Livestock

Domestic sheep and a cow pastured together in South Africa

Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally) to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to make produce such as food or fibre, or for its labour. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an The term generally does not include poultry or farmed fish. Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two

Livestock may be raised for subsistence or for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is an important component of modern agriculture. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture It has been practiced in many societies, since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting

1 Origins of livestock
2 Types of livestock
3 Purpose of animal rearing
4 Farming practices
5 Predation
6 Disease
7 Livestock transportation and marketing
8 Stock shows and fairs
9 Animal welfare and surmised rights
10 Environmental impact
11 See also

Origins of livestock

Animal-rearing has its origins in the transition of societies to settled farming communities rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyles. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Animals are ‘domesticated’ when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Over time, the collective behaviour, life cycle, and physiology of livestock have changed radically. A life cycle is a period involving 1 Generation of an Organism through means of Reproduction, whether through Asexual reproduction or Sexual Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Many modern farm animals are unsuited to life in the wild. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago, Goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BCE in Asia. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the Middle East and China [1]. The domestic Pig (or in some areas hog) is normally given the scientific name Sus scrofa scrofa, though some taxonomists use the term The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BCE

Types of livestock

The term "livestock" is nebulous and may be defined narrowly or broadly. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.

On a broader view, livestock refers to any breed or population of animal kept by humans for a useful, commercial purpose. This can mean domestic animals, semi-domestic animals, or captive wild animals. This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by Humans. Semi-domesticated refers to animals which are only lightly domesticated or of disputed status. These populations may also be in the process of domestication. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals

In practical discussions, some people may use the term livestock to refer just to domestic animals or even just to red meat animals. For mammal meat see Red meat. For the band see Red Meat (band.

Animal / Type	Domestication Status	Wild Ancestor	Time of first Captivity / Domestication	Area of first Captivity / Domestication	Current Commercial Uses
Alpaca Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Vicuña	Between 5000 BC and 4000 BC	Andes	wool
Bison Mammal, herbivore	captive (see also Beefalo)	N/A	Late 19th Century	North America	meat, leather,
Camel Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Wild Dromedary and Bactrian camels	Between 4000 BC and 1400 BC	Asia	mount, pack animal, meat, dairy
Cat Mammal, carnivore	domestic	Felis silvestris lybica	About 8000 BC		pest control
Cattle Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Aurochs (extinct)	6000 BC	Southwest Asia, India, North Africa (?)	Meat (beef, veal, blood), dairy, leather, draught
Deer Mammal, herbivore	captive	N/A	1970	North America	Meat (venison), leather, antlers, antler velvet
Dog Mammal, omnivore	domestic	Wolf	12000 BC		pack animal, draught, hunting, herding, searching/gathering, watching/guarding, meat
Donkey Mammal, herbivore	domestic	African Wild Ass	4000 BC	Egypt	mount, pack animal, draught, meat, dairy
Goat Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Bezoar goat	8000 BC	Southwest Asia	Dairy, meat, wool, leather, light draught,
Guinea pig Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Cavia tschudii	5000 BC	South America	Meat
Horse Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Wild horses of Southern Russia (extinct)	4000 BC	Ukraine	mount, pack animal, draught, meat, dairy
Llama Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Guanaco	3500 BC	Andes	light mount, pack animal, draught,,, meat, wool
Mule Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Sterile hybrid of donkey and horse			mount, pack animal, draught
Pig Mammal, omnivore	domestic	Wild boar	7000 BC	Eastern Anatolia	Meat (pork, bacon, etc. The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna) is one of two wild South American Camelids along with the Guanaco, which live in the high alpineous areas of the The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Beefalo are a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic Cattle, Bos taurus, and the American Bison, Bison bison (generally called In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The Dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius) is a large Even-toed ungulate. The Bactrian Camel ( Camelus bactrianus) is a large Even-toed ungulate native to the Steppes of north eastern Asia. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a Species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's Health Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The aurochs or urus ( Bos taurus primigenius) was a very large type of cattle that was prevalent in Europe until its Extinction in 1627 Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Veal is the Meat of Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Venison is the Culinary name for Meat from the family Cervidae. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The African Wild Ass ( Equus africanus) is a wild member of the horse family Equidae. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The wild goat ( Capra aegagrus) is a widespread Species of goat, with a distribution ranging from Europe and Asia Minor to Central Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks The Guinea pig (also commonly called the cavy after its scientific name Cavia porcellus) is a species of Rodent belonging to the family Caviidae Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The Montane Guinea Pig, Cavia tschudii, is a Guinea pig Species from South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The guanaco ( Lama guanicoe) is a Camelid animal native to South America that stands between 107 and 122 centimeters (3 The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks The domestic Pig (or in some areas hog) is normally given the scientific name Sus scrofa scrofa, though some taxonomists use the term Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary The boar or wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is an Omnivorous, gregarious Mammal of the biological family Suidae. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Bacon is a cut of Meat taken from the sides belly or back of a Pig that has been cured, smoked, or both ), leather
Rabbit Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Wild rabbit	between AD 400-900	France	Meat, wool
Reindeer Mammal, herbivore	semi-domestic	reindeer	3000 BC	Russia	Meat, leather, antlers, dairy, draught,
Sheep Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Asiatic mouflon sheep	Between 9000 BC-11000 BC	Southwest Asia	Wool, dairy, leather, meat (mutton and lamb)
Water Buffalo Mammal, herbivore	domesitc	Wild water buffalo, Arni	4000 BC	China (Tibetan Plateau)	mount, draught, meat, dairy
Yak Mammal, herbivore	domestic	Wild yak		Tibet	Meat, dairy, wool, mount, pack animal, draught

