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Map showing changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th century to the present day
Map showing changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th century to the present day

Lithuania proper (Latin: Lithuania propria; Lithuanian: Lietuva siaurąją prasme, tikroji Lietuva, literally: "Lithuania in a narrow sense", "Genuine Lithuania"; Yiddish: ליטע, Lite) refers to a region which existed within Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The name of Lithuania (Lietuva was first recorded in written sources in 1009 in chronicles of Quedlinburg (Annales Quedlinburgenses Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The primary meaning is identical to the Duchy of Lithuania, a land around which Grand Duchy of Lithuania evolved. Duchy of Lithuania (Ducatus Lithuaniae Lietuvos kunigaikštystė was a state-territorial formation of ethnic Lithuanians, that existed from the 12th century until 1413 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The territory can be traced by Christian parishes established in pagan balts lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsequent to the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Lithuanian mythology is an example of pagan Mythology containing archaic elements developed by Lithuanians throughout the centuries The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European The Christianization of Lithuania (Lietuvos krikštas was the event that took place in 1387 initiated by the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland They were quite distinguishable, as the Ruthenian parts of the Duchy were already baptised in orthodox manner[1][2]. Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted The term in Latin was widely used during the Middle Ages and can be found in numerous historical [1] maps until World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Contents

Evolution of a term

Before the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Historians designate Lithuania Proper (or Land of Lithuania in a narrow sense) as a Lithuanian land that existed prior to Grand Duchy of Lithuania, near other lands: Land of Nalšia, Land of Deltuva, Land of Upytė. Duchy of Lithuania (Ducatus Lithuaniae Lietuvos kunigaikštystė was a state-territorial formation of ethnic Lithuanians, that existed from the 12th century until 1413 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Nalšia or Nalšėnai was an ancient land (regional duchy a subject of Polatsk) in the early stages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Deltuva is a small town in Ukmergė district, Vilnius County, Lithuania. Upytė is a small village in Panevėžys district municipality in northern Lithuania. According Henryk Łowmiański Lithuania Proper was in nucleus of future Trakai Voivodeship between rivers: Nemunas, Neris and Merkys. Henryk Łowmiański (August 22 1898 near Ukmergė - September 4 1984 in Poznań) – Polish medieval historian Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship (Trakų vaivadija Województwo Trockie was a unit of administrative division and local government "Nieman" and "Niemen" redirects here For other uses see Neman and Nieman (disambiguation. Neris ( Ві́лія or Вя́льля Vialla) is a river arising in Belarus, flowing through Vilnius ( Lithuania) and becoming a tributary Merkys is a river in southern Lithuania and northern Belarus. Tomas Baranauskas suggests[3] that Lithuania Proper was around Ashmyany area, then ethnic Lithuanian lands now in Belarus. Tomas Baranauskas (born on September 12 1973 in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian Historian specializing in the history of medieval Lithuania Ashmyany (Ашмя́ны Ašmiany Ašmena Oszmiana Ошмяны is a town in Hrodna voblast, Belarus (previously in Vilna Governorate, Imperial Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east According to Mikola Yermalovich (his reliability is utterly discussed by academic scholars[4][5]) Lithuania (Belarusian: Летапiсная Лiтва) (literary: Lithuania of chronicles) was in upper Neman region[6][7], now in modern Belarus, formed in fifth decade of 20th century. Mikola Yermalovich (Ермало́віч Міко́ла Іва́навіч Mikoła Jermałovič ( April 29, 1921, Dzyarzhynski Raion, Minsk Voblast The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova

In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Outline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on present-day national borders.
Outline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on present-day national borders.

Scholars often use term Lithuania proper to refer to lands inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians[8] as opposed to lands controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania inhabited by Ruthenians (ancestors of modern Belarusians and Ukrainians), Russians, Poles, Lithuanian Jews or many other nationalities. Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Yeshivish as Litvish (adjective or Litvaks (noun are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the Already during the Grand Duchy times, Lithuania Proper was a term designated to land where Lithuanians live[9]. Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Administratively it consisted of Vilnius Voivodeship and Trakai Voivodeship. This is an article about a voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship (Trakų vaivadija Województwo Trockie was a unit of administrative division and local government [10] Such division existed even after Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was partitioned. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Samogitian Eldership was not a part of Lithuania Proper. The Duchy of Samogitia (Žemaičių seniūnija Księstwo żmudzkie had been the administrative unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1219 (and from 1569 a part of the [11] Thus Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided into such historical regions: Samogitia, Lithuania Proper and White Ruthenia. Samogitia ( Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Žemaitija literally lowlands) is one of the five Ethnographic Regions of Lithuania. " White Russia " (Белая Русь ~ White Ruthenia is a name that has historically been applied to various regions in Eastern Europe, most often [12].

Eastern part of Lithuania Propria

For centuries, eastern and southern lands of this territory, that had direct contacts with Ruthenia and Poland, initially inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians were slowly Ruthenised, Polonised and Russified, and Lithuanian speaking territory shrunk. Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily Eastern parts of Lithuania Propria suffered heavy population losses during the Deluge, and further on during the Great Northern War and following plague epidemic in 1710-1711. The Deluge ( Polish: Potop, full Polish name is Potop Szwedzki Deluge''' is the name commonly assigned in the History The Great Northern War (1700-21 was fought between Russia and Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Subsequent immigration of Ruthenians and Poles into these territories accelerated the process. A significant push to the de-Lithuanisation ensued when Lithuania became a part of the Russian Empire, and especially, after Lithuanian language books were forbidden to print in Latin letters in 1864. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Lithuanian press ban (spaudos draudimas was a ban on all Lithuanian language publications printed in the Latin alphabet within the Russian Empire, The process continued at the time of Polish rule, as Lithuanian language schools and libraries were closed, and later under Soviet rule, as no Lithuanian schools were in these territories at all. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Nowadays significant "islands" of Lithuanian-speaking people remain in what is now Western Belarus (see Gerviaty and Northern Poland - see Punsk. Hrodna Voblast or Grodno Oblast (Гродзенская вобласць Гродненская область is a Voblast ( Province) in northwestern Suwałki Voivodeship ( Polish: województwo suwalskie was an administrative division and local government in Poland from 1975 to 1998 superseded in half by Puńsk (Punskas is a village with 1050 inhabitants in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland. Although many} people in these territories now speaking Belarussian do refer to themselwes as Lithuanians[13].

Modern developments

At the end of World War I, the Council of Lithuania declared that an independent Lithuanian state is re-established in the ethnic Lithuanian lands. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Council of Lithuania (Lietuvos Taryba Litausher Landesrat Rada Litewska after July 11 1918 The State Council of Lithuania (Lithuanian Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba The Act of Independence of Lithuania (Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktas or Act of February 16 was signed by the Council of Lithuania on February 16 1918 proclaiming

After negotiations with Bolshevik Russia a large part of Lithuania Proper was acknowledged by Soviets as part of Lithuanian Republic by signing the Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty of 1920. Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, also known as the Moscow Peace Treaty, was signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia on July 12 Some of these territories were also claimed by Second Republic of Poland. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. This led to series of military conflicts and eventually to war.

In 1943, Antanas Smetona in exile began working on a study "Lithuania Propria"[14]. Antanas Smetona ( August 10 1874 January 9 1944) was one of the most important Lithuanian political figures between World The book was dedicated to the history of Lithuanian lands before Polonisation, Russification, and Germanisation hoping that it would help to substantiate a claim to not returned territories in a peace conference after World war II. Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation A peace conference is a Diplomatic meeting where representatives of certain States Armies, or other Warring parties converge to end World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including His work was left unfinished, and for a long time was available only as a manuscript and was virtually unknown. [15]

Currently the Republic of Lithuania has no territorial claims. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the

Notes

  1. ^ Гаучас П. К вопросу о восточных и южных границах литовской этнической территории в средневековье // Балто-славянские исследования. 1986. М. , 1988. С. 195, 196.
  2. ^ Safarewicz J. Studia językoznawcze. Warszawa, 1967. S. 257-259
  3. ^ Baranauskas, Tomas (2002). "Kur buvo Lietuvos žemė?". Lituanistica 2: 3–18.  
  4. ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas (1996). Edvardas Gudavičius (born on September 6, 1929 in Kaunas) is one of the best known historians in modern Lithuania specializing in history of "Following the Tracks of a Myth". Lithuanian Historical Studies 1: 38–58.  
  5. ^ Насевіч В. Л. Працэс утварэння Вялікага княства Літоўскага (13-14 стст. ) // Актуальныя пытанні гісторыі Беларусі ад старажытных часоў да нашых дзён. Мн. , 1992. С. 54-63.
  6. ^ Виктор Верас. Карта летапiснай Лiтвы. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following (Belarusian)
  7. ^ Виктор Верас. У истоков исторической правды / Летописи о местонахождении Литвы. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following (Russian)
  8. ^ Venclova, Tomas. Tomas Venclova (born September 11, 1937, Klaipėda) is a Lithuanian scholar poet author and translator of literature Native Realm Revisited: Mickiewicz's Lithuania and Mickiewicz in Lithuania. Retrieved on 2007-04-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  9. ^ Ochmański, Jerzy (1981). Litewska granica etniczna na wschodzie od epoki plemiennej do XVI wieku (in Polish). Wydawn. Nauk. Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 69-73. Retrieved on 2006-04-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.  
  10. ^ (Lithuanian) Viduramžių Lietuva Viduramžių Lietuvos provincijos. Retrieved on 2007. 04. 11
  11. ^ Authentic maps showing Lithuania Propria:
    Poloniae Regnum ut et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Accuratiss. Retrieved on 2007-04-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
    Poloniae Regnum ut et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Accuratiss. Retrieved on 2007-04-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
  12. ^ Authentic map showing Lithuania Proper and adjustant White ( or Lithuanian) Ruthenia:
    Carte des Estats de Suede , de Dannemarq, et de Pologne ; sur la Mer Baltique (1700). Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  13. ^ Savukynas, Viriginijus (2003). "Etnokonfesiniai Santykiai Pietryčių Lietuvoje Istorinės Antropologijos Aspektu". Kultūrologija 10: 80–98.  
  14. ^ Smetona, Antanas. Antanas Smetona ( August 10 1874 January 9 1944) was one of the most important Lithuanian political figures between World "Lithuania Propria" (in Lithuanian). Darbai ir dienos 2(11): 191–234.  
  15. ^ Aleksandravičius, Egidijus. "Istorija ir politika" (in Lithuanian). Darbai ir dienos 2(11): 185–190.  

See also

External links

Ethnographic Lithuania was an early 20th century concept that defined Lithuanian territories as significant part of the territories that belonged to Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ivor Norman Richard Davies Fellow of the British Academy (born 8 June 1939 to Richard and Elizabeth Davies
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