Lobster
American lobster, Homarus americanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Infraorder: Astacidea Family: Nephropidae Dana, 1852
Subfamilies and Genera
Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides

Clawed lobsters compose a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is one Species of Lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting The Malacostraca (Greek "soft shell" are the largest class of Crustaceans and include most of the animals that non-experts recognize as crustaceans including The decapods or Decapoda ( literally means "ten footed") are an order of Crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many Astacidea is a group of decapod Crustaceans including Lobsters Crayfish and their close relatives James Dwight Dana (February 12 1813 &ndash April 14 1895 was an American Geologist, Mineralogist and Zoologist. In Biological classification, family ( Latin A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Acanthacaris is a Genus of Lobsters and the only genus in the family Neophoberinae. Acanthacaris is a Genus of Lobsters and the only genus in the family Neophoberinae. Homarus is a Genus of Lobsters which include the common and commercially significant species Homarus americanus ( American lobster The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, (also called Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine or scampo) is a slim orange-pink Lobster The Cape lobster, Homarinus capensis, is a small Lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa, between Cape Town and Metanephrops is a genus of Lobsters commonly known as Scampi. Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Lobsters are economically important as seafood, forming the basis of a global industry that nets US$1. Seafood is any Sea Animal or Seaweed that is served as Food, or is suitable for eating particularly saltwater animals such The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 8 billion in trade annually.

Though several different groups of crustaceans are known as "lobsters," the clawed lobsters are most often associated with the name. Clawed lobsters are not closely related with spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, which have no claws (chelae), or squat lobsters. This article is about the animal For the B-52's song see Rock Lobster. Slipper lobsters are a family of achelate (clawless decapod Crustaceans found in all warm oceans and seas A claw is a curved pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most Mammals, Birds, and some Reptiles. Squat lobsters are decapod Crustaceans of the families Galatheidae and Chirostylidae including the common genera Galathea and The closest relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobster Enoplometopus and the three families of freshwater crayfish. Reef lobsters ( Enoplometopus) constitute a single Genus of small Lobsters that live on hard rocky bottoms in Tropical parts of Crayfish, crawfish, crawdads, or crodgers are freshwater Crustaceans resembling small Lobsters to which they are closely

Contents 1 Biology 1.1 Symbion 2 List of clawed lobster species 3 Gastronomy 3.1 History 3.2 Catching 4 Capacity for pain 4.1 Opioids 4.2 Animal rights issues 5 Lobsters in culture 6 References 7 External links

Biology

Lobsters are invertebrates and have a hard protective exoskeleton. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate An exoskeleton is an external Skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body in contrast to the internal Endoskeleton of for example a Human. Like most arthropods, lobsters must molt in order to grow, leaving them vulnerable during this time. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Ecdysis is the Molting of the Cuticula in Arthropods and related groups ( Ecdysozoa) During the molting process, several species may experience a change in color.

Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.

Lobsters typically eat live food, consisting of fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. Occasionally, they will scavenge if necessary, and may resort to cannibalism in captivity; however, this has not been observed in the wild. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος Lobster skin in the stomachs of lobsters has been found before, although this is because lobsters will eat their shed skin after molting. Ecdysis is the Molting of the Cuticula in Arthropods and related groups ( Ecdysozoa) ^[1] Lobsters grow throughout their lives and it is not unusual for a lobster to live for more than 100 years. ^[2] In fact, lobsters may exhibit "negligible senescence", in that they can effectively live indefinitely, barring injury, disease, capture, etc. Senescence refers to the biological processes of a living Organism approaching an advanced age (i ^[3] They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the Guinness World Records, the largest lobster was caught in Nova Scotia, Canada, and weighed 20. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 14 kg (44. 4 lb).

Being arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical; clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the king crab. King crabs, also called stone crabs, are a family of Crab -like decapod Crustaceans chiefly found in cold seas A freshly caught lobster will have a claw that is full and fleshy, not atrophied. The anatomy of the lobster includes the cephalothorax which is the head fused with the thorax, both of which are covered by the carapace, of chitinous composition, and the abdomen. The cephalothorax (call prosoma in some groups is an anatomical term used in Arachnids and Malacostracan Crustaceans for the The thorax is a division of an Animal 's body that lies between the head and the Abdomen. A carapace is a dorsal section of an Exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups Chitin ( C 8 H 13 O 5 N)n (ˈkaɪtən is a long-chain Polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine The lobster's head consists of antennae, antennules, mandibles, the first and second maxillae, and the first, second, and third maxillipeds. Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are In arthropods the mandible is either of a pair of Arthropod Mouthparts used for biting cutting and holding food In certain Arthropods the maxillae are paired Mouthparts located behind the mandibles. The decapod Crustacean such as a crab lobster shrimp or prawn is made up of nineteen Body segments grouped into two main body parts the Cephalothorax Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its vision is poor and it mostly uses its antennae as sensors. Studies have shown that the lobster eye is formed with a reflective structure atop a convex retina. In contrast, most complex eyes use refractive ray concentrators (lenses) and a concave retina. ^[4] The abdomen of the lobster includes swimmerets and its tail is composed of uropods and the telson. The decapod Crustacean such as a crab lobster shrimp or prawn is made up of nineteen Body segments grouped into two main body parts the Cephalothorax The decapod Crustacean such as a crab lobster shrimp or prawn is made up of nineteen Body segments grouped into two main body parts the Cephalothorax The telson is the last division of the body of a Crustacean. It is not considered a true segment because it does not arise in the embryo from teloblast areas

In general, lobsters move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. However, when they are in danger and need to flee, they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen. In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. A speed of 5 meters per second has been recorded. ^[5]

Lobsters come in a variety of colors including, but not limited to, red, blue, green, purple, yellow, and magenta.

Symbion

The genus Symbion, the only member of the animal phylum Cycliophora, has only been found on the gills and mouthparts of lobsters. Symbion is the name of a Genus of aquatic animals less than ½ mm wide found living attached to the bodies of cold-water lobsters A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms ^[6]

List of clawed lobster species

This list contains all known species in the family Nephropidae:^[7]

Acanthacaris caeca Acanthacaris tenuimana Eunephrops bairdii Eunephrops cadenasi Eunephrops luckhursti Eunephrops manningi Homarinus capensis — Cape lobster Homarus americanus — American lobster Homarus gammarus — European lobster Metanephrops andamanicus — Andaman lobster Metanephrops arafurensis Metanephrops armatus Metanephrops australiensis — Australian scampi Metanephrops binghami — Caribbean lobster Metanephrops boschmai — bight lobster Metanephrops challengeri — New Zealand scampi Metanephrops formosanus Metanephrops japonicus — Japanese lobster Metanephrops mozambicus Metanephrops neptunus Metanephrops rubellus Metanephrops sagamiensis Metanephrops sibogae Metanephrops sinensis

Metanephrops thomsoni Metanephrops velutinus Nephropides caribaeus Nephrops norvegicus — Norway lobster Nephropsis acanthura Nephropsis aculeata — Florida lobsterette Nephropsis agassizii Nephropsis atlantica Nephropsis carpenteri Nephropsis ensirostris Nephropsis hamadai Nephropsis holthuisii Nephrops macphersoni Nephropsis malhaensis Nephropsis neglecta Nephropsis occidentalis Nephropsis rosea Nephropsis serrata Nephropsis stewarti Nephropsis suhmi Nephropsis sulcata Thymopides grobovi Thymops birsteini Thymopsis nilenta

Gastronomy

Lobster is a valued foodstuff; well-known recipes include Lobster Newberg and Lobster Thermidor. Acanthacaris is a Genus of Lobsters and the only genus in the family Neophoberinae. Acanthacaris is a Genus of Lobsters and the only genus in the family Neophoberinae. The Cape lobster, Homarinus capensis, is a small Lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa, between Cape Town and The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is one Species of Lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America. The European lobster ( Homarus gammarus) (possibly referred as Crayfish) is a large European clawed Lobster. Metanephrops is a genus of Lobsters commonly known as Scampi. Metanephrops australiensis, commonly known as Australian scampi, is a Lobster found off the north-western coast of Western Australia near Metanephrops binghami, the Caribbean lobster or Caribbean lobsterette, is a Lobster which inhabits the western Atlantic region The bight lobster, Metanephrops boschmai, is a species of Lobster endemic to Australia   Metanephrops challengeri (the New Zealand lobster or New Zealand scampi) is a Species of Lobster that lives around the coasts Metanephrops japonicus is a species of Lobster found in Japanese waters  The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, (also called Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine or scampo) is a slim orange-pink Lobster The European lobster ( Homarus gammarus) (possibly referred as Crayfish) is a large European clawed Lobster. Lobster Newberg is a Seafood dish made from Lobster, Butter, cream, cognac, Sherry, eggs and Cayenne pepper Lobster Thermidor is a French dish consisting of a creamy cheesy mixture of cooked Lobster meat Egg yolks and Brandy or Lobster is best eaten fresh, and they are normally purchased live. Lobsters are usually shipped and sold with their claws banded to prevent them from injuring each other or the purchaser. Lobsters cannot open and close the claws when they are banded, which causes the claws to begin to atrophy inside the shell. Atrophy is the partial or complete Wasting away of a part of the Body. Recently banded lobsters will not show this, and the claws will be full. Many restaurants that serve lobster keep a tank of the live creatures, often allowing patrons to pick their own.

Lobsters are generally prepared and cooked while they are still alive, even though both claws may have been removed. Most cooks place the live lobster into a pot of boiling water or steam which kills it. Lobsters are also served fried, grilled, or baked. Freezing the lobster may toughen the meat. For freezing as a method of food preservation see Frozen food.

When boiling, the lobster is simmerred for 7 minutes for the first pound and 3 minutes for each additional pound. ^[8]

The shell of the lobster makes eating them a slow process for the unskilled or timid, who may require a number of implements including nutcrackers, a small fork, and a plastic bib. The European lobster ( Homarus gammarus) (possibly referred as Crayfish) is a large European clawed Lobster. A nutcracker is a Mechanical device for cracking nuts. It works on the Principle of moments as described in Archimedes ' analysis A bib is a garment worn hanging from the neck on the chest to protect clothing from spilling It is possible to shell a lobster by hand if one is careful to avoid the sharp points.

The majority of the meat is in the tail and the two front claws, but smaller quantities can be found in the legs and torso. A leg is a limb on an Animal 's Body that supports the rest of the animal above the ground between the Ankle and the Hip and is used for Torso is an anatomical term for the central part of the many animal bodies (including that of the human from which extend the neck and limbs Lobster can be boiled or steamed, or used in a wide array of dishes and salads. It can be served as soup or bisque or mixed with mayonnaise or salad dressing for lobster rolls. Bisque is a thick creamy highly-seasoned Soup of French origin classically of puréed crustaceans Mayonnaise (sometime abbreviated to mayo in American English and other languages is a thick Condiment made primarily from Vegetable oil and Egg Lobster meat is often dipped in melted butter, resulting in a sweetened flavor.

History

commercial
crustaceans
crab
crayfish
krill
lobster
shrimp
fishing industry
fisheries
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The European wild lobster, including the royal blue lobster of Audresselles, is more expensive and rare than the American lobster. Commercial fishing, also known as industrial fishing, is the activity of capturing Fish and other Seafood for commercial Profit, mostly Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Crab fisheries are Fisheries which capture or farm crabs Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans Crayfish, crawfish, crawdads, or crodgers are freshwater Crustaceans resembling small Lobsters to which they are closely The Krill fishery is the commercial Fishery of Krill, small Shrimp -like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide Clawed lobsters compose a family ( Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine Crustaceans Lobsters are economically important as A shrimp fishery is a Fishery directed toward harvesting either Shrimp or Prawns (Fisheries do not generally distinguish between the two The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking culturing processing preserving storing transporting marketing or selling fish or fish products For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. Audresselles is a commune south of Cape Gris Nez in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It was consumed chiefly by the royal and aristocratic families of France and the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Such scenes were depicted in Dutch paintings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

In North America prior to the 20th century, local lobster was not a popular food. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In the Maritimes, eating lobster was considered a mark of poverty or as a food for slaves or lower members of society. The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada Lobsters were also used as a fertilizer for farms. Outside of the rural outports lobster was sold canned.

The market for lobster changed with the development of the modern transportation industry that allowed live lobsters to be shipped from the ports to large urban centres. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Fresh lobster quickly became a luxury food and a tourist attraction for the Maritime provinces and Maine and an export to Europe and Japan where it is especially expensive. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

The high price of lobster has led to the marketing of "faux lobster" which is clearly labeled as such. It is often made from pollock or other whitefish that has been altered to look and taste similar to lobster. Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine This article is about demersal fish for more definitions see Whitefish. A few restaurants sell "langostino lobster". Langostino is a Spanish word with different meanings in different areas Langostino translates into prawn, however the actual animal is probably a crab. Prawns are Crustaceans belonging to the sub-order Dendrobranchiata   Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy Maine fishermen are upset that restaurants are passing off the fake as lobster. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The spiny lobster is also called langouste. This article is about the animal For the B-52's song see Rock Lobster. Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill sold a "Lobster Burrito" which was made from squat lobster, another crustacean which is very similar to the crab. Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill, formerly known as Rubio's Baja Grill, also simply known as Rubio's, is a Fast casual Fresh Mex Restaurant Squat lobsters are decapod Crustaceans of the families Galatheidae and Chirostylidae including the common genera Galathea and ^[9]

Catching

The usual method of catching lobsters has been to use baited, one-way traps located deep underwater with a coded marker buoy at the surface so that fishermen can find their cages. Around the year 2000, due to overfishing and demand overwhelming supply, many countries began to try lobster farming, which is similar to fish farming. Fish farming is the principal form of Aquaculture, while other methods may fall under Mariculture.

Capacity for pain

See also: Do fish feel pain?

The question of whether or not lobsters can experience pain is unresolved. Angling is a method of Fishing by means of an "angle" ( hook) Because of the ambiguous nature of suffering, most people who contend that lobsters do have this capacity approach the issue using 'argument by analogy' — that is, they hold that certain similarities between lobsters' and humans' biology or behavior warrant an assumption that lobsters can feel pain. ^[10]

In February 2005, a review of the literature by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety tentatively concluded that "it is unlikely that [lobsters] can feel pain," though they note that "there is apparently a paucity of exact knowledge on sentience in crustaceans, and more research is needed. " This conclusion is based on the lobster's simple nervous system. The report assumes that the violent reaction of lobsters to boiling water is a reflex to noxious stimuli. ^[11]

However, a Scottish review released in the same year reported that "scientific evidence . . . strongly suggests that there is a potential for [lobsters] to experience pain and suffering," primarily because lobsters (and other decapod crustaceans) "have opioid receptors and respond to opioids (analgesics such as morphine) in a similar way to vertebrates,"; translated, this indicates that lobsters' reaction to injury changes when painkillers are applied. The similarities in lobsters' and vertebrates' stress systems and behavioral responses to noxious stimuli were given as additional evidence for their capacity for pain. ^[10]

A 2007 study at Queen's University, Belfast, suggested that crustaceans do feel pain. Acetic acid was placed on the antennae of 144 prawns; the animals responded by rubbing the affected areas. Professor Robert Elwood, who headed the study, argues that sensing pain is crucial to the survival of all animals, because it encourages them to avoid damaging behaviors. Some scientists responded, saying the rubbing may reflect an attempt to clean the affected area. ^[12]

Opioids

In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opiate receptors. An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Opioid peptides and opiate receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although “at present no certain conclusion can be drawn,”^[11] some have interpreted their presence as an indication that lobsters may be able to experience pain^[11][10]. The aforementioned Scottish paper holds that lobsters' opioids may "mediate pain in the same way" as in vertebrates^[10].

Morphine, an analgesic, and naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, may affect a related species of crustacean (Chasmagnathus granulatus) in much the same way they affect vertebrates: injections of morphine into crabs produced a dose-dependent reduction of their defensive response to an electric shock. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of Opioid overdose, for example Heroin or Morphine overdose ^[13] (However, the attenuated defensive response could originate from either the analgesic or sedative properties of morphine, or both^[14]) These findings have been replicated for other invertebrate species,^[14] but similar data is not yet available for lobsters.

Animal rights issues

The most common way of killing a lobster is by placing it, live, in boiling water, or by splitting: severing the body in half, lengthwise.

The boiling method (also used to kill crayfish and shrimp) is controversial because some believe that the lobster suffers. The practice is illegal in some places, such as in Reggio Emilia, Italy, where offenders face fines of up to €495. For the city in the southern Italy See Reggio Calabria. For the basketball club "Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia" see Pallacanestro Reggiana. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e ^[15] The Norwegian study states that the lobster may be de-sensitized by placing it in a salt solution 15 minutes before killing it.

The quickest way to kill a lobster may be to insert a knife into its head and cleave the head in two, thereby destroying two of the most important nerve clusters of the lobster. Some feel that this is more humane than placing the live lobster into boiling water, although it is common for the lobster to twitch for some time even when severed symmetrically in half.

Some stores will kill a lobster upon purchase by microwaving it. Whether or not death occurs more quickly than when the lobster is dropped in boiling water is not clear. There are, however, locations where the sale of a dead lobster to be eaten is illegal, including Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. ^[16]

In 2006, British inventor Simon Buckhaven invented the CrustaStun, which electrocutes lobsters with a 110 V electric shock, killing them in about five seconds. The Crustastun is a device manufactured by a company in England. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. "Electrocute" redirects here For the band see Electrocute (band. This ensures a quicker death for the lobster. Seafood wholesalers in Britain already use a commercial version. A home version measuring about 46 cm width and depth came into the retail market in late 2006 for about £2000. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency ^[17][18]

Lobsters in culture

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. The Moche civilization (alternately the Mochica culture Early Chimu Pre-Chimu Proto-Chimu etc Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Lobsters were often depicted in their art. ^[19] In the Japanese 1966 film Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster and the 1970 film Space Amoeba, the Toho monsters Ebirah and Ganime, respectively, are both giant mutant lobsters. Godzilla vs the Sea Monster, released in Japan as, is a 1966 Tokusatsu film directed by Jun Fukuda, and was released by Toho Space Amoeba or Yog--Monster from Space, released in Japan as, is a Tokusatsu Science fiction Film produced and released Origin Showa series In Godzilla vs The Sea Monster (Also titled Ebirah Horror Of The Deep) (which is part of the Showa series a terrorist Space Amoeba Controlled and powered by the malevolent intelligence of the Amoeba being a gigantic stone crab Ganime attacked the island A recurring character on the television show "Spongebob Squarepants" is a bodybuilding lobster named Larry. SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series and Media franchise. Bodybuilding is the process of maximizing Muscle hypertrophy.

References

External links

• Lipke Holthuis (1991). Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity are a Publisher, especially of Art and Illustrated Books Lipke Bijdeley Holthuis ( April 21 1921 - March 7 2008) is a Dutch carcinologist, considered one of the "undisputed Marine Lobsters of the World. Food and Agriculture Organization.  
• Lobster Recipes

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