Citizendia

This list contains groups referred to as "cults" or "sects" by academic sources and the media. In the Sociology of religion a sect is generally a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group for example from a

Criteria for inclusion

Inclusion is based on a single reference by a reliable source that refers to the group:
  1. as a "cult" directly in North American English, a "sect" in British English or any equivalent foreign-language word;
  2. as a group (organizations and sets of individual practitioners, including those named by their technical practice of cults, qualify as groups);
  3. as such within the last 50 years;
  4. as not qualifying as a personality cult (heads of state), fan-cult of popular culture, or a group that doesn't have an actual following (fictional or self-nominated groups). This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice In the Sociology of religion a sect is generally a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group for example from a

Contents

Reliability of sources

This list of references for further research, cannot of itself reliably establish any harmful or beneficial attributes. The sources referenced must be reliable sources, with the acceptable fact-checking required for all articles. Fact-checking does not imply that referenced opinions are either true or false, only that they are correctly attributed.

To deal with the very different uses of the term "cult", this article provides distinct sections. Some references may apply the terms "cult" or "sect" in a scientific way to mainstream systems of spirituality; other references may use those terms as pejoratives, and their application to specific groups can become controversial. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Because of the perceived negative sense of the word "cult", very few groups or organizations show any readiness to accept the label of "cult" for themselves. The article Cult examines in depth the different definitions and common use of the term "cult". This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice

Inclusion in the media list does not prove, in any manner, that a group functions as a "cult" or as a "sect", and all definitions of those words not excluded by the header inclusion criteria, are accepted. Media listings are almost exclusively references to opinions. Opinions are not facts.

Inclusion in the academic list implies that scientific standards or academically authoritative opinions have been utilized in determining a well-defined cult or sect status. All academic references should be articles in peer-reviewed sociological or psychological journals, or books by academics who have published extensively in either discipline in peer-reviewed journals.

Groups referred to as "cult" in academic sources

In the sociology of religion, the term cult refers to one of four terms making up the church-sect typology. The sociology of religion is primarily the study of the practices Social structures historical backgrounds development, universal themes and Sociologists have proposed various classifications' of religious movements. Under this definition, "cult" refers to a religious group with a high degree of tension with the surrounding society combined with novel religious beliefs. Sociologists of religion distinguish such a "cult" from "sects", which have a high degree of tension with society but whose beliefs are traditional to that society, and from "ecclesias" and "denominations" — groups with a low degree of tension and which espouse traditional beliefs.

In psychology the definition of cults is often "harmful groups. " However, some psychologists use the term "cult" in a similar manner to sociologists. It is necessary to consult the sources themselves to ascertain which definition is in use in a particular instance.

Groups referred to as "cult" in the media

Further information: Opposition to cults and new religious movements#The role of the media