Purpose of animal rearing

A Brown Swiss cow in the Swiss Alps

‘Livestock’ are defined, in part, by their end purpose as the production of food or fiber, or labour. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The mouflon ( Ovis orientalis orientalis group is a subspecies group of the wild sheep Ovis orientalis. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of Domestic sheep. The meat of an animal in its first year is lamb; that of an older sheep is hogget Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of Domestic sheep. The meat of an animal in its first year is lamb; that of an older sheep is hogget Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks Brown Swiss is the Breed of Dairy cattle that produces the second largest quantity of Milk per annum over 9000kg The Swiss Alps (Schweizer Alpen Alpes suisses Alpi svizzere Alps svizras are the central portion of the Alps Mountain range that lies within

The economic value of livestock includes:

Meat: the production of a useful form of dietary protein and energy. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl
Dairy products: Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk, which can in turn easily be processed into other dairy products such as yogurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, kefir, and kumis. A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined For the Islamic term see Kaffir. Kefir (alternately keefir, kephir, kewra, talai, mudu kekiya Kumis ( Turkish:kımız Mongolian:airag is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk Using livestock for this purpose can often yield several times the food energy of slaughtering the animal outright. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion.
Fiber: Livestock produce a range of fiber/textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool and mohair; cows, deer, and sheep can make leather; and bones, hooves and horns of livestock can be used. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce HoofRearHoovesjpg|thumb|200px|right|Rear hooves of a horse]] A hoof is the tip of a Toe of an Ungulate Mammal, strengthened by a thick horny ( A horn is a pointed projection of the Skin on the head of various Mammals consisting of a covering of horn ( Keratin and other Proteins
Fertilizer: Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. This is an important reason why historically, plant and animal domestication have been intimately linked. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors and can be used as a fuel for fires. The blood and bone of animals are also used as fertilizer. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce
Labour: Animals such as horses, donkey, and yaks can be used for mechanical energy. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - Prior to steam power livestock were the only available source of non-human labour. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. They are still used for this purpose in many places of the world, including ploughing fields, transporting goods, and military functions. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking
Land management: The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth. For example, in areas prone to wild fires, goats and sheep are set to graze on dry scrub which removes combustible material and reduces the risk of fires.

