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For foods with protected geographical names, see Geographical indication. A geographical indication (GI is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (eg
Marylebone Farmers' market
Marylebone Farmers' market

Local food (also regional food or food patriotism) or the local food movement is a "collaborative effort to build more locally based, self-reliant food economies - one in which sustainable food production, processing, distribution and consumption is integrated to enhance the economic, environmental and social health of a particular place" [1] and is considered to be a part of the broader sustainability movement. Marylebone (sometimes written St Marylebone or Mary-le-bone, or in archaic use Marybone) is an area of central London, England in Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely It is part of the concept of local purchasing and local economies, a preference to buy locally produced goods and services. Local purchasing is a preference to buy locally produced goods and services over those produced more distantly Community-based economics or just community economics encourages local substitution and a rejection of outside Energy subsidy and coercion Those who prefer to eat locally grown/produced food sometimes call themselves "localvores" or locavores. [2]

Contents

Why local food systems?

Local food systems are an alternative to the global corporate models where producers and consumers are separated through a chain of processors/manufacturers, shippers and retailers. With an increasing scale of industrial food systems the control of quality is increasingly decided by the middlemen while a local food system redevelops these relationships and encourage a return of quality control to the consumer and the producer respectively. These quality characteristics are not only in the product but in the method of producing. [3]

The development of local food systems is not only about environmental impacts but also the social and economic benefits encouraged through building local relationships. "Buying and producing locally enables accountability. Distance disables accountability. " [4]

Defining a movement

During the early 20th century, the demise of the family farm and the growth of corporate farms was experienced through much of the United States. Corporate farming is a term that describes the Business of Agriculture, specifically what is seen by some as the practices of would-be Megacorporations In the late 60's and early 70's with the growth of the back to the land movement there were increasing numbers of small farms selling a variety of products to local communities. The phrase " back-to-the-land movement " refers to a North American social phenomenon of the 1960s and 1970s Since the 70's the increase of multi-national food companies has increased the size of not only farms but the overall food system. During this same time period, a slow and steady movement of farmers and consumers building relationships and changing purchasing habits occurred and is still occurring.

The concept is often related to the slogan "Think globally, act locally'', common in green politics. Green politics is a Political ideology which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals and on achieving these goals through broad-based Those supporting development of a local food economy consider that since food is needed by everyone, everywhere, every day, a small change in the way it is produced and marketed will have a great effect on health, the ecosystem and preservation of cultural diversity. They say shopping decisions favoring local food consumption directly affect the well-being of people, improve local economies and may be more ecologically sound. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people

Pioneering and influential work in the area of local economies was done by noted economist E. F. Schumacher. Local purchasing is a preference to buy locally produced goods and services over those produced more distantly Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher ( 16 August 1911 &ndash 4 September 1977) was an internationally influential Economic

Local food networks include community gardens, food co-ops, Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA), farmers' markets, and seed savers groups. A community garden is a piece of land gardened by a group of people A food cooperative or food co-op is a grocery store organized as a Cooperative. Community-supported agriculture ( CSA) is a relatively new Socio-economic model of farming and food distribution Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce An heirloom plant, heirloom variety, or (especially in the UK) heirloom vegetable is a Cultivar that was commonly grown during earlier periods The principal distinction between these systems and other agrifood systems is the spatial dimension. Local food networks have been described as "community-based agriculture" (e. g. Pimbert, et al. , 2001), "direct agricultural markets" [5], and "localist agriculture" (Hines, et al. , 2000). The terms "network" and "system" are sometimes used interchangeably, but there appears to be a preference for "network". Critics also say that local food tends to be more expensive to the consumer than food bought without regard to provenance and could never provide the variety currently available (such as having summer vegetables available in winter, or having kinds of food available which can not be locally produced due to soil, climate or labor conditions). Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. Provenance, from the French provenir, "to come from" means the Origin, or the source, of something or the history of the ownership or location

However, proponents claim that the lower price of commodified food (which is sometimes called cheap food) is often due to a variety of governmental subsidies, including direct ones such as price supports, direct payments or tax breaks, and indirect ones such as subsidies for trucking via road infrastructure investment, and often does not take into account the true cost of the product. A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector A tax break is a tax Saving. This includes Tax exemption, an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of Full cost accounting (FCA generally refers to the process of collecting and presenting information (costs as well as advantages for each proposed alternative when a decision is necessary They further indicate that buying local food does not necessarily mean giving up all food coming from distant ecoregions, but rather favoring local foods when available. An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " They also point out that local foods often represent more variety, not less, as obscure local delicacies (including wild foods) are rediscovered, and as more types of produce (varieties or indeed species) are grown in the garden or allotment, types that would not be acceptable in the supermarket-driven food chain.

What defines local or regional?