A-C

D-F

G-I

  • Great Commission International (today known as Great Commission Association of Churches)[63][64][65][66][67][68]
  • Green Dragon Temple (TVNZ)
  • for Hare Krishna, see ISKCON in this list
  • Heaven's Gate (WP) (Enc) (TIME) (Insight) (OCRT) (Patrick J Carnes)[69]
  • Hells Angels[70]
  • Hillsong[71][72]
  • Ho No Hana (BBC), (Salon) (CESNUR)
  • House of Yahweh [6] [7]
  • Iglesia ni Cristo (Chicago Tribune)[73]
  • ISKCON (a. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Erhard Seminars Training, an organization founded by Werner H The Exclusive Brethren are a subset of the Christian evangelical movement generally described as the Plymouth Brethren. Falun Gong ( or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice founded in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992 The Fellowship is the name of a group within the Presbyterian Church of Australia. The Fellowship of Friends is a religious movement founded in California in 1970 by Robert Earl Burton Uriella (born Erika Bertschinger-Eicke on February 20, 1929 in Zürich Switzerland) is the spiritual leader and founder of the new-revelationist Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded The Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO is an association of Buddhists, and others who follow its path of Mindfulness, under the leadership of the Western The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( FLDS Church) is one of the largest Mormon fundamentalist denominations and one of America's largest The Great Commission church movement is a broad term used to describe the entities associated with an evangelical Christian movement formalized in the USA The Great Commission church movement is a broad term used to describe the entities associated with an evangelical Christian movement formalized in the USA The International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON) also known as 'the Hare Krishna ' movement is one of several Vaishnava groups Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religion based in San Diego California and led by Marshall Applewhite (1932-1997 and Bonnie Nettles (1927-1985 The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club ( HAMC) is a world-wide " one-percenter " motorcycle gang whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson Hillsong Church (formerly Hills Christian Life Centre) is a Pentecostal Christian church affiliated with Australian Christian Churches, The Japanese sect Ho No Hana Sanpogyo (法の華三法行 Hō No Hana Sanpōgyō) is often called the "foot reading cult" because its founder Hogen Fukunaga The House of Yahweh is a religious organization based in Abilene Texas. The Iglesia ni Cristo (ɪˈgleʃɐ ni ˈkɾisto Tagalog for Church of Christ; also known as INC, formerly called Iglesya ni Kristo or The International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON) also known as 'the Hare Krishna ' movement is one of several Vaishnava groups k. a. Hare Krishna) (Asia Times Online) (WP) (Salon)[74]
  • Isis Holistic Centre (Heide Fittkau-Garthe) (BBC)

J-L

M-O

P-R

S-U

V-Z

Key to abbreviated sources

  • (ABC) - American Broadcasting Company
  • (AP) - Associated Press
  • (BBC) - British Broadcasting Corporation. The Hare Krishna Mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra" is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra made well Jeffrey Don Lundgren ( May 3, 1950 &ndash October 24, 2006) was a self-proclaimed Prophet, former leader of a Cult The Jesus Army is the outreach ministry of the Jesus Fellowship Church, an evangelical Christian movement based in the United Kingdom. Providence is a New religious movement founded by international fugitive Jung Myung Seok around 1980 Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination John Frum (or Jon Frum, or John From) is a figure associated with Cargo cults on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu. Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of Psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced Kenja Communication, or simply Kenja, is an Australian organisation Landmark Education LLC (LE as of 2007 offers Training and development programs delivered in approximately The LaRouche movement is an international political and cultural movement which promotes Lyndon LaRouche and his ideas including a commitment to "what Lifespring was a For-profit Private company, founded in 1974 The company promoted itself through books and Word of mouth advertising The Lord Our Righteousness Church, sometimes called the Strong City Cult, is a Christian community near Travesser Park Union County New Mexico. Lu Sheng-Yen (盧勝彥 Lú Shèngyàn ( 27 June, 1945 - commonly referred to by followers as Master Lu is the founder and spiritual leader of the In this article the term Apple rumor community refers to the community surrounding rumors concerning Apple Inc The Magnificat Meal Movement International (MMMI was formed in 1986 as a “missionary” off-shoot of the ‘Celtic Corma Adoration’ group of Australia MOVE is an organization formed in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in 1972 by John Africa and Donald Glassey The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God was a breakaway Sect from the Roman Catholic Church founded by Credonia Mwerinde and Mungiki is a politico-religious group and a banned Criminal organization in Kenya. The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, The Nation of Yahweh is a predominantly African American religious group that is the most controversial offshoot of the Black Hebrew Israelites line of thought The National Labor Federation ( NATLFED) is a network of local community associations run exclusively by Volunteers that aim to organize workers excluded The New Alliance Party (NAP was an American political party formed in New York City in 1979 Endeavor Academy, founded in 1993 as the New Christian Church of Full Endeavor of Wisconsin, is a school and residential community for spiritual transformation The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT is a global Buddhist tradition founded by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso in England in 1991 Nuwaubianism is an Umbrella term used to refer to the doctrines and teachings of the followers of Malachi Z The Objectivist movement is a movement to study and advance Ayn Rand ’s philosophy Objectivism. Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is a part of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches the Catholic belief that everyone The Order of the Solar Temple also known as Ordre du Temple Solaire ( OTS) in French, and the International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition The Osho movement is a New religious movement founded and inspired by the Indian Guru and Philosopher Osho (formerly known as Bhagwan The Pana-Wave Laboratory (パナウェーブ研究所 is a Japanese religious group. Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that by the mid-1970s possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San The Philippine Benevolent Missionaries Association ( PBMA) is a pseudo- Christian Cult founded by Ruben Ecleo Sr Jung Myung Seok (born February 17 1945) is a South Korean religious leader and self-proclaimed messiah The Rama Computer Students were and to some extent still are an American spiritual and professional group The Rama Computer Students were and to some extent still are an American spiritual and professional group Raëlism or Raëlian Church consists of the practitioners of a UFO religion founded by a former French sports-car journalist and test driver named Claude The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament The Revelation of Arès is a book about a supernatural Revelation experienced by Michel Potay in Arès France, during the 1970s Roch "Moses" Thériault (born May 16, 1947) was the charismatic leader of a small religious group based near Burnt River Ontario, in Canada Sahaja Yoga is a New religious movement founded by Nirmala Srivastava, more widely known as 'Shri Mataji Nirmala Sathya Sai Baba ( Telugu: సత్య సాయి బాబా was born as Sathyanarayana Raju on November 23 1926 &mdash or later than The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. Seas of David was an alleged militant religious group seven of whose members were arrested by the FBI on June 23 2006, as a part of a terror sting in Miami Sky Kingdom ( Malay: Kerajaan Langit) was the name of the commune and Sect founded by Ariffin Mohamed in Malaysia. The Soldiers of Heaven or Jund As-Samaa ( Arabic: جند السماء also known as Supporters of the Mahdi is an armed Iraqi Shi'a Sukyo Mahikari (崇教真光 Sūkyō Mahikari) is a New religious movement ( Shinshūkyō) that was established in Japan in 1978 Supreme Master Ching Hai, or Suma Ching Hai ("Suma" is an abbreviation of the said title ( Traditional Chinese: 清海無上師 Pinyin: Qīnghǎi The Symbionese Liberation Army ( SLA) was an American self-styled urban Guerrilla warfare group active between 1973 and 1975 that considered itself a Synanon initially a Drug rehabilitation program was founded by Charles "Chuck" Dederich Sr Thuggee (or tuggee, ठग्गी) (from Hindi thag ‘thief’ from Sanskrit sthaga ‘scoundrel’ from sthagati The American Society for the Defense of Tradition Family and Property (TFP is an organization of Catholic inspiration and adheres to the traditional teachings of the Transcendental Meditation or TM is the trademarked name of a Meditation technique introduced in 1958 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1917-2008 The True Russian Orthodox Church (настоящей Русской православной церковью is a Russian religious group founded by Pyotr Kuznetsov The Unification Church is a New religious movement founded by Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon. Nuwaubianism is an Umbrella term used to refer to the doctrines and teachings of the followers of Malachi Z Dwight D York (born June 26 1945 or 1935 better known as Dr Malachi Z History The Way International founder Victor Paul Wierwille was ordained by the Evangelical and Reformed Church in 1941 and took his first assignment in Payne Ohio Werner Erhard and Associates, also known as WE&A or as WEA, operated as a commercial entity from February 1981 until early 1991 The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC is a church headed by Fred Phelps and based in Topeka Kansas, United States. Fred Waldron Phelps Sr (born November 13 1929 is an ***************************************************************************************** * * William Kamm also known as The Little Pebble or the antipope Peter II the Roman (born Cologne, Germany, 1950 currently living in Livets Ord, literally The Word(s of Life, is a Swedish church founded in Uppsala by Ulf Ekman on May 24, 1983, The World Mission Society Church of God (in Korean 하나님의교회 세계복음선교협회 was founded by Ahnsahnghong in 1964, when he left the Seventh-day Youth With A Mission ( YWAM, generally pronounced as "why-wam" is an international inter-denominational non-profit Christian Missionary organization The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio
  • (Enc) - Encarta online encyclopedia. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation.
  • (Guardian) - The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
  • (Insight) - Insight Magazine (published by the Washington Times, a Unification Church publishing company)
  • (Komo4 News) - KOMO-TV. The Washington Times is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Washington D The Unification Church is a New religious movement founded by Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon. KOMO-TV, is a Television station in Seattle Washington. It is affiliated with the ABC network.
  • (NY Times) - The New York Times.
  • (OCRT) - Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. The Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance ( OCRT) is a group in Ontario, Canada, formed with the stated purpose of
  • (RM) - The Religious Movements Homepage Project at the University of Virginia
  • (Salon) - Salon.com. The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research Saloncom, part of Salon Media Group ( often just called Salon, is an online
  • (SF Chronicle) - San Francisco Chronicle
  • (The Age) - The Age
  • (TIME) - TIME Magazine
  • (TVNZ) - Television New Zealand
  • (WP) - Washington Post's 1997 series, The Cult Controversy. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D

References

  1. ^ Chafetz, M. & Demone, H. (1962). Alcoholism and Society, New York: Oxford University Press, page 162, 165 as cited in Ragels, L. Allen An Old Question Revisited" "We are struck by the sect or cult-like aspects of AA . . . This is true in terms of its history, structure, and the charisma surrounding its leader, Bill W[ilson]" transcribed to Freedom of Mind, website and retrieved on August 23, 2006. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  2. ^ Alexander, F. , Rollins, R. (1984). “Alcoholics Anonymous: The Unseen Cult,” California Sociologist, Vol. 7, No. 1, Winter, page 32 as cited in Ragels, L. Allen "Is Alcoholics Anonymous a Cult? An Old Question Revisited" “AA uses all the methods of brain washing, which are also the methods employed by cults . . . It is our contention that AA is a cult. ” transcribed to Freedom of Mind, website and retrieved on August 23, 2006. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  3. ^ Kent, Stephe A., "Narcissistic Fraud in the Ancient World: Lucian's Account of Alexander of Abonuteichus and the Cult of Glycon," Ancient Narrative (University of Groningen), Vol. Stephen A Kent, is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 6.
  4. ^ "Alexander the False Prophet," translated with annotation by A. M. Harmon, Loeb Classical Library, 1936 [1]
  5. ^ "Cult Membership in the Roaring Twenties: Assessing Local Receptivity" Rodney Stark, William Sims Bainbridge, Lori Kent, Sociological Analysis 1981, 42, 2:137-162
  6. ^ Ginzburgm Carloes. Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and pioneer of Microhistory. , The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 (original edition Giulio Einaudi, 1966), ISBN 0-801-84386-3
  7. ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich A History of Zen Buddhism p. Giulio Einaudi ( January 2 1912 - April 5 1999) was one of the most important publishers in Italian history 55 1963 Pantheon Books
  8. ^ Bleeker, C. J. and G. Widengren, Historia Religionum, Volume 2, p. 520 Brill Academic Publishers 1971
  9. ^ Bray, Francesca [ Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China] p. 103, 1997 University of California Press
  10. ^ "Christianity is a cult in India" - Religion, Deviance, and Social Control By Rodney Stark, William Sims Bainbridge pp104
  11. ^ "christianity is a cult religion" The Painted Kipper: A Study of the Spurious in the Contemporary Scene by Harman Grisewood p. Harman Grisewood (1903-1997 was an English radio actor radio and television executive novelist and non-fiction writer 65
  12. ^ "Christianity is a cult of death" Georges Bataille: A Critical Introduction By Benjamin Noys p26
  13. ^ "Christianity is a cult of poverty, despising the world, and antagonistic to labor and culture" - History Of Modern Philosophy By Richard Falckenberg p780
  14. ^