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A literary language is a register of a language that is used in literary writing. In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter This may also include liturgical writing. A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life The difference between literary and non-literary (vernacular) forms is more marked in some languages than in others. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Where there is a strong divergence, the language is said to exhibit diglossia. In Linguistics, diglossia is a situation where in a given society there are two (often closely-related languages one of high prestige, which is generally used

Classical Latin was the literary register of Latin, as opposed to the Vulgar Latin spoken across the Roman Empire. Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul, Iberia or Dacia was not identical to the Latin of Cicero, and differed from it in vocabulary, syntax, and grammar. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman [1] Some literary works with low-register language from the Classical Latin period give a glimpse into the world of early Vulgar Latin. In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting The works of Plautus and Terence, being comedies with many characters who were slaves, preserve some early basilectal Latin features, as does the recorded speech of the freedmen in the Cena Trimalchionis by Petronius Arbiter. Titus Maccius Plautus (c 254–184 BCE commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman Playwright. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Due to the relationship between a Creole language and its superstrate language that is a language that is very closely related and whose speakers assert social political and economic Satyricon (or Satyrica) is a Latin work of fiction in a mixture of prose and poetry Petronius (ca 27–66 was a Roman writer of the Neronian age he was a noted satirist. At the third Council of Tours in 813, priests were ordered to preach in the vernacular language — either in the rustica lingua romanica (Vulgar Latin), or in the Germanic vernaculars — since the common people could no longer understand formal Latin. In the medieval Roman Catholic church there were several Councils of Tours, that city being an old seat of Christianity and considered fairly centrally located in A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities

Contents

Literary English

For literary uses of English see: Literary techniques
For formal English see: Standard English
For written English see: Standard Written English

For much of its history there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language and a colloquial language. A literary technique or literary device is an identifiable Rule of thumb, convention or Structure that is employed in Literature Standard English (often shortened to SE within linguistic circles is a term generally applied to a form of the English language that is thought to be normative Standard Written English is an alphabetic Morphophonemic representation of the English language, and is the world’s most commonly used alphabetic code [2] After the Norman conquest of England, for instance, Latin and French displaced English as the official and literary languages[3] and Standard literary English didn't emerge until the end of the Middle Ages. [4] Modern English no longer has a distinction between literary and colloquial languages. [2]

English has been used as a literary language in countries that were formerly part of the British Empire, for instance India up to the present day,[5] Malaysia in the early twentieth century,[6] and Nigeria, where English remains the official language. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Indian English Literature (IEL refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one Most indigenous languages of Malaysia derive from the Malayo-Polynesian languages subgroup The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 521

Other languages

See also: Standard language

Arabic

See main article: Standard Arabic

Standard Arabic is the literary and standard register of Classical Arabic used in writing. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad It is part of the Arabic macrolanguage. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes In defining some of its language codes some are defined as macrolanguages covering either significantly Many western scholars distinguish two varieties: the Classical Arabic of the Qur'an and early Islamic (7th to 9th centuries) literature; and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the standard language in use today. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that The modern standard language is closely based on the Classical language, and most Arabs consider the two varieties to be two registers of one and the same language. Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages.

The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia—the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts. In Linguistics, diglossia is a situation where in a given society there are two (often closely-related languages one of high prestige, which is generally used Educated Arabic-speakers are usually able to communicate in MSA in formal situations. This diglossic situation facilitates code-switching in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation In instances in which highly educated Arabic-speakers of different nationalities engage in conversation but find their dialects mutually unintelligible (e. g. a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), they are able to code switch into MSA for the sake of communication.

Chinese

See main article: Classical Chinese

Literary Chinese, Wényánwén (文言文）, "Literary Writing", is the form of written Chinese used from the end of the Han Dynasty to the early 20th century when it was replaced by vernacular written Chinese, or Baihua (白話）. Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of Written Chinese based on the Grammar and Vocabulary of ancient Chinese The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Vernacular Chinese is a style or register of the Written Chinese Language essentially modeled after the spoken language and associated with Literary Chinese diverged more and more from Classical Chinese as the dialects of China became more and more disparate and as the Classical written language became less and less representative of the spoken language. Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of Written Chinese based on the Grammar and Vocabulary of ancient Chinese Spoken Chinese ( comprises many regional variants the largest of which are Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, and Min. At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical language, and writers frequently borrowed Classical language into their literary writings. Literary Chinese therefore shows a great deal of similarity to Classical Chinese, even though the similarity decreased over the centuries.

Finnish

The Finnish language has a standard literary variant, literary Finnish, and a spoken variant, spoken Finnish. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Spoken Finnish ( suomen puhekieli) is the colloquial variant of the Finnish language often used in spoken language Both are considered a form of non-dialectal standard language, and are used throughout the country. Literary Finnish is a consciously created fusion of dialects for use as a literary language, which is rarely spoken at all, being confined to writing and official speeches.

German

See main article: Standard German

German language differentiates between Hochdeutsch/Standarddeutsch (Standard German) and Umgangssprache (colloquial language). Standard German ( German: Hochdeutsch) is the standard varieties of the German language used as a Written language, in formal contexts The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Amongst the differences is the regular use of the genitive case or the simple past tense Präteritum in written language. In colloquial language you replace genitive phrases ("des Tages") with a construction of "von" + dative object ("von dem Tag") - comparable to English "the dog's tail" vs. "the tail of the dog" - and the Präteritum ("ich ging") with the perfect tense ("ich bin gegangen") to a certain degree. Nevertheless the use of neither the Präteritum nor especially the genitive case is totally unusual in colloquial language, it's just quite rare, yet also depending on a region's dialect and/or the grade of education of the speaker. People of higher education use genitive more regularly in colloquial language and the use of perfect tense instead of Präteritum is especially common in southern Germany, where the Präteritum is considered somewhat declamatory. The German Konjunktiv I / II ("er gebe" / "er gäbe") is also used more regularly in written form being replaced by the conditional ("er würde geben") in colloquial language, although in some southern German dialects the Konjunktiv II is used more often. Generally there is a continuum between more dialectical varieties to more standard varieties in German language, while colloquial German nonetheless tends to increase analytic elements at the expense of synthetic elements. In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio

Greek

See main article: Katharevousa

From the early nineteenth century until the mid twentieth century Katharevousa, a form of Greek, was used for literary purposes. Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα, lit "the purified one" is a form of the Greek language conceived in the early 19th century by Greek intellectual Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα, lit "the purified one" is a form of the Greek language conceived in the early 19th century by Greek intellectual Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In later years, Katharevousa was used only for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting) while Dhimotiki, ‘demotic’ or popular Greek, was the daily language. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit This created a diglossic situation until in 1976 Dhimotiki was made the official language. In Linguistics, diglossia is a situation where in a given society there are two (often closely-related languages one of high prestige, which is generally used Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Italian

When Italy was unified, in 1861, Italian existed mainly as a literary language. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Different languages were spoken throughout the Italian peninsula, many of which were Romance languages which had developed in every region, due to the political fragmentation of Italy. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Now it is the standard language of Italy. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that

Japanese

Until the late 1940s, the prominent literary language in Japan was Classical Japanese language (文語 "Bungo"), which is based on the language spoken in Heian Period (Late Old Japanese) and is different from contemporary Japanese language in grammar and some vocabulary. The Classical Japanese language (文語 bungo) is the literary form of the Japanese language that was the standard until the early Shōwa period. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. is a stage of the Japanese language used between 794 and 1185, a time known as the Heian Period. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities It still has relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect, and fixed form poetries like Haiku and Tanka are still mainly written in this form. is a form of Japanese poetry. Previously called See Waka and Tanka (disambiguation for other usages Waka (和歌 or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry

In Meiji period, some authors started to use the colloquial form of the language in their literature. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Following the government policy after the World War II, the standard form of contemporary Japanese language is used for most literature published since 1950s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The standard language is based on the colloquial language in Tokyo area, and its literary stylistics in polite form differs little from its formal speech. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Notable characteristics of literary language in contemporary Japanese would include more frequent use of Chinese origin words, less use of expressions against prescriptive grammar such as "ら抜き言葉", and use of non-polite normal form ("-だ/-である") stylistics that are rarely used in colloquial language. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used

Javanese

In the Javanese language alphabet characters derived from the alphabets used to write Sanskrit, no longer in ordinary use, are used in literary words as a mark of respect. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

N'Ko

N'Ko is a literary language devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Mande languages of West Africa. N'Ko (ߒߞߏ is both a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Mande languages of West Africa, and the name of Soulemayne Kante or Solomana Kante (1922-1987 was an African writer and inventor of the N'Ko alphabet for the Mande languages of West Africa The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé people and include Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. It blends the principal elements of the mutually unintelligible Manding languages. The Manding languages are a fairly mutually intelligible group of dialects or languages in West Africa, belonging to the Mande languages. The movement promoting N'Ko literacy was instrumental in shaping the Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and has also strengthened the Mande identity in other parts of West Africa. Maninka is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo languages [7] N'Ko publications include a translation of the Qur'an, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena

Tamil

Tamil exhibits a strong diglossia, characterised by three styles: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language, a modern literary and formal style, and a modern colloquial form. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. In Linguistics, diglossia is a situation where in a given society there are two (often closely-related languages one of high prestige, which is generally used A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. These styles shade into each other, forming a diglossic continuum. [8]

The modern literary style is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of Tamil literature and of public speaking and debate. Tamil literature refers to the Literature in the Tamil language. Novels, even popular ones, will use the literary style for all description and narration and use the colloquial form only for dialogue, if they use it at all. In recent times, however, the modern colloquial form has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of the modern literary style: for instance most cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one

Yorùbá

Samuel Crowther's Yorùbá grammar, led to Standard Yoruba becoming a literary language.
Samuel Crowther's Yorùbá grammar, led to Standard Yoruba becoming a literary language. Bishop Samuel Adjai (Ajayi Crowther (c 1809 - 31 December 1891 was a linguist and the first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria. Standard Yoruba (also known as literary Yoruba, the Yoruba koiné, common Yoruba and often simply as Yoruba is the written form of the West African
Main article: Standard Yoruba

Standard Yoruba is the literary form of the Yoruba language of West Africa, the standard variety learnt at school and that spoken by newsreaders on the radio. Standard Yoruba (also known as literary Yoruba, the Yoruba koiné, common Yoruba and often simply as Yoruba is the written form of the West African Standard Yoruba (also known as literary Yoruba, the Yoruba koiné, common Yoruba and often simply as Yoruba is the written form of the West African Yoruba (native name èdè Yorùbá, 'the Yoruba language' is a Dialect continuum of West Africa with over 25 million speakers West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Standard Yoruba has its origin in the 1850s, when Samuel A. Crowther, native Yoruba and the first African Bishop, published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the Bible. Bishop Samuel Adjai (Ajayi Crowther (c 1809 - 31 December 1891 was a linguist and the first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria. Though for a large part based on the Ọyọ and Ibadan dialects, Standard Yoruba incorporates several features from other dialects. [9] Additionally, it has some features peculiar to itself only, for example the simplified vowel harmony system, as well as foreign structures, such as calques from English which originated in early translations of religious works. In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word The first novel in the Yorùbá language was Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmale (The Forest of A Thousand Demons), written in 1938 by Chief Daniel O. Fagunwa (1903-1963). Daniel Olorunfẹmi Fagunwa MBE (1903 &mdash December 9, 1963) popularly known as D Other writers in the Yorùbá language include: Senator Afolabi Olabimtan (1932-1992) and Akinwunmi Isola. Afolabi Olabimtan ( June 11 1932 - August 27 2003) was a Nigerian Politician, Writer, and Academic Professor Akinwunmi Isola (b Ibadan) is a Nigerian Playwright, Actor, Dramatist, culture activist and Scholar

References

  1. ^ L. R. Palmer The Latin Language (repr. Univ. Oklahoma 1988, ISBN 0-8061-2136-X
  2. ^ a b Matti Rissanen, History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 1992, p9. ISBN 3110132168
  3. ^ Elaine M. Treharne, Old and Middle English C. 890-c. 1400: An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pxxi. ISBN 1405113138
  4. ^ Pat Rogers, The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2001, p3. ISBN 0192854372
  5. ^ R. R. Mehrotra in Ofelia García, Ricardo Otheguy, English Across Cultures, Cultures Across English: A Reader in Cross-cultural Communication, Walter de Gruyter, 1989, p422. ISBN 0899255132
  6. ^ David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambrisge University Press, 2003, p104. ISBN 0521530334
  7. ^ Oyler, Dianne White (1994) Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism. Toronto : African Studies Association.
  8. ^ Harold Schiffman, "Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation", in Florian Coulmas (ed. ), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. , 1997 at pp. 205 et seq.
  9. ^ Cf. for example the following remark by Adetugbọ (1967, as cited in Fagborun 1994:25): "While the orthography agreed upon by the missionaries represented to a very large degree the phonemes of the Abẹokuta dialect, the morpho-syntax reflected the Ọyọ-Ibadan dialects".

Bibliography

See also

A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Due to the relationship between a Creole language and its superstrate language that is a language that is very closely related and whose speakers assert social political and economic "Ancient Language" redirects here For other uses see Ancient language (disambiguation.

Dictionary

literary language

-noun

  1. (literature) A register of a language that is used in literary writing.
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