Locative (also called the seventh case) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative case. Lative is a case which indicates motion to a location It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into"
Contents |
The locative case in various languages
The locative case exists in many language groups.
Indo-European languages
The Proto-Indo-European language had a locative case expressing "place where", an adverbial function. The ending depended on the last vowel of the stem (consonant, a-, o-, i-, u-stems) and the number (singular or plural). Subsequently the locative case tended to merge with other cases: the genitive or dative. [1] Some daughter languages retained it as a distinct case. The locative case is found in:
- modern Balto-Slavic languages (see however prepositional case)
- some classical Indo-European languages, particularly Sanskrit and Old Latin
- uncommon, archaic or literary use in certain modern Indian languages (such as Marathi in which a separate ablative case has however disappeared)
Latin
The locative case is used fairly commonly in Classical Latin to indicate a place "where" (we would prefix the place name with "at" or "in") as opposed to "to which" (we would prefix the name with "to"). In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages Prepositional case is a Grammatical case that marks the object of a Preposition. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Old Latin (also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin) refers to the Latin language in the period before the age of Classical Latin; that is all Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. In Linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ABL) is a name given to cases in various languages whose common characteristic (Walking "in Rome" is not the same as walking "to Rome". )
The first declension locative is by far the most common, because so many Roman place names were first declension: mostly singular (Roma, Rome; Hibernia, Ireland; etc, and therefore Romae, at Rome; Hiberniae, at Ireland), but some plural (Athenae, Athens; Cumae, Cuma etc. , with Athenis, at Athens; Cumis, at Cumae). But there are a number of second declension names that would have locatives, too (Brundisium, Brundisi; Eboracum, York; with locatives Brundisi, at Brundisium; Eboraci, at York, etc. Also the Latin "focus" ("hearth", used figuratively for any center of community attention, has a locative, "foci", " at the hearth". ) Third, fourth, and fifth declension place names are few or none, but the locative of the fourth-declension domus (home) is quite well known (domi, at home).
Russian
In the Russian language, the locative case is often and recently called the prepositional case. This is because the case is only used after a preposition and not always used for locations. Statements such as "в библиотеке" v biblioteke ("in library") or "на Аляске" na Aljaske ("in Alaska") show the usage for location. However, this case is also used after the preposition "о" ("about") as in "о студенте" o studente ("about the student").
Nevertheless a few words preserve a distinctive form of locative case: "лежать в снегу́" lezhatʲ v snegu (to lie in the snow), but "думать о снеге" dumatʲ o snege (to think about snow). Other examples are дом dom (house) - "на дому" na domu, дым dɨm (smoke) - "в дыму́" v dɨmú, бок bok (side) - "на боку́" na boku. The stress marks here signify that the stress is made on the last syllable, unlike the dative case that has the same spelling.
Turkic languages
Some Turkic languages have a locative. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the
Turkish
The locative case exists in Turkish. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. For instance, in Turkish, elim means my hand, and elimde means in my hand, so using -de and -da suffixes, the locative case is marked. '-te, -ta and -da are the variations, depending on the sound of the root they suffix. Ex: kentte (in the city).
Uzbek
The locative case exists also in Uzbek. Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic For example, in Uzbek, shakhar means city, and shakharda means in the city, so using -da suffix, the locative case is marked.
Finno-Ugric languages
Some Finno-Ugric languages have a locative. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and
Inari Sami
In Inari Sami, the locative suffix is -st. Inari Sámi ( anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people the majority of which
- kyeleest 'in the language'
- kieđast 'in the hand'.
Hungarian
In the Hungarian language, nine such cases exist, yet the name locative case refers to a form (-t/-tt) used only in a few city/town names along with the inessive case or superessive case. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Inessive case (from Latin inesse "to be in or at" is a locative Grammatical case. The Superessive case is a grammatical Declension indicating location on top of something or on the surface of something It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. It is no longer productive.
Examples:
- Győrött (also Győrben), Pécsett (also Pécsen), Vácott (also Vácon), Kaposvárt and Kaposvárott (also Kaposváron), Vásárhelyt (also Vásárhelyen)
- itt (here), ott (there), imitt, amott (there yonder), alatt (under), fölött (over), között (between/among), mögött (behind) etc. Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Vác (ˈvaːts approximately "vats" (Vacov Waitzen Vacium is a city in Pest county in Hungary with approximately 33000 inhabitants Kaposvár ( Croatian: Kapošvar Kapuš(ar Kapušvar, German: Kopisch Ruppertsberg Ruppertsburg, Turkish: Kapoşvar Hódmezővásárhely (pronounced, Croatian: Vašarhelj) is a city in south-east Hungary, on the Great Hungarian Plain, at the meeting
The town/city name suffixes -ban/-ben are the inessive ones, and the -on/-en/-ön are the superessive ones.
Etruscan
The Etruscan language has a locative ending in -thi: velsnalthi, "at Velznani", with reference to Volsinii. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Volsinii or Vulsinii ( Etruscan: Velzna or Velusna; Greek:, Strabo v
Notes
- ^ Buck, page 172
Bibliography
- Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Carl Darling Buck ( October 2, 1866 - February 8, 1955) American Philologist, was born in Bucksport Maine. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
External links
Dictionary
locative case
-noun
- (grammar): case used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Languages that use the locative case include Armenian, Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Dyirbal, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Quechua, Russian, Sanskrit, Serbian, and Swahili.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic