This is a list of topics in molecular biology. Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level See also list of biochemistry topics. This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to Biochemistry.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
#
3' end - 3' flanking region - 5' end - 5' flanking region - 5'-ribose- 3' -
A
acrylamide gels - adenine - adenosine deaminase deficiency - adenovirus - agarose gel electrophoresis - agarose gel - Alagille syndrome - alkaline lysis - allele - amino acids - amino terminus - amp resistance - amplification - amplicon - anchor sequence - animal model - anneal - anti-sense strand - antibiotic resistance - antibody - antisense - antisense strand - AP-1 site - apoptosis - assembled epitope - ataxia-telangiectasia - ATG or AUG - autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome - autoradiography - autosomal dominant - autosome - avidin -
B
BAC - back mutation - bacteria - bacterial artificial chromosome - bacteriophage - bacteriophage lambda - band shift assay - base - base pair - binding site - biotin - birth defect - blotting - blunt end - bone marrow transplantation - box - BP - BRCA1 - BRCA2 -
C
C terminus - cancer - candidate gene - Canonical sequence - cap - cap site - carboxyl terminus - carcinoma - carrier - CAT assay - CCAAT box - cDNA - cDNA clone - cDNA library - cell - centimorgan - centromere - chain terminator - chaperone protein - chromosome - chromosome walking - CIS - cistron - clone (genetics) - clone (noun) - clone (verb) - cloning - coding sequence - coding strand - codon - codon usage bias - competent - complementary - conformational epitope - congenital - consensus sequence - conservative substitution - conserved - contig - cosmid - craniosynostosis - cystic fibrosis - cytogenetic map - cytosine - CpG
D
database search - degeneracy - deletion - denaturation - denaturing gel - deoxyribonuclease (DNase) - deoxyribonucleic acid - deoxyribonucleotide - diabetes mellitus - dideoxy sequencing - dideoxyribonucleotide - diploid - direct repeat - DNA ligase -DNA Bank - DNA polymerase - DNA replication - DNA sequencing - DNase - dominant - dot blot - double helix - downstream (molecular biology) - ds - duplex -
E
E. coli - electrophoresis - electroporation - Ellis-van Creveld syndrome - end labeling - endonuclease - enhancer - enzyme - epitope - ERE - ethidium bromide - evolutionary clock - evolutionary footprinting - exon - exonuclease - expression - expression clone - expression vector -
F
familial Mediterranean fever - fibroblasts - fluorescence in situ hybridization - footprinting - Fragile X syndrome - frameshift mutation - fusion protein -
G
gel electrophoresis - gel shift - gel shift assay - gene - gene amplification - gene conversion - gene expression - gene mapping - gene pool - gene therapy - gene transfer - genetic code - genetic counseling - genetic map - genetic marker - genetic screening - genome - genomic blot - genomic clone - genomic library - genotype - germ line - glycoprotein - glycosylation - Golgi apparatus - GRE - guanine -
H
hairpin - haploid - haploinsufficiency - helix-loop-helix - hematopoietic stem cell - hemophilia - heteroduplex DNA - heterozygous - highly conserved sequence - Hirschsprung's disease - histone - hnRNA - holoprosencephaly - homologous recombination - homology - homozygous - host strain (bacterial) - human artificial chromosome - Human Genome Project - human immunodeficiency virus - Huntington's disease - hybridization - hybridoma - hydrophilicity plot -
I
immunoblot - immunoprecipitation - immunotherapy - in situ hybridization - in vitro translation - inducer - inherited - initiation codon - insert - insertion - insertion sequence - intellectual property rights - intergenic - intron - inverted repeat -
J
K
karyotype - kilobase - kinase - Klenow fragment - Knock-down - knock-out - knock-out experiment - knockout - Kozak sequence
L
lambda - leucine zipper - leukemia - library - ligase - linear epitope - linkage - linker - lipofectin - locus - LOD score - lymphocyte -
M
M13 phage - malformation - mapping - marker - melanoma - melting - Johann Mendel - Mendelian inheritance - message - messenger RNA - metaphase - microarray technology - microsatellite - missense mutation - mitochondrial DNA - mobility shift - molecular weight size marker - monoclonal antibody - monosomy - mouse model - mRNA - multicistronic message - multicopy plasmid - multiple cloning site - multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 - mutation -
N
N terminus - native gel - nested PCR - neurofibromatosis - nick (DNA) - nick translation - Niemann-Pick disease, type C - non-coding DNA - non-coding strand - non-directiveness - nonconservative substitution - nonsense codon - nonsense mutation - nontranslated RNA - Northern blot - NT - nuclear run-on - nuclease - nuclease protection assay - nucleoside - nucleotide - nucleus -
O
oligo - oligodeoxyribonucleotide - oligonucleotide - oncogene - oncovirus - open reading frame - operator - operon - origin of replication - overhang -
P
p53 - package - palindromic sequence - Parkinson's disease - pBR322 - PCR - pedigree - peptide - peptide bond - phage - phagemid - phenotype - phosphatase, alkaline - phosphodiester bond - phosphorylation - physical map - plasmid - point mutation - poly-A track - polyA tail - polyacrylamide gel - polyclonal antibodies - polydactyly - polymerase - polymerase chain reaction - polymorphism - polynucleotide kinase - polypeptide - positional cloning - post-transcriptional regulation - post-translational modification - post-translational processing - post-translational regulation - PRE - Precursor mRNA - primary immunodeficiency - primary transcript - primer - primer extension - probe - processing - processivity - promoter - pronucleus - prostate cancer - protease - protein - proto-oncogene - pseudogene - pseudoknot - pseudorevertant - pulse sequence database - pulsed field gel electrophoresis - purine - pyrimidine
R
random primed synthesis - reading frame - recessive - recognition sequence - recombinant DNA - recombination - recombination-repair - relaxed DNA - repetitive DNA - replica plating - reporter gene - repression - repressor - residue - response element - restriction - restriction endonuclease - restriction enzyme - restriction fragment - restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) - restriction fragments - restriction map - restriction site - reticulocyte lysate - retrovirus - reverse transcriptase - reverse transcription - revertant - ribonuclease - ribonuclease - ribonucleic acid - riboprobe - ribosomal binding sequence - ribosome - ribozyme - risk communication - RNA polymerase - RNA splicing - RNAi - RNase - RNase protection assay - rRNA - RT-PCR - run-off - Run-on - runoff transcript
S
S1 end mapping - S1 nuclease - screening - SDS-PAGE - secondary structure - selection - sense strand - sequence - sequence motif - sequence polymorphism - sequence-tagged site - sequential epitope - severe combined immunodeficiency - sex chromosome - sex-linked - Shine-Dalgarno sequence - shotgun cloning - shotgun cloning or sequencing - shotgun sequencing - shuttle vector - sickle-cell disease - side chain - sigma factor - signal peptidase - signal sequence - silent mutation - single nucleotide polymorphism - siRNA - site-directed mutagenesis - site-specific recombination - slot blot - SNP - snRNA - snRNP - solution hybridization - somatic cells - Southern blot - southwestern blot - SP6 RNA polymerase - spectral karyotype - splicing - Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) - stable transfection - start codon - stem-loop - sticky end - stop codon - streptavidin - stringency - structural motif - sub-cloning - substitution - suicide gene - supercoil - syndrome -
T
T7 RNA polymerase - taq polymerase - TATA box - technology transfer - template - termination codon - terminator - tertiary structure - tet resistance - thymine - tissue-specific expression - tm - trans - transcript - transcription - transcription factor - transcription/translation reaction - transcriptional start site - transfection - Transformation (genetics) - transformation (with respect to bacteria) - transfection (with respect to cultured cells) - transgene - transgenic - transgenic mouse - transient transfection - transition - translation - translocation - transposition - transposon - transversion - triplet - trisomy - tRNA - tumor suppressor - tumor suppressor gene -
U
untranslated RNA - upstream - upstream activator sequence - upstream (molecular biology) - uracil -
V
vector -
W
Western blot - wildtype - wobble position - Wolfram syndrome -
Y
YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)
Z
See also
Directionality, in Molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of Nucleic acid. Directionality, in Molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of Nucleic acid. Directionality, in Molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of Nucleic acid. A region of DNA is adjacent to 5' end of the gene The 5' flanking region contains the promoter and may contain enhancers or other protein binding sites A Polyacrylamide Gel is a separation matrix used in electrophoresis of Biomolecules, such as Proteins or DNA fragments Adenine is a Purine with a variety of roles in Biochemistry including Cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich Adenosine Adenosine deaminase deficiency, also called ADA deficiency or ADA-SCID, is an autosomal recessive Metabolic disorder that causes Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm) Nonenveloped (naked Icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA Agarose Gel electrophoresis is a method used in Biochemistry and Molecular biology to separate DNA, or RNA molecules by size Agarose Gel electrophoresis is a method used in Biochemistry and Molecular biology to separate DNA, or RNA molecules by size Alagille syndrome is a Genetic disorder that affects the Liver, Heart, and other systems of the body Alkaline lysis is a method used in Molecular biology to break cells open to isolate Plasmid DNA or other cell components such as Proteins Bacteria An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or Amp resistance is an abbreviation for resistance to the Antibiotic Ampicillin. Amplicons are pieces of DNA formed as the products of natural or artificial amplification events An animal model is a non-human Animal that has a Disease or injury that is similar to a human condition Annealing, in Genetics, means for DNA or RNA to pair by Hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded Antisense RNA ( aRNA) is single-stranded RNA that is complementary to a Messenger RNA (mRNA strand transcribed within a cell Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a Microorganism to withstand the effects of Antibiotics. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT ( Boder-Sedgwick syndrome or Louis-Bar syndrome) is a rare neurodegerative inherited disease which affects many parts of the body ATG and AUG denote sequences of DNA and RNA respectively that are the Start codon or initiation Codon encoding the Amino acid Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome is a form of Lymphoproliferative disorder. An autoradiograph is an image on an X-ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e An autosome is a non-sex Chromosome. It is an ordinarily paired type of chromosome that is the same in both Sexes of a species. Biological Overview Avidin is a Tetrameric Protein produced in the Oviducts of Birds Reptiles and Amphibians which A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC is a DNA construct, based on a fertility Plasmid (or F-plasmid) used for transforming and Cloning In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC is a DNA construct, based on a fertility Plasmid (or F-plasmid) used for transforming and Cloning This article is about a biological infectious particle for other uses see Phage (disambiguation. Enterobacteria phage λ ( Lambda phage) is a temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation Structure The "skeleton" of adenine In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called In Biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a Protein, DNA, or RNA to which specific other Molecules and Ions &mdash Vitamin H redirects here In medical slang "vitamin H" may also refer to Haloperidol. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth In Molecular biology and Genetics, a blot is a method of transferring Proteins DNA or RNA, onto a carrier (for example a Nitrocellulose DNA end or sticky end refers to the properties of the end of a Molecule of DNA. Elaborate wood box Tom TanakaJPG|thumb|An elaborate wooden box]] Box describes a variety of containers and receptacles BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major BRCA1 ( Breast cancer 1 early onset is a Human Gene, some mutations of which are associated with a significant increase in the risk of Breast cancer BRCA2 (Breast Cancer Type 2 susceptibility protein is a Human Gene that is involved in the repair of chromosomal The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal end, or Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled A candidate gene is a Gene, located in a Chromosome region suspected of being involved in the expression of a trait such as a disease whose Protein product A canonical sequence is a sequence of DNA, RNA, or Amino acids that reflects the most common choice of base or amino acid at each position A cap is a form of Headgear. Caps have crowns that fit closer than Hats and have no brim or only a Visor. The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal end, or A carcinoma is any Malignant Cancer that arises from epithelial cells. In Molecular biology, a CCAAT box is a distinct pattern of Nucleotides with GGNCAATCT Consensus sequence that occur upstream by 75-80 bases to the initial In Genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature MRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Reverse A CDNA library is a collection of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA fragments The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called In Genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (mu is a unit of Recombinant frequency for measuring Genetic linkage. A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a Chromosome where two Sister chromatids come in contact This article is about the protein For other uses see Chaperone, a disambiguation page A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. Primer walking is a Sequencing method of choice for sequencing DNA fragments between 1 History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects The coding region of a Gene is the portion of DNA or RNA that is transcribed into another RNA, such as a messenger RNA When referring to DNA transcription ( Protein biosynthesis) the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Codon usage bias refers to differences among organisms in the frequency of occurrence of Codons in Protein -coding DNA sequences ( Genes. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth In Molecular biology and Bioinformatics, a consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple Sequence alignment, where related sequences Conservation refers to a high degree of similarity in orthologous DNA sequences protein sequences, or Protein structures amongst various In shotgun DNA sequencing projects a contig (from contiguous) isa set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source A cosmid, first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978 is a type of hybrid Plasmid (often used as a Cloning vector) that contains cos sequences, DNA sequences Craniosynostosis, is a medical condition in which some or all of the sutures in the Skull of an Infant or child close too early causing problems with normal Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF, mucoviscoidosis, or mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus glands of the lungs Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division Cytosine is one of the five main bases found in DNA and RNA. It is a Pyrimidine derivative with a Heterocyclic Aromatic ring CpG sites are regions of DNA where a Cytosine Nucleotide occurs next to a Guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for A denaturing gel is a type of Electrophoresis in which the native structure of Macromolecules that are run within the gel is not maintained A deoxyribonuclease ( DNase, for short is any Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A deoxyribonucleotide is the Monomer, or single unit of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs are Nucleotides lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (-OH group on their Deoxyribose sugar Dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs are Nucleotides lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (-OH group on their Deoxyribose sugar "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. In Molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of Ligase ( that can link together two DNA strands that have single-strand breaks (a break in both complementary A DNA bank is a Repository of DNA, usually used for research The NIAS DNA Bank for example collects the DNA of agrucultural organisms such as Rice and A DNA Polymerase is an Enzyme that assists in DNA replication. DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine A deoxyribonuclease ( DNase, for short is any Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA A Dot blot (or Slot blot) is a technique in Molecular biology used to detect Biomolecules It represents a simplification of the Northern blot In Geometry a double helix (plural helices) typically consists of two congruent helices with the same axis differing by a translation Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a significant increase in the Electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome (also called chondroectodermal dysplasia or mesoectodermal dysplasia) is a rare Genetic disorder of the Skeletal Endonucleases are Enzymes that cleave the Phosphodiester bond within a Polynucleotide chain in contrast to Exonucleases which cleave Phosphodiester Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of a Macromolecule that is recognized by the Immune system, specifically by antibodies In Computing, regular expressions provide a concise and flexible means for identifying strings of text of interest such as particular characters words or patterns of characters Ethidium bromide (sometimes abbreviated as "EtBr", the abbreviation also confusingly used for Bromoethane) is an intercalating agent The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis ( MCH) is a technique in Molecular evolution to relate the divergence time of two Species An exon is a Nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after a portions of a precursor RNA Introns have been Exonucleases are enzymes (found as individual enzymes or as parts of larger enzyme complexes that cleave Nucleotides one at a time from an end of a polynucleotide chain An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is generally a Plasmid that is used to introduce and express a specific Gene into a target Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF is a hereditary inflammatory disorder that affects groups of patients originating from around the Mediterranean Sea (hence A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes and maintains the Extracellular matrix of many Animal tissues FISH ( Fluorescent In situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence See also Footprint (disambiguation Footprinting is the technique of gathering information about computer systems and the entities they belong to Fragile X syndrome, or Martin-Bell syndrome, is a genetic Syndrome which results in a spectrum (from none to severe of characteristic physical intellectual emotional A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error) is a genetic Mutation caused by Indels ie Fusion proteins, also known as chimeric proteins, are proteins created through the joining of two or more Genes which originally coded for separate proteins An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Gene conversion is an event in DNA Genetic recombination, which occurs at high frequencies during meiotic division but which also occurs in somatic cells Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such Genome mapping is the creation of a Genetic map assigning DNA fragments to Chromosomes When a Genome is first investigated this map is nonexistent In Population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique Alleles in a Species or Population. Gene therapy is the insertion of Genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a Disease, and Hereditary diseases in which a The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Genetic counseling is the process by which patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder the probability of developing Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence. It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby In Molecular biology, a library is a collection of molecules in a stable form that represents some aspect of an organism The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell an organism or an individual (i In Biology and Genetics, the germline of a mature or developing individual is the line (sequence of Germ cells that have genetic material that Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Glycosylation is the enzymatic process that links Saccharides to produce glycans, either free or attached to Proteins and Lipids This enzymatic The Golgi apparatus (also called the Guanine is one of the five main Nucleobases found in the Nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being Adenine, Cytosine, Hairpin can mean A long device used to hold a person's hair in place see below Hairpin bend A Stem-loop in biochemistry "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Haploinsufficiency occurs when a Diploid organism only has a single functional copy of a gene (with the other copy inactivated by Mutation) and the single A basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH is a Protein Structural motif that characterizes a family of Transcription factors. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs are Stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types including Myeloid ( Monocytes and Macrophages, Neutrophils Haemophilia (also spelled as hemophilia Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous In Biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences that may occur within Nucleic acids Proteins or polymeric carbohydrates Hirschsprung's disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by Bowel obstruction resulting In Biology, histones are the chief Protein components of Chromatin. Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA) also termed heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid ( MRNA Holoprosencephaly is a type of Cephalic disorder. This is a disorder characterized by the failure of the Prosencephalon (the Forebrain of the Embryo Homologous recombination is a type of Genetic recombination, a process of physical rearrangement occurring between two strands of DNA. In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous A human artificial chromosome ( HAC) is a Microchromosome that can act as a new Chromosome in a population of Human cells The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Huntington's disease, also called Huntington's chorea, chorea major, or HD, is a genetic neurological disorder characterized after Hybridization is the process discovered by Alexander Rich, of combining complementary single-stranded Nucleic acids into a single Molecule. Hybridoma are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired Antibody in large amounts A hydrophilicity plot is a Quantitative analysis of the degree of Hydrophobicity or Hydrophilicity of Amino acids of a Protein. The western blot (alternatively immunoblot) is an Analytical technique used to detect specific Proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or Immunoprecipitation (IP is the technique of precipitating a protein Antigen out of solution using an Antibody that specifically binds to that particular Immunotherapy in medicine refers to an array of treatment strategies based upon the concept of modulating the Immune system to achieve a prophylactic and/or In situ hybridization (ISH is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled Complementary DNA or RNA strand (i In Molecular biology, an inducer is a Molecule that starts Gene expression. ATG and AUG denote sequences of DNA and RNA respectively that are the Start codon or initiation Codon encoding the Amino acid Genetic Insertion is the addition of one or more Nucleotide Base pairs into a genetic sequence An insertion sequence (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names An Intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between clusters of Genes that contain few or no genes Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence (IVS are DNA regions in a Gene that are not translated into An inverted repeat (or IR) is a sequence of Nucleotides that is the reversed complement of another sequence further downstream In Molecular biology, junk DNA is a provisional label for the portions of the DNA sequence of a Chromosome or a Genome for which no A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called In Chemistry and Biochemistry, a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of Enzyme that transfers Phosphate The Klenow fragment is a large Protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I from E For knockdowns in Combat sports see Knockout. Gene knockdown refers to techniques by which the expression of one or A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which an organism is engineered to carry genes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which an organism is engineered to carry genes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which an organism is engineered to carry genes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism The Kozak consensus sequence, Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence, is a sequence which occurs on Eukaryotic MRNA and has the consensus (gccgccRccAUGG Lambda (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; Λάμβδα or el Λάμδα Lamda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. A leucine zipper, aka leucine scissors, is a super secondary Structural motif found in Proteins that creates adhesion forces in parallel Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution In Biochemistry, a ligase (from the Latin verb ligāre &mdash "to bind" or "to glue together" is an Enzyme that can catalyse A linear or a sequential epitope is an Epitope that is recognized by antibodies by its linear sequence of Amino acids or Primary structure Lipofection (or Liposome Transfection) is a technique used to inject genetic material into a cell by means of liposomes which are vesicles that can easily merge with In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a A lymphocyte is a type of White blood cell in the Vertebrate Immune system. M13 is a filamentous Bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA ( SsDNA) which is 6407 Nucleotides long encapsulated in approximately A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see Melting is a process that results in the phase change of a substance from a Solid to a Liquid. Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Metaphase from the Ancient Greek μετά (after and φάσις (stage is a stage of Mitosis in the eukaryotic Cell cycle in which Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating In Genetics, a missense mutations (a type of nonsynonymous mutation) is a Point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed resulting in a Codon Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. A molecular weight size marker is used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a Gel electrophoresis. Monoclonal antibodies ( mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are identical because they are produced by one type of immune cell Monosomy is a form of Aneuploidy with the presence of only one Chromosome (instead of the typical two in humans from a pair See also Animal testing Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly guinea pigs hamsters gerbils rats and mice Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Multicistronic message is an archaic term for Polycistronic. Monocistronic bicistronic and tricistronic are also used to describe mRNA with single double and triple coding A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA A multiple cloning site ( MCS) also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many (usually 20+ Restriction sites - a standard Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or Werner syndrome is part of a group of disorders that affect the Endocrine system. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or Nested polymerase chain reaction is a modification of Polymerase chain reaction intended to reduce the contaminations in products due to the amplification of unexpected Neurofibromatosis is a genetically-transmitted disease in which nerve tissue grows Tumors (e A nick is a point in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no Phosphodiester bond between adjacent Nucleotides of one strand typically Nick translation is a tagging technique in Molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence Niemann-Pick Disease is one of a group of Lysosome storage diseases that affect Metabolism and that are caused by genetic mutations In Genetics, non-coding DNA describes DNA which does not contain instructions for making Proteins (or other cell products such as Noncoding Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA In Genetics, a nonsense mutation is a Point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature Stop codon, or a nonsense In Genetics, a nonsense mutation is a Point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature Stop codon, or a nonsense The northern blot is a technique used in Molecular biology research to study Gene expression. A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the Genes that are being transcribed at a certain time A nuclease is an Enzyme capable of cleaving the Phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of Nucleic acids Older papers may use terms such as Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in Biochemistry and Genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample See also Adenosine triphosphate (ATP Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. An oncogene is a protein encoding Gene, which — when deregulated — participates in the onset and development of Cancer. An oncovirus is a Virus associated with Cancer. Oncoviruses come in two different forms viruses with a DNA Genome, such as Adenovirus An open reading frame ( ORF) is a portion of an organism's Genome which contains a sequence of bases that could potentially encode a Protein An operon is a functioning unit of key Nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common Promoter, and one or more structural Genes, An operon is a functioning unit of key Nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common Promoter, and one or more structural Genes, The Origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a Genome at which replication is initiated p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53) is a Transcription factor encoded by the TP53 gene A Palindrome is a word that is the same forward as it is backward such as the word racecar, the name Otto, or the saying attributed to Napoleon "Able was Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's pBR322 is a Plasmid and one of the most commonly used E coli Cloning vectors pBR322 was the first artificial plasmid created Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino A peptide bond is a Chemical bond formed between two Molecules when the Carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the This article is about a biological infectious particle for other uses see Phage (disambiguation. A phagemid or phasmid is a type of Cloning vector developed as a hybrid of the Filamentous phage M13 and Plasmids to produce A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) ( is a Hydrolase Enzyme responsible for removing Phosphate groups from many types of molecules including A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between the phosphorus atom in a Phosphate group and two other Molecules over two Phosphorylation is the addition of a Phosphate (PO4 group to a Protein molecule or a small molecule A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA A point mutation, or single base substitution, is a type of Mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic Polyadenylation is the synthesis of a poly(A tail a stretch of RNA where all the bases are Adenines at the end of an RNA molecule A Polyacrylamide Gel is a separation matrix used in electrophoresis of Biomolecules, such as Proteins or DNA fragments Polyclonal antibodies (or antisera are antibodies that are derived from different B cell lines Polydactyly or polydactylism (from Ancient Greek πολύς (polus "many" + δάκτυλος (daktulos A polymerase (EC 2776/7/19/48/49 is an Enzyme whose central function is associated with Polymers of Nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one Polynucleotide kinase (or PNK is a T7 bacteriophage Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a gamma Phosphate from ATP to the free Hydroxyl Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino A genetic screen (often shortened to screen) is a procedure or test to identify and select individuals who possess a Phenotype of interest Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of protein synthesis by Genes after synthesis of RNA has begun Posttranslational modification (PTM is the chemical modification of a Protein after its translation. Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein either by means Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA) also termed heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid ( MRNA Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's Immune system is missing or does not function properly A primary transcript is an RNA molecule that has not yet undergone any modification after its synthesis. A primer is a strand of Nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA replication. Primer extension is a technique whereby the 5' ends of RNA or DNA can be mapped In Molecular biology, processivity is a measure of the average number of Nucleotides added by a DNA polymerase Enzyme per association/disassociation In Biology, a promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular Gene. A pronucleus (plural pronuclei) is the nucleus of a Sperm or an Egg cell during the process of Fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl An oncogene is a protein encoding Gene, which — when deregulated — participates in the onset and development of Cancer. Pseudogenes are defunct relatives of known Genes that have lost their Protein -coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed A pseudoknot is an RNA tertiary structure containing two Stem-loop structures in which the first stem's loop forms part of the second stem Historical Background Standard gel electrophoresis techniques for separation of DNA molecules provided huge advantages for molecular biology research Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring Pyrimidine is a Heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound similar to Benzene and Pyridine, containing two Nitrogen Atoms In Biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three- Nucleotide Codons in DNA or RNA. The recognition sequence, also referred to as Recognition site, of any DNA-binding protein motif that exhibits binding specificity refers to the DNA sequence Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands thereby combining DNA sequences In the study of DNA sequences one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence: Tandem repeats Satellite DNA, In Molecular biology and Microbiology, replica plating is a technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid ( Agar In Molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a Gene that researchers attach to another gene of interest in Cell culture For other uses see Repression A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of one or more genes by decreasing A response element is a short sequence of DNA within the Promoter of a Gene that is able to bind a specific Hormone receptor complex and therefore A restriction enzyme (or restriction Endonuclease) is an Enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA at specific recognition Nucleotide A restriction enzyme (or restriction Endonuclease) is an Enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA at specific recognition Nucleotide A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from cutting of a DNA strand by a Restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases a process called restriction A Restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP, often pronounced as "rif-lip" is a variation in the DNA sequence of a Genome A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from cutting of a DNA strand by a Restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases a process called restriction A restriction map is a map of known Restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are specific sequences of Nucleotides that are recognized by Restriction enzymes The sites are generally A retrovirus is any Virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. In Biochemistry, a reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase Enzyme that transcribes Reverse transcription is the process of making a double stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid molecule from a single stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid template In Microbial genetics, a revertant is a Mutant that has reverted to its former Genotype or to the original Phenotype by means of a Ribonuclease, abbreviated commonly as RNase, is a Nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components Ribonuclease, abbreviated commonly as RNase, is a Nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that A ribozyme (from ribo nucleic acid en' zyme', also called RNA Enzyme or catalytic RNA is an RNA Molecule that catalyzes For non-business risks see Risk or the disambiguation page Risk analysis. RNA polymerase ( RNAP or RNApol) is an Enzyme that produces RNA. In Molecular biology, splicing is a modification of an RNA after transcription, in which Introns are removed and Exons are joined RNA interference ( RNAi) is a mechanism that inhibits Gene expression at the stage of translation or by hindering the transcription of specific Ribonuclease, abbreviated commonly as RNase, is a Nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in Biochemistry and Genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) is the central component of the Ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. In Molecular biology, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR is a Laboratory technique for amplifying a defined piece of a Ribonucleic RUNOFF was the first Computer Text formatting program to see significant use A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the Genes that are being transcribed at a certain time S1 nuclease is an Endonuclease that is active against single-stranded DNA and RNA molecules SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in Biochemistry, forensics In Biochemistry and Structural biology, secondary structure is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of Biopolymers such as In the context of Evolution, certain traits or Alleles of a Species may be subject to selection In Genetics, an antisense strand is the strand of DNA transcribed into MRNA during transcription. In Mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects (or events In Genetics, a sequence motif is a Nucleotide or amino-acid Sequence pattern that is widespread and has or is conjectured to have a biological Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one A sequence-tagged site (or STS) is a short (200 to 500 base pair DNA sequence that has a single occurrence in the Genome and whose location and base sequence Severe combined immunodeficiency ( SCID) or Boy in the Bubble Syndrome is a genetic disorder in which both "arms" ( B cells and T cells A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual The Shine-Dalgarno sequence (or Shine-Dalgarno box proposed by Australian scientists John Shine and Lynn Dalgarno, is a ribosomal binding site In Genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for Sequencing long DNA strands A shuttle vector is a Vector (usually a Plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species Http//www Sickle-cell disease or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia) is a Blood disorder characterized by Red blood cells that assume an abnormal rigid A side chain in Organic chemistry and Biochemistry is a part of a Molecule that is attached to a core structure A sigma factor ( &sigma factor) is a prokaryotic transcription Initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene The Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP and its Homologs (SPPL2a/b/c SPPL3 are a class of transmembrane Aspartyl proteases with the conserved motives YD. Silent mutations are DNA Mutations that do not result in a change to the Amino acid sequence of a Protein. A single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single Nucleotide - A, T Small interfering RNA ( siRNA) sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of 20-25 Nucleotide -long double-stranded Site-directed Mutagenesis is a Molecular biology technique in which a Mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule usually a circular Site-specific recombination In site-specific-recombination DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing only a limited degree of sequence homology A Dot blot (or Slot blot) is a technique in Molecular biology used to detect Biomolecules It represents a simplification of the Northern blot Small nuclear RNA (snRNA is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells snRNP s (pronounced "snurps" or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are particles that combine with Pre-mRNA and various proteins to form Spliceosomes Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism as opposed to Germline cells A Southern blot is a method routinely used in Molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample Southwestern blotting, based along the lines of Southern blotting (which was created by Edwin Southern) and first described by B A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating ATG and AUG denote sequences of DNA and RNA respectively that are the Start codon or initiation Codon encoding the Amino acid Stem-loop intramolecular Base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or more commonly in RNA. DNA end or sticky end refers to the properties of the end of a Molecule of DNA. In the Genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a Nucleotide triplet within Messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation Streptavidin is a 53000 dalton tetrameric Protein purified from the Bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. In an unbranched chain-like biological Molecule, such as a Protein or a strand of RNA, a structural motif is a three-dimensional structural In Molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular Gene of interest from a parent vector to a destination vector A suicide gene, in Genetics, will cause a cell to kill itself through Apoptosis. In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10 In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician T7 Polymerase is an RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of RNA in the 5'→ 3' direction Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the Thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated The TATA box (also called Goldberg-Hogness box) is a DNA sequence ( Cis-regulatory element) found in the Promoter region of most genes in Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills knowledge technologies methods of manufacturing samples of manufacturing and facilities among industries universities governments In the Genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a Nucleotide triplet within Messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation In Biochemistry and Chemistry, the tertiary structure of a Protein or any other Macromolecule is its three-dimensional structure as defined This article deals with the specific antibiotic called tetracycline Thymine is one of the four bases in the Nucleic acid of DNA that make up the letters ATGC Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA In the field of Molecular biology, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA binding factor is a Protein that binds to specific sequences Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells by non-viral methods. In Molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake genomic incorporation and expression of foreign A transgene is a Gene or genetic material that has been transferred by any of a number of Genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition In Molecular biology, transversion refers to the substitution of a Purine for a Pyrimidine or vice versa In Physics, '''spin''' is the Angular momentum intrinsic to a body as opposed to Orbital angular momentum, which is the motion of its Center of mass A trisomy is a form of Aneuploidy with the presence of three copies instead of the normal two of a particular Chromosome. Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA (usually about 74-95 nucleotides that transfers a specific Amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene is a Gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene is a Gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer Uracil is a common and naturally occurring Pyrimidine derivative In Epidemiology, a vector is an Organism that does not cause Disease itself but which transmits Infection by conveying Pathogens from The western blot (alternatively immunoblot) is an Analytical technique used to detect specific Proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or A mutant is an individual organism or new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of Mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the DNA A yeast artificial chromosome (short YAC) is a vector used to clone large DNA fragments (larger than 100 kb and up to 3000 kb) A zinc finger is a large superfamily of Protein domains that can bind to DNA. 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