Citizendia

*Map sources for Lleyn Peninsula
*Map sources for Lleyn Peninsula
Hafan Pwllheli Marina
Hafan Pwllheli Marina
St. Tudwal's Islands from Mynytho
St. Tudwal's Islands from Mynytho

The Lleyn Peninsula (Welsh Llŷn) extends thirty miles into the Irish Sea from north west Wales, southwest of the island of Anglesey. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, History There are numerous Megalithic monuments and Menhirs present on Anglesey testifying to the presence of mankind in prehistory It is part of the modern county and historic region of Gwynedd. History Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th Century when it was conquered and subjugated by England The name is thought to be of Irish origin, and to have the same root — Laighin in modern Irish — as the word Leinster. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Leinster (ˈlɛnstər Irish: Laighin, lainʲ one of the Provinces of Ireland, lies in the east of Ireland and comprises the counties of

Historically, the peninsula was used by pilgrims en route to Bardsey Island (Welsh Ynys Enlli), and its relative isolation has helped to conserve the Welsh language and culture, for which the locality is now famous. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Bardsey Island (Ynys Enlli lies off the Llŷn peninsula, in Gwynedd, north Wales. Bardsey Island (Ynys Enlli lies off the Llŷn peninsula, in Gwynedd, north Wales. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic This perceived remoteness from urban life has lent the area an unspoilt image which has made Lleyn a popular destination for both tourists and holiday home owners, although holiday homes remains a bone of contention among locals forced out of the housing market by incomers. In the 1970s, 80s and 90s, shadowy terrorist group Meibion Glyndŵr launched a number of arson attacks on holiday homes using incendiary devices. Meibion Glyndŵr ( Welsh: Sons of Glyndŵr) was a Welsh nationalist movement violently opposed to the loss of Welsh culture and

Contents

Tân yn Llŷn 1936

Saunders Lewis in 1936 in Coelcerth Rhyddid
Saunders Lewis in 1936 in Coelcerth Rhyddid

Concern for the Welsh language was ignited in 1936 when the UK government settled on establishing a bombing school at Penyberth on the Peninsula. Saunders Lewis (John Saunders Lewis ( October 15, 1893 - September 1, 1985) was a Welsh Poet, Dramatist, Penyberth was a farmhouse at Penrhos, on the Llŷn Peninsula near Pwllheli, Gwynedd, which had been the home to generations of patrons of The events surrounding the protest became known as Tân yn Llŷn (Fire in Llŷn). [1] The UK government settled on Llŷn as the site for its new bombing school after similar locations Northumberland and Dorset were met with protests. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast [2]

However, UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against the bombing school in Wales, despite a deputation representing half a million Welsh protesters[3]. Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major Protest against the bombing school was summed up by Saunders Lewis when he wrote that the UK government was intent upon turning one of the 'essential homes of Welsh culture, idiom, and literature' into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare. Saunders Lewis (John Saunders Lewis ( October 15, 1893 - September 1, 1985) was a Welsh Poet, Dramatist, Wales has a distinctive Culture including its own language, customs Holidays and Music. An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only The term Welsh literature may be used to refer to any Literature originating from Wales or by Welsh writers. [4]

On 8 September 1936 the bombing school building was set on fire and in the investigations which followed Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, and D.J. Williams claimed responsibility. Lewis Edward Valentine ( June 1, 1893 -March 1986 was a Welsh politician Baptist pastor author editor and Welsh language activist [5] The trial at Caernarfon failed to agree on a verdict and the case was sent to the Old Bailey in London. The Central Criminal Court in England, commonly known as the Old Bailey, is a court The "Three" were sentenced to nine months' imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs, and on their release they were greeted as heroes by fifteen thousand Welsh at a pavilion in Caernarfon. Wormwood Scrubs (informally "The scrubs" is a Category B British local Prison that receives prisoners on remand or after sentencing Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now almost always used in preference to the anglicised forms "Caernarvon" or "Carnarvon" is a [6]

2001 census and housing

According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20. 5% in a population of over 2. 9 million claiming fluency in Welsh, or one in five. [7] Additionally, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. [8] However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72. History Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th Century when it was conquered and subjugated by England 1% in 1991 to 68. 7% in 2001. [9]

The decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd may be attributable to non Welsh speaking residents moving to North Wales, driving up property rates above what local Welsh speakers may afford, according to former Gwynedd county councilor Seimon Glyn of Plaid Cymru, whose controversial comments in 2001 focused attention on the issue. [10] Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the problem of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that '. . . traditional Welsh communities could die out. . . " as a consequence. [11]

Much of the rural Welsh property market was driven by buyers looking for second homes for use as holiday homes, or for retirement. In modern usage a cottage is a dwelling typically in a rural or semi-rural location (although there are cottage-style dwellings in cities Many buyers were drawn to Wales from England because of relatively inexpensive house prices in Wales as compared to house prices in England. [12][13] The rise in home prices outpaced the average earnings income in Wales and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home. [13]

In 2001 nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd were bought by buyers from out of the county, and with some communities reporting as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. [14][15] Holiday home owners spend less then six months of the year in the local community.

The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicated the issue, as many new residents did not learn the Welsh language,[14][16] [17][18] and in 1996 there had been large protests, backed by Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, against the construction of 800 houses at Morfa Bychan near Porthmadog. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (The Welsh Language Society often abbreviated to Cymdeithas or Cymdeithas yr Iaith) is a Pressure group in [19]

Concerned for the Welsh language under these pressures, Glyn said "Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately". [20]

Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 task force headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended land should be allocated for affordable local housing, and called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in the Scottish Highlands. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous [15][16][20]

However the Welsh Labour-Liberal Democrat Assembly coalition rebuffed these proposals, with Assembly housing spokesman Peter Black stating that "we [can not] frame our planning laws around the Welsh language", adding "Nor can we take punitive measures against second home owners in the way that they propose as these will have an impact on the value of the homes of local people". The Wales Labour Party, also known as Welsh Labour (Llafur Cymru is the part of the Labour Party which operates in Wales. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The National Assembly for Wales (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru is a devolved assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. Peter Black (born 30 January 1960 is a Welsh Liberal Democrat politician and Member of the Welsh Assembly for the South Wales West Region [20]

By fall 2001 the Exmoor National Park authority in England began consideration to limit second home ownership there which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%. Exmoor is a National Park situated on the Bristol Channel coast of south west England [17] Elfyn Llwyd, Plaid Cymru's Parliamentary Group Leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as in Wales, however in Wales there is the added dimension of language and culture. Elfyn Llwyd (born September 26, 1951) is a Welsh Politician, and Member of the U [17]

Reflecting on the controversy Glyn's comments caused earlier in the year, Llwyd observed "What is interesting is of course it is fine for Exmoor to defend their community but in Wales when you try to say these things it is called racist. . . "[17]

Llwyd called on other parties to join in a debate to bring the Exmoor experience to Wales when he said ". . . I really do ask them and I plead with them to come around the table and talk about the Exmoor suggestion and see if we can now bring it into Wales". [17]

By spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. Snowdonia (Eryri is a region of North Wales and a National park of in area Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in West Wales. [21] According to planners in Snowdonia and Pembroke applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or the applicant had strong links with the area.

By 2003 however, a survey of schools showed that just over 94% of children between 3 and 15 were able to speak Welsh, making Llŷn one of the foremost heartlands for the language, though — as with the rest of Northwest Wales — there have been concerns that the influx of English speakers are damaging the standing of Welsh. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Geographic notability

Geographically, Llŷn is notable for its large number of protected sites — including a National Nature Reserve at Cors Geirch, a National Heritage Coastline and a European Marine Special Area of Conservation as well as twenty Sites of Special Scientific Interest. National Nature Reserve is a United Kingdom government Conservation designation for a Nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science A Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI is a Conservation designation denoting a Protected area in the United Kingdom. Much of the coastline and the ex-volcanic hills are part of the Llŷn Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), confirming the peninsula as one of the most scientifically important in both Wales and Britain. An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB is an area of countryside with significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland The Llŷn Coastal Path long distance footpath enables walkers to fully explore both coasts of the peninsula. The Llŷn Coastal Path is a waymarked Long distance footpath running along the coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. Long-distance trails (or long-distance tracks paths footpaths or Greenways are the longer recreational right-of-way routes mainly through rural areas used for non-motorised

Settlements

Settlements on the Llŷn peninsula include:

Hills

Hills in Llŷn include:

On 19 July 1984 there was an earthquake beneath the peninsula. Aberdaron is a small former fishing Village at the tip of Wales 's northern peninsula the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd. Abersoch is a large Village in the parish of Llanengan Gwynedd, Wales. Botwnnog is a Village in Gwynedd, Wales. It lies between Mynytho and Sarn Mellteryn on the Llŷn Peninsula and is Criccieth ( Welsh Cricieth) is a Town on the Cardigan Bay coast in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. Llanbedrog is a Village on the Llŷn peninsula in Wales, situated on the south side of the Peninsula on the A499 road between Llanengan is a small Village 1¼ Miles or 2 Km south west of Abersoch in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. Morfa Nefyn is a small Village located on the northern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Wales. Mynytho is a small Village in the Parish of Llangian near the southern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in north-west Wales. Nefyn is a small Town on the north-west coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, with a Population of around Penyberth was a farmhouse at Penrhos, on the Llŷn Peninsula near Pwllheli, Gwynedd, which had been the home to generations of patrons of Porthdinllaen ( English Porth Dinllaen) is a small Coastal Village in the Dwyfor locality on the Llŷn Peninsula Porthmadog, ˌpɒrθˈmædɒg and known locally as Port, is a small Coastal Town in the Dwyfor locality within Gwynedd in North Pwllheli is the main Market town of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd, north-western Wales. Rhiw (pronounced hriu) is a small Village on the southwest tip of the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd, north Wales Trefor is a small Village on the north coast of the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd, North Wales. Tudweiliog is a small predominantly Welsh -speaking Village on the northern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in north-west Wales. Yr Eifl is a Mountain on the north coast of the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd, north-western Wales. Carn Fadryn is a five- Hectare Iron Age Hill fort and is the name of the Hill on which the fort is situated Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer It measured 5. 4 on the Richter Scale and was felt in many parts of Ireland and western Britain; see 1984 Lleyn Peninsula earthquake. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

The Welsh Language and Heritage Centre of Nant Gwrtheyrn is situated on the north coast. Nant Gwrtheyrn Welsh Language and Heritage Centre is situated in a former quarrying village which on the northern coast of the Llŷn Peninsula, Gwynedd, in northwest

References

  1. ^ John Davies, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, page 593
  2. ^ Davies, op cit, page 592
  3. ^ Davies, op cit, page 592
  4. ^ Davies, op cit, page 592
  5. ^ Davies, op cit, page 592
  6. ^ Davies, op cit, page 592
  7. ^ Census shows Welsh language rise Friday, 14 February, 2003 extracted 12-04-07
  8. ^ Census shows Welsh language rise Friday, 14 February, 2003 extracted 12-04-07
  9. ^ Census shows Welsh language rise Friday, 14 February, 2003 extracted 12-04-07
  10. ^ Plaid bids to defuse 'racism' row, BBC Wales, 21 February, 2001
  11. ^ 'Racist' remarks lost Plaid votes, BBC Wales, 3 September, 2001
  12. ^ Property prices in England and Wales Wednesday, 8 August, 2001, extracted 24 Jan 2008
  13. ^ a b House prices outpacing incomes Monday, 3 December, 2001, extracted 24 Jan 2008
  14. ^ a b Apology over 'insults' to English, BBC Wales, 3 September, 2001
  15. ^ a b UK: Wales Plaid calls for second home controls, BBC Wales, November 17, 1999
  16. ^ a b Double tax for holiday home owners Thursday, 16 December, 1999, extracted 24 Jan 2008
  17. ^ a b c d e Controls on second homes reviewed Wednesday, 5 September, 2001 extracted 24 Jan 2008
  18. ^ Gwynedd considers holiday home curb Tuesday, 9 April, 2002, extracted 24 Jan 2008
  19. ^ See e. g. Remember 1996, BBC Cymru (in Welsh, extracted 1 Feb 2008). Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic
    The protests followed a High Court decision that planning permission given in 1964 was still valid, which Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg described as a "scandal" in a 1998 report — Dewch gyda ni! (Come with us!), (extracted 1 Feb 2008).
    The owners of the site later entered a legal agreement with the council which allowed building of a caravan site on part of the site, but which set aside the earlier permission for the houses; the council later also settled a compensation claim by the developers for its handling of the matter; see 25 year legal case ends as Welsh council pay £1.9 million, NewsWales (extracted 1 Feb 2008)
  20. ^ a b c Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas, BBC Wales, 19 June, 2001
  21. ^ Park to ban new holiday homes Wednesday, 6 March, 2002 extracted 24 Jan 2008

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