system. Abbreviated as Underground.