- This article is about the geologic material. For the statistical technique see Local regression. LOESS, or locally weighted scatterplot smoothing is one of many "modern" modeling methods that build on "classical" methods, such as linear and
Among the classifications of soil types, loess is a fine, silty, pale yellow or buff in color, windblown (aeolian) type of unconsolidated deposit. In terms of Soil texture, soil type usually refers to the different sizes of Mineral particles in a particular sample Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Aeolian (or Eolian or Æolian) processes pertain to the activity of the Winds and more specifically to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the [1] The term sometimes also refers to soils derived from such deposits. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel The word comes from the German Löss or Löß, and ultimately from Swiss German lösch (loose). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Swiss German ( Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken It is pronounced in several different ways in English (IPA: /ˈloʊɛs/, /ˈlʌs/, /ˈlɛs/).
Loess is derived from glacial deposits, where glacial activity has ground rocks very fine (rock flour). "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Rock flour, or glacial flour, consists of clay-sized particles of rock generated by glacial erosion or by artificial grinding to a similar size After drying, these deposits are highly susceptible to wind erosion, and downwind deposits may become very deep — a hundred metres or more in areas of China and the midwestern United States. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Even well-managed loess farmland can experience dramatic erosion of well over 25 tonnes per hectare per year. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture,
Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Therefore under appropriate climatic conditions these areas are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. [2]
Hungary has several areas that are covered by loess. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic At locations such as Dunaújváros and Balatonakarattya, loess walls are exposed as "reefs" (see illustration). Dunaújváros ( Dunapentele, 1951&ndash1961 Sztálinváros; Croatian: Pantel(ija) is a city in Central Hungary, along the Similar formations exist in Bulgaria on the south bank of the Danube. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj
The central part of Belgium is also covered by thick loess stacks. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those An interesting loess site where late Middle and Late Pleistocene Neanderthal artifacts were found within the soils between the loess layers is Veldwezelt-Hezerwater. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Veldwezelt-Hezerwater is a Palaeolithic archaeological site in Belgium.
Loess grains are angular, with little polishing or rounding, composed of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals. Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming Minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth 's crust. The word "mica" is thought to be derived from the Latin word la micare, "glitteren" in reference to the brilliant appearance of this mineral (especially Because the grains are angular, loess will often stand in banks for many years without slumping. This soil has a characteristic called "vertical cleavage", which makes it easily excavated to form cave dwellings; this is still a popular method of making human habitations in some parts of China.
But it is also highly erodible by water or wind, and soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained (droughty). As the grains weather, they release minerals, which means that soils derived from loess are usually very rich. Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. One theory states that the fertility of loess soils is due largely to electron exchange capacity (EEC) and pore space (the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from the soil, and the air-filled space in the soil, respectively). Unlike other soil, loess's fertility is not due to organic matter content, which actually tends to be rather low (unlike tropical soils, which depend almost wholly on organic matter for their fertility). In the Loess Hills of Iowa, the fertility of the region is owed to the prairie topsoils built by 10,000 years of post-glacial accumulation of organic-rich humus as a consequence of a persistent grassland biome. The Loess Hills are a formation of wind-deposited Loess Soil in the westernmost part of Iowa and Missouri along the Missouri River The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Topsoil is the upper outermost layer of soil usually the top 2 to 8 inches Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration When the valuable A-horizon topsoil is eroded or degraded, the underlying loess soil is infertile, and requires the addition of fertilizers in order to support agriculture. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In general, the fertility of farmland in the Loess Hills of Iowa is lower than in the adjacent alluvial floodplain of the Missouri River. Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic
Though in geological time loess has an incredible rate of erosion, in a more human time scale loess is very durable and resistant to maltreatment. In China, for instance, loess deposits along the Yellow River have been farmed and have produced phenomenal yields for over a thousand years; though a large amount of the credit for this goes to the farmers themselves, as Chinese farmers were the first to practice active erosion control, which also started about one thousand years ago. The Loess Plateau ( also known as the Huangtu Plateau is a Plateau that covers an area of some 640000 km² in the upper and middle of China 's The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the The largest deposit of loess in the United States, the Loess Hills along the border of Iowa and Nebraska, has also survived under intensive farming and, in this case, poor farming practices. The Loess Hills are a formation of wind-deposited Loess Soil in the westernmost part of Iowa and Missouri along the Missouri River The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and For almost 150 years this loess deposit was farmed with Mouldboard Ploughs and fall tilled (both practices are intensely erosive); at times it suffered erosion rates of over 100 tonnes per hectare per year. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed However, today this loess deposit is worked as low till, or no till, in all areas and is aggressively terraced. In Agriculture, a terrace is a leveled section of a Hilly cultivated area designed as a method of Soil conservation to slow or prevent the rapid
Loess soil forms sharp topographic hills east of the Mississippi River and Yazoo River in western Mississippi north and south of Vicksburg. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Yazoo River is a River in the US state of Mississippi. The Yazoo River was named by French explorer La Salle in 1682 in reference to Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Vicksburg is a city in Warren County, Mississippi, United States. These deposits are in excess of 100 feet (30 m) thick (comparable to those in Iowa) immediately above the river valleys, to which they are sub-parallel, and thin to trace thickness within 25 miles (40 km) east. Streams and gulleys are incised very deeply and sharply between the linear loess ridges making topography very important in the conduct of military operations for the Vicksburg Campaign. The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg Mississippi, a The loess soil near Vicksburg is apparently contemporaneous with the last phases of the last glaciation in the midwest, sometimes called the Altamont and Bemis stages of the Wisconsin glaciation in Iowa. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period Older loess deposits have not been identified in the Vicksburg area. Faunal remains include terrestrial gastropods and mastodons.
References
3. The Atlas of Loess Landslide Caused By Earthquake In Ningxia, Lixia,Yuan, 60 pages, 2006
External links
- http://www.backyardnature.net/loess/loess.html Loess Hills of the Lower Mississippi Valley
- The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
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