During the history of animal husbandry many secondary products have arisen in an attempt to increase carcass utilization and reduce waste. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding For example, animal offal and non-edible parts may be transformed into products such as pet food and fertilizer. Offal is the Entrails and Internal organs of a Butchered Animal. In the past such waste products were sometimes also fed to livestock as well. However, intra-species recycling poses a disease risk, threatening animal and even human health (see bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie and prion). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE) commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease ( MCD) is a fatal Neurodegenerative disease in Cattle Scrapie is a fatal degenerative Disease that affects the Nervous systems of Sheep and Goats It is one of several Transmissible spongiform A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded Due primarily to BSE (mad cow disease), feeding animal scraps to animals has been banned in many countries, at least in regards to ruminants and pigs. Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times

Farming practices

Goat family with 1-week-old young

Main article: animal husbandry

Farming practices vary dramatically world-wide and between types of animals. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding

Livestock are generally kept in an enclosure, are fed by human-provided food and are intentionally bred, but some livestock are not enclosed, or are fed by access to natural foods, or are allowed to breed freely, or any combination thereof.

Livestock raising historically was part of a nomadic or pastoral form of material culture. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability In addition to its usual meaning in Social science, in Archaeology, the term culture is also used in reference to several related concepts unique to The herding of camels and reindeer in some parts of the world remain unassociated with sedentary agriculture. The transhumance form of herding in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California still continues as cattle, sheep or goats are moved from winter pasture in lower lying valleys to spring pasture and summer pasture in the foothills and alpine regions as the seasons progress. Transhumance is a term with two accepted usages Older sources use transhumance for vertical seasonal Livestock movement typically to higher Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group ( Herd) maintaining the group and moving the group from place to place&mdashor any combination of The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Cattle were raised on the open range in the Western United States and Canada, as well as on the Pampas of Argentina and other prairie and steppe regions of the world. Laguna de Gomezjpg|thumb|left|240px|Lake Gomez near Junín in the heart of the Pampas grain belt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Prairie, from the French prairie ("meadow" "grassland" "pasture" refers to an area of land of low topographic relief that historically In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place

The enclosure of livestock in pastures and barns is a relatively new development in the history of agriculture. Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. A barn (symbol b) is a unit of Area. While the barn is not an SI unit it is accepted (although discouraged for use with the SI Agriculture was developed at least 10000 years ago and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation When cattle are enclosed, the type of ‘enclosure’ may vary from a small crate, a large fenced pasture or a paddock. In Agriculture, Fences are used to keep Animals in or out of an area Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. The type of feed may vary from natural growing grass, to highly sophisticated processed feed. A feedlot or feedyard is a type of Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO (also known as " Factory farming " which is used for finishing livestock Animals are usually intentionally bred through artificial insemination or through supervised mating.

Indoor production systems are generally used only for pigs and poultry, as well as for veal cattle. The domestic Pig (or in some areas hog) is normally given the scientific name Sus scrofa scrofa, though some taxonomists use the term Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or Indoor animals are generally farmed intensively, as large space requirements would make indoor farming unprofitable and impossible. However, indoor farming systems are controversial due to: the waste they produce, odour problems, the potential for groundwater contamination and animal welfare concerns. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations (For further discussion on intensively farmed livestock, see factory farming, and intensive pig farming). Factory farming is the practice of raising Farm animals in confinement at high stocking density where a farm operates as a Factory &mdash a practice typical in Intensive piggeries (or hog lots) are a type of Factory farm specialized for the raising of Domestic pigs up to slaughter weight

Other livestock are farmed outside, although the size of enclosure and level of supervision may vary. In large open ranges animals may be only occasionally inspected or yarded in "round-ups" or a muster (livestock). A muster is the roundup of Livestock, and is a term primarily used in Australia and New Zealand. Working dogs such as sheep dogs and cattle dogs may be used for mustering livestock as are cowboys, stockmen and jackaroos on horses, or with vehicles and also by helicopters. A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of In the Australian lexicon stockman is the traditional name given to a person who looks after the Livestock on a large property known as a station and owned Since the advent of barbed wire (in the 1870s) and electric fence technology, fencing pastures has become much more feasible and pasture management simplified. Barbed wire, also known as barb wire (and frequently in dialect form spelled bob or bobbed) is a type of fencing Wire constructed An electric fence is a barrier that uses Electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary Rotation of pasturage is a modern technique for improving nutrition and health while avoiding environmental damage to the land. In some cases very large numbers of animals may be kept in indoor or outdoor feeding operations (on feedlots), where the animals' feed is processed, offsite or onsite, and stored on site then fed to the animals. A feedlot or feedyard is a type of Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO (also known as " Factory farming " which is used for finishing livestock

Livestock - especially cattle - may be branded to indicate ownership and age, but in modern farming identification is more likely to be indicated by means of ear tags than branding. Livestock branding is any technique for marking Livestock so as to identify the owner An Ear tag is a plastic or metal object used for identification of domestic Livestock and other animals Sheep are also frequently marked by means of ear marks and/or ear tags. As fears of mad cow disease and other epidemic illnesses mount, the use of microchip identification to monitor and trace animals in the food production system is increasingly common, and sometimes required by governmental regulations. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE) commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease ( MCD) is a fatal Neurodegenerative disease in Cattle

Modern farming techniques seek to minimize human involvement, increase yield, and improve animal health. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Economics, quality and consumer safety all play a role in how animals are raised. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Drug use and feed supplements (or even feed type) may be regulated, or prohibited, to ensure yield is not increased at the expense of consumer health, safety or animal welfare. Hard and soft drugs are loose categories of non-prescription Psychoactive drugs This distinction is used in both official and casual discourse Practices vary around the world, for example growth hormone use is permitted in the United States but not in stock to be sold to the European Union. Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

The improvement of health, using modern farming techniques, on the part of animals has come into question. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Feeding cattle, which have historically eaten grasses, corn is an example. They don't digest the corn well, being ruminants. Feeding them corn also makes no use of their rumens that can lead to other difficulties.

Predation

Livestock farmers had suffered in the hands of wild animals and rustlers. Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms Rustlers are a range of burgers and hot sandwiches produced by Kepak Convenience Foods based in Kirkham, Lancashire, England. In North America, gray wolf, grizzly bear, cougar, black bear, and coyote are sometimes considered a threat to livestock. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis, also known as the Silvertip Bear, is a Subspecies of Brown bear (Ursus arctos that lives The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The American Black Bear ( Ursus americanus) is the most common Bear Species native to North America. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora In Eurasia and Africa, wolf, brown bear, leopard, tiger, lion, dhole, black bear, spotted hyena, and others caused livestock deaths. The Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) is an Omnivorous Mammal of the family Ursidae, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. The Dhole ( Cuon alpinus) also known as the Asiatic Wild Dog, Indian Wild Dog or Red Dog is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The Spotted Hyena, or Laughing Hyena, ( Crocuta crocuta) is a carnivorous Mammal of the family Hyaenidae. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting In Australia, the dingo, foxes, Wedge-tailed Eagles, hunting and domestic dogs (especially) cause problems for grazers because they often kill for fun. Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens In Latin America, feral dogs cause livestock deaths in nightfall. The term pariah dog is used to refer to feral dogs of a particular type, a subspecies of dog, and a purebred dog category or group They blame Maned wolves, cougars, jaguars, and spectacled bears for livestock deaths. The Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid of South America, resembling a big fox with reddish fur The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The Spectacled Bear ( Tremarctos ornatus) also known as the Andean Bear and locally as ukuko, jukumari or ucumari, is the closest

Disease

Livestock diseases compromise animal welfare, reduce productivity, and in rare cases can infect humans.

Animal diseases may be tolerated; reduced through animal husbandry; or reduced through antibiotics and vaccines. In developing countries animal diseases are tolerated in animal husbandry, resulting in considerably reduced productivity, especially given the low health-status of many developing country herds. Gains in productivity through disease management is often a first step taken in implementing an agriculture policy.

Disease management can be achieved through changes in animal husbandry. These measures may aim to control spread by: controlling animal mixing, controlling entry to farm lots and the use of protective clothing, and quarantining sick animals. Disease management may be controlled by the use of vaccines and antibiotics. Antibiotics may also be used as a growth-promoter. The issue of antibiotic resistance has limited the practices of preventative dosing such as antibiotic-laced feed. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a Microorganism to withstand the effects of Antibiotics.

Countries will often require the use of veterinary certificates are often required before transporting, selling or showing animals. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Disease-free areas are often rigorously enforced, and may be notified to the OIE.

Livestock transportation and marketing

Main article: Livestock transportation

Grass-fed cattle, saleyards, Walcha, NSW

Since many livestock are herd animals, they were historically driven to market "on the hoof" to a town or other central location. Livestock transportation is the movement of live animals by ship rail road or air During the period after the American Civil War, the abundance of Longhorn cattle in Texas and the demand for beef in Northern markets led to the popularity of the Old West cattle drive. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Texas longhorn is a breed of Cattle known for its Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. A cattle drive is the process of moving a herd of Cattle from one place to another usually moved and herded by Cowboys on Horses Prior to the mid-19th The method is still used in some parts of the world. Truck transport is now common in developed countries. An animal transporter is a vehicle or something towed by a vehicle used to transport Animals over long distances such as a Horse box Local and regional livestock auctions and commodity markets facilitate trade in livestock. "Auctioneer" redirects here For the DC Comics supervillain see Auctioneer (comics. Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged In other areas livestock may be bought and sold in a bazaar, such as may be found in many parts of Central Asia, or a flea market type setting such as the First Monday Trade Days in Canton, Texas. A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south A flea market or swap meet is a type of Bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered First Monday Trade Days is a monthly Flea market held in Canton Texas. Canton is a city in Van Zandt County, Texas, United States. As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 3292

Stock shows and fairs

Stock shows and fairs are events where people bring their best livestock to compete with one another. An agricultural show is a public event showcasing the equipment animals sports and recreation associated with Agriculture and Animal husbandry. A fair is a gathering of people to display or trade produce or other goods to parade or display animals and often to enjoy associated Carnival or Funfair entertainment Organizations like 4-H, Block & Bridle, and FFA encourage young people to raise livestock for show purposes. 4-H in the United States is a Youth organization administered by the Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (CSREES of the United States The National Block & Bridle Club (B&B is a college Club founded on December 2, 1919, in Chicago by Iowa State University, Kansas The National FFA Organization is an American Youth organization known as a Career and Technical Student Organization, based on middle and high school classes that Special feeds are purchased and hours may be spent prior to the show grooming the animal to look its best. In cattle, sheep, and swine shows, the winning animals are frequently auctioned off to the highest bidder and the funds placed into a scholarship fund for its owner. The movie Grand Champion, released in 2004, is the story of a young Texas boy's experience raising a prize steer. Grand Champion (also released as Buddy's World in Germany is a 2002 family film starring Jacob Fisher, George Strait, Emma

Poultry Building, Western Fair 1923.

Animal welfare and surmised rights

The issue of rearing livestock for human benefit raises the issue of the relationship between humans and animals, in terms of the status of animals and obligations of people.

Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals under human care should be treated in such a way that they do not suffer unnecessarily. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment What is ‘unnecessary’ suffering may vary. Generally though, the animal welfare perspective is based on an interpretation of scientific research on farming practices.

By contrast, Animal rights is the viewpoint that using animals for human benefit is, by its nature, generally exploitation regardless of the farming practice used. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. It is a position based on anthropomorphism, in which individuals seek to place themselves in the position of an animal. Animal rights activists would generally be vegan or vegetarian, whereas it is consistent with the animal welfare perspective to eat meat depending on production processes.

Animal welfare groups generally seek to generate public discussion on livestock rearing practices and secure greater regulation and scrutiny of livestock industry practices. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Animal rights groups usually seek the abolition of livestock farming, although some groups may recognise the necessity of achieving more stringent regulation first. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Animal welfare groups, such as the RSPCA, are often – in first world countries - given a voice at governmental level in the development of policy. Animal rights groups find it harder to find methods of input, and may go further and advocate civil disobedience or violence.

Animal husbandry practices that have led to legislation in some countries and that may be the subject of current campaigns

Confinement of livestock in small and unnatural spaces: For economic or health reasons animals may be kept in the minimum size of cage or pen with little or no space to exercise or engage in normal actions or grooming. Close confinement is most common with chickens, pigs, and calves raised for veal.
Unnatural living environments: Even when allowed to move, animals may be denied a natural environment. For example ducks may be kept in free-range barns but have no access to water in which to swim. Cattle may be kept in barns with no chance to graze. Dogs or cats may be kept indoors with no chance to hunt.
Overuse of pharmaceuticals and hormones: Intensive raising of livestock may lead to a health problems and the necessity to use antibiotics to prevent disease. In some cases antibiotics and hormones are also fed to livestock to produce rapid weight gain.
Overwork and exhaustion of animals: Where livestock are used as a source of power they may be pushed beyond their limits to the point of exhaustion. The public visibility of this abuse meant it was one of the first areas to receive legislation in the nineteenth century in European countries but it still goes on in parts of Asia.
Modification to the bodies of living animals: Broiler hens may be de-beaked, pigs have deciduous teeth pulled, cattle de-horned and branded, dairy cows and sheep have tails cropped, merino sheep mulesed, many types of male animals castrated.
Long distance transportation of livestock: Animals may be transported long distances to market and slaughter. Overcrowded conditions, heat from tropical-area shipping and lack of food, water and rest breaks have been subject to legislation and protest. (See Live Export)
Slaughter of livestock: Slaughter was an early target for legislation. Over a billion living farm animals around the world are exported to different countries or states every week travelling hundreds of miles from Farms to Slaughterhouses Campaigns continue to target Halal and Kosher religious ritual slaughter. Halal (حلال ḥalāl, halaal) is an Arabic term meaning permissible.

Environmental impact

According to the 390 page 2006 United Nations report "Livestock's Long Shadow", the livestock sector (primarily cattle, chickens, and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Livestock's Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options is a United Nations report released by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations The report recommends an immediate halving of the world's livestock numbers, in order to mitigate the worst effects of climate change. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences

Livestock is responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO₂ equivalents. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared By comparison, the world's entire transportation sector emits 13. 5% of the CO₂.

In the US, which produces about 23% of global greenhouse gases, agriculture accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions (in CO₂ equivalents), while transportation produces more than 25%. By comparison, the energy sector, which includes transportation, accounted for more than 85% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2004.

Agriculture produces 65% percent of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO₂) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO₂). Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. It also generates 64% of the ammonia, which contributes to acid rain and acidification of ecosystems [2]. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (

The findings of the United Nations report suggest that addressing the issue of livestock should be a major policy focus when dealing with problems of land degradation, climate change and air pollution, water shortage and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Land degradation are a concept in which the value of the Biophysical environment is affected by one or more combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth.

A research team at Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine in Hokkaidō found that supplementing the animals' diet with cysteine, a type of amino acid, and nitrate can reduce the methane gas produced, without jeopardising the cattle's productivity or the quality of their meat and milk. is a university located in Obihiro, Hokkaidō, Japan.Commonly referred to as the Obihiro University it is the only national university of agriculture and veterinary WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's [3]

Research from the University of Botswana in 2008 has found that farmers' common practice of overstocking cattle to cope with drought lossesmade ecosystems more vulnerable and risked longterm damage to cattle herds in turn by actually depleting scarce biomass. The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. The study of the Kgatleng district of Botswana predicted that by 2050 the cycle of mild drought is likely to become shorter for the region — 18 months instead of two years — due to climate change[4]

Dictionary

-noun

Farm animals; animals domesticated for cultivation.

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