The definition of "local" or "regional" is flexible and is different depending on the person in question. Some local business with specific retail and production focuses, such as cheese, may take a larger view of what is 'local' while a local farm my see the area with in a day's driving as local (since this is where they can efficiently move their products to. Some see "local" as being a very small area (typically, the size of a city and its surroundings), others suggest the ecoregion or bioregion size, while others refer to the borders of their nation or state.

Some proponents of "local food" consider that the term "local" has little to do with distance or with the size of a "local" area. For example, some see the American state of Texas as being "local", although it is much larger than some European countries. In this case, transporting a food product across Texas could involve a longer distance than that between northern and southern European countries. It is also argued that national borders should not be used to define what is local. For example, a cheese produced in Alsace is likely to be more "local" to German people in Frankfurt, than to French people in Marseille. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ

The concept of "local" is also seen in terms of ecology, where food production is considered from the perspective of a basic ecological unit defined by its climate, soil, watershed, species and local agrisystems, a unit also called an ecoregion or a foodshed. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The concept of the foodshed is similar to that of a watershed; it is an area where food is grown and eaten. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The size of the foodshed varies depending on the availability of year round foods and the variety of foods grown and processed. In a way, replacing the term 'water' with 'food' reconnects food with nature. "The term "foodshed" thus becomes a unifying and organizing metaphor for conceptual development that starts from a premise of the unity of place and people, of nature and society. " [6]

Where local food is determined by the distance it has traveled, the wholesale distribution system can confuse the calculations. Fresh food that is grown very near to where it will be purchased, may still travel hundreds of miles out of the area through the industrial system before arriving back at a local store. This is seen as a labeling issue by local food advocates, who suggest that, at least in the case of fresh food, consumers should be able to see exactly how far each food item has traveled.

Often, products are grown in one area and processed in another, which may cause complications in the purchasing of local foods. In the international wine industry, much "bulk wine" is shipped to other regions or continents, to be blended with wine from other locales. It may even be marketed quite misleadingly as a product of the bottling country. This is in direct opposition to both the concept of "local food" and the concept of terroir. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics

Locavore

A locavore is someone who eats food grown or produced locally or within a certain radius such as 50, 100, or 150 miles. The locavore movement encourages consumers to buy from farmers’ markets or even to produce their own food, with the argument that fresh, local products are more nutritious and taste better. Locally grown food is an environmentally friendly means of obtaining food, since supermarkets that import their food use more fossil fuels and non-renewable resources.

"Locavore" was coined by Jessica Prentice from the San Francisco Bay Area on the occasion of World Environment Day 2005 to describe and promote the practice of eating a diet consisting of food harvested from within an area most commonly bound by a 100 mile radius. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Jessica Prentice is a professional chef author and founding member of Three Stone Hearth a Community Supported Kitchen in Berkeley California. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city World Environment Day (WED was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1972 "Localvore" is sometimes also used.

The New Oxford American Dictionary chose locavore, a person who seeks out locally produced food, as its word of the year 2007. The local foods movement is gaining momentum as people discover that the best-tasting and most sustainable choices are foods that are fresh, seasonal, and grown close to home. Some locavores draw inspiration from the 100-Mile Diet or from advocates of local eating like Barbara Kingsolver whose book Animal, Vegetable, Miracle chronicles her family's attempts to eat locally. Barbara Kingsolver (born April 8, 1955) is an American Writer. Animal Vegetable Miracle A Year of Food Life is a non-fiction book by Barbara Kingsolver detailing her family's attempt to eat only locally grown food for an entire Others just follow their taste buds to farmers' markets, community supported agriculture programs, and community gardens.

Labelling

Local food is, by definition, food locally grown. Many local food proponents tend to equate it with food produced by local independent farmers, while equating non-local food with food produced and transformed by large agribusiness. A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials In Agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various Businesses involved in Food production including Farming, Seed They may support resisting globalization of food by pressing for policy changes and choosing to buy local food. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones They may also follow the practice of the boycott or buycott. A buycott is the opposite of a Boycott; that is an active campaign to buy the products or services of a particular company or country

Non-local food is often seen as a result of corporate management policies, heavy subsidies, poor animal welfare, lack of care for the environment, and poor working conditions. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise A policy is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and This limited interpretation is likely due to the fact that the organic movement is largely responsible for renewed public interest in local and regional markets. The organic movement broadly refers to the organizations and individuals involved worldwide in the promotion of organic farming which they believe to be a more sustainable mode of Those subscribing to this interpretation often insist on buying food directly from local family farms, through direct channels such as farmers' markets, food cooperatives and community-supported agriculture plans. A family farm is a farm owned and operated by a family and passed down from Generation to generation Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce Community-supported agriculture ( CSA) is a relatively new Socio-economic model of farming and food distribution For many, local food is interpreted as unprocessed food, to be transformed by the consumer or local shop rather than by the food industry. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by As such, local food (as opposed to global food) reduces or eliminates the costs of transport, processing, packaging, and advertising. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

As large corporations and supermarket distribution increasingly dominate the organic food market, the concept of local food, and sometimes 'sustainable food', is increasingly being used by independent farmers, food activists, and aware consumers to refine the definition of organic food and organic agriculture. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards, meaning they are grown without the use of conventional Pesticides artificial Fertilizers Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely By this measure, food that is certified organic but not grown locally is viewed as possibly "less organic" or not of the same overall quality or benefit, as locally grown organic products. Organic certification is a certification process for producers of Organic food and other organic agricultural products Some consumers see the general advantages of "organic" as also invested in "locally grown", therefore local food not grown "organically" may trump generically "organic" in purchase decisions. Also, because local food tends to be fresh (or minimally processed, such as cheese and milk), as opposed to processed food, the bias against processed food is often at least implicit in the local food argument. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by The marketing phrase, fresh, local, organic, summarizes these arguments.

Impacts of local food systems

Food quality

Another effect is the increase in food quality and taste. Food quality is the quality characteristics of food that is acceptable to consumers Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Locally grown fresh food is consumed almost immediately after harvest, so it is sold fresher and usually riper (e. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain g. picked at peak maturity, as it would be from a home garden). A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Also, the need for chemical preservatives and irradiation to artificially extend shelf-life is reduced or eliminated. Food irradiation is the process of exposing food to Ionizing radiation in order to destroy Microorganisms Bacteria, Viruses or Insects Shelf life is that length of time that Food, drink Medicine and other perishable items are given before they are considered unsuitable for sale or

Gastronomy

Additionally, preserving or renewing regional foodways, including unique localized production practices, indigenous knowledge, agricultural landscapes, and local/regional landraces of crops or livestock that may be rare or otherwise endangered. Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. In social science foodways are the cultural, social and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of Food. Landrace refers to domesticated animals or plants adapted to the natural and cultural environment in which they live (or originated and in some cases work they often develop It is increasingly being tied to the movement to preserve farmland (farming) in areas where development pressures threaten these landscapes. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for

Polyculture and sustainable farming

A major impact of local food systems is to encourage multiple cropping, i. In Agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same space during a single Growing season. e. growing multiple species and a wide variety of crops at the same time and same place, as opposed to the prevalent commercial practice of large-scale, single-crop monoculture. Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area

With a higher demand for a variety of agricultural products, farmers are more likely to diversify their production, thereby making it easier to farm in a sustainable way. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely For example, winter intercropping (e. Intercropping is the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time (Andrews & Kassam 1976 g. coverage of leguminous crops during winter) and crop rotation reduces pest pressure, and also the use of pesticides. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Also, in an animal/crop multiculture system, the on-farm byproducts like manure and crop residues are used to replace chemical fertilizers, while on-farm produced silage and leguminous crops feed the cattle instead of imported soya. Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. There are two types of agricultural crop residues. Field residues are materials left in an agricultural field or Orchard after the crop has been Harvested Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant For the Christian Alternative band please see Silage (band Silage is fermented, high-moisture Fodder that can Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Manure and residues being considered as by-products rather than waste, will have reduced effects on the environment, and reduction in soya import is likely to be economically interesting for the farmer, as well as more secure (because of a decrease of market dependence on outside inputs). WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features

In a polycultural agroecosystem, there is usually a more efficient use of labour as each crop has a different cycle of culture, hence different time of intensive care, minimization of risk (lesser effect of extreme weather as one crop can compensate for another), reduction of insect and disease incidence (diseases are usually crop specific), maximization of results with low levels of technology (intensive monoculture cropping often involves very high-technology material and sometimes the use of genetically modified seeds). See also List of extreme weather events Extreme weather includes Weather phenomena that are at the extremes of the historical distribution especially Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified Multiculture also seeks to preserve indigenous biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth.

Local economies

Local food production strengthens local economies by protecting small farms, local jobs, and local shops, thereby increasing food security. Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it

One example of an effort in this direction is community-supported agriculture (CSA), where consumers purchase advance shares in a local farmer's annual production, and pick up their shares, usually weekly, from communal distribution points. Community-supported agriculture ( CSA) is a relatively new Socio-economic model of farming and food distribution In effect, CSA members become active participants in local farming, by providing up-front cash to finance seasonal expenses, sharing in the risks and rewards of the growing conditions, and taking part in the distribution system. Cash usually refers to Money in the form of Currency, such as Banknotes and Coins In Bookkeeping and Finance, The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated Some CSA set-ups require members to contribute a certain amount of labor, in a form of cooperative venture.

The popular resurgence of farmers markets in many parts of the world, including Europe and North America (from 1,755 in 1994 to 4,385 in 2006 in the U. Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce S. )[7], contributes to local economies. They are traditional in many societies, bringing together local food and craft producers for the convenience of local consumers. Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply Craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools Today, some urban farmers markets are large-scale enterprises, attracting tens of thousands on a market day, and vendors are not always "local". However, the majority of markets are still built around local farmers.

Another at present small but notable trend is local food as part of a barter system. Barter is a type of Trade in which goods or services are directly exchanged In localized economies, where a variety of common goods and services are provided by individuals and businesses within the immediate community (as opposed to by outlets and branches of large corporations), a direct of exchange of values is quite feasible. Some CSA projects, for example, trade services or labor for food. Particularly in the developed nations, the move away from local food to agribusiness over the last 100 years has had a profound socioeconomic effect, by redistributing populations into urban areas, and concentrating ownership of land and capital. In addition, the traditional farming skill set, which by necessity included a diverse range of knowledge and abilities required to manage a farm, has given way to new generations of specialists. When farming for local consumption was a cornerstone of local economies, the farmer was an integral, leading member of the community, a far different position from today. Support for local food is seen by some as a way to rediscover valuable community structures, values and perspectives.

Criticism of the local food movement

Critics argue that by convincing consumers in developed nations not to buy food produced in the third world, the local food movement damages the economy of third world nations, which often rely heavily on food exports and cash crops. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. Critics of the local food movement point out that transport is only one component of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. In fact, any environmental assessment of food that consumers buy needs to take into account how the food has been produced and what energy is used in its production. For example, it is likely to be more environmentally friendly for tomatoes to be grown in Spain and transported to the UK than for the same tomatoes to be grown in greenhouses in the UK requiring electricity to light and heat them. The solutions to this though would be either using low impact energy sources on the greenhouses, such a solar, geo thermal or wind, or to switch to eating seasonally.

A study by Lincoln University of Christchurch, New Zealand challenges claims about food miles by comparing total energy used in food production in Europe and New Zealand, taking into account energy used to ship the food to Europe for consumers. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand [8]

New Zealand has greater production efficiency in many food commodities compared to the UK. For example New Zealand agriculture tends to apply less fertilizers (which require large amounts of energy to produce and cause significant CO2 emissions) and animals are able to graze year round outside eating grass instead large quantities of brought-in feed such as concentrates. In the case of dairy and sheep meat production NZ is by far more energy efficient even including the transport cost than the UK, twice as efficient in the case of dairy, and four times as efficient in case of sheep meat. In the case of apples NZ is more energy efficient even though the energy embodied in capital items and other inputs data was not available for the UK.

See also

References

  1. ^ Feenstra, G. Animal Vegetable Miracle A Year of Food Life is a non-fiction book by Barbara Kingsolver detailing her family's attempt to eat only locally grown food for an entire Bioregionalism is a term used to describe a political cultural and environmental system based on naturally-defined areas called bioregions or Ecoregions Bioregions are defined Community-based economics or just community economics encourages local substitution and a rejection of outside Energy subsidy and coercion FARMA is a co-operative association of farmers producers and farmers' market organisations in the United Kingdom. Farm to School is a program through which schools buy and feature locally produced farm-fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables eggs honey meat and beans on their menus Food miles is a term which refers to the distance Food is Transported from the time of its production until it reaches the consumer Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Localism describes a range of political philosophies which prioritise the Local. The Slow Food movement was founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy to combat Fast food. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities (2002) Creating space for sustainable food systems: lessons from the field. Agriculture and Human Values. 19(2). 99-106.
  2. ^ Roosevelt, M. (2006) The Lure of the 100-Mile Diet. Time Magazine. Sunday June 11, 2006. Accessed at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1200783,00.html on Nov 1, 2007 at 10:35 am PDT).
  3. ^ Sonnino, R. & Marsden, T. (2006) Beyond the Divide: rethinking relationships between alternative and conventional food networks in Europe. Economic Journal of Geography. pp. 181-199.
  4. ^ Is Eating Local the Best Choice? by David Morris
  5. ^ Hinrichs, C. C. (2000) Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural markets. Journal of Rural Studies, 16 (3), 295-303.
  6. ^ Coming Into the Foodshed. Agriculture and Human Values 13:3 (Summer): 33-42, 1996. Accessed on Nov 5, at 10:42pm CST
  7. ^ USDA Agricultural Marketing Services (2006). Farmers Market Growth. http://www.ams.usda.gov/farmersmarkets/farmersmarketgrowth.htm accessed on Dec 6, 2006 at 1044:pm PST
  8. ^ Food Miles: Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand’s Agriculture Industry

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