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WikiProject Political Parties
Local elections vary widely across jurisdictions. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Sortition, also known as allotment, is an equal-chance method of selection by some form of lottery such as drawing coloured pebbles from a bag A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. A show election or a sham election is an Election that is held purely for show that is without any significant political purpose A Fixed-term election is an Election that occurs on a set date and cannot be changed by the incumbent politician A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Indirect election is a process in which voters in an Election do not actually choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies In multiple-party democratic primary elections crossover voting refers to a technique used by voters in which ballots are cast for the party a voter is opposed to in order to elect Gerrymandering is a form of redistribution in which electoral district or Constituency boundaries are manipulated for electoral advantage Redistricting, a form of redistribution, is the process of changing of political Borders in the United States The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. Elections by country gives information on Elections For each De jure and De facto sovereign state and dependent territory The list of election results by country gives information on Elections For each De jure and De facto sovereign state and An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority In electoral systems that roughly follow the Westminster model, a terminology has evolved with roles such as Mayor or Warden to describe the executive of a city or town or region, and Reeve, Alderman or Councillor to describe the legislators who deliberate decisions. A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a A legislator (or lawmaker) is a person who writes and passes laws especially someone who is a member of a Legislature. However, job descriptions vary so widely across jurisdictions that these terms do not effectively describe the various ways in which local election campaigns and means of election vary.
Political careers are often made at the local level: Boris Yeltsin, for instance, as the top official in Moscow, was able to prove his effectiveness and eventually take the job of President of Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 When he fought his first contested local election, he demonstrated a willingness to put his policies to the ballot.
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Local Elections in Different Countries
Europe
Adopted by the Congress of the Council of Europe, The European Charter of Local Self-Government aims to establish basic european rules in order to measure and safeguard the rights of local authorities. The Congress of the Council of Europe (in full the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe) is an institution representing local and regional The European Charter of Local Self-Government was adopted under the auspices of the Congress of the Council of Europe (not to be confused with the Council of the European The Charter commits the parties to applying basic rules guaranteeing the political, administrative and financial independence of local authorities. The Congress conducts two main activities so as to evaluate the Charter's implementation: local and regional election monitoring and observation. Election monitoring is the observation of an Election by one or more independent parties typically from another country or a Non-governmental organization (NGO The Congress regularly observes local and/or regional elections in member and applicant countries, which allows to monitore progress towards and the state of local and regional democracy in the countries concerned. With regards to its monitoring mission, the Congress prepares monitoring reports.
Middle East
In Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, local elections have proven to be easier to achieve than larger scale ones that affect the national or federal government. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed By giving voice to people on the smaller scales of government, over such issues as water supply, power, and sewer systems, confidence is thought to be built to eventually reform higher levels of government.
In more mature developed nations there is always an effort to get more information about candidates and options to people, and to keep the influence of larger national bodies like a political party to a minimum, as its ideological agenda is not typically that of any locality:
United Kingdom
- You may be looking for United Kingdom local elections, 2008. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The 2008 United Kingdom local elections were held on May 1, 2008.
In the UK the term local elections refers to county, unitary authority, borough, district, city, town and parish elections. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions These take place on the first Thursday in May. Councillors generally sit for four years. The number of independent (non-party) councillors has declined over the past forty years - nowadays the overwhelming majority of local councillors belong to one of the major parties.
There is a movement towards standardisation of local issues forums for e-democracy that would likely lead to much clearer and functional standards for the roles of various players in local elections. E-democracy, a combination of the words " electronic " and " Democracy," comprises the use of electronic Communications Technologies
United States
In the US there is more focus on electoral reform including a call for instant runoff voting to be used to select all major executives. Electoral reform is change in Electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of This is thought to make it possible for small parties to compete, as in the case of Matt Gonzalez in San Francisco, CA. Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4 1965 is an American Politician, Lawyer, and Activist prominent in San Francisco politics The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Such a ballot reform is often a complement to moving towards a Strong Mayor system, such as in Baltimore, MD or as recently advocated in Oakland, CA. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U
See also
External links
- Electing Local Authorities - article from the ACE Project
- Direct Local Democracy in Switzerland - article from the ACE Project
- "Democracy at the local Level" an overview from *International IDEA
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
- Congress of the Council of Europe
- Explanatory report of the European Charter of Local Self-Government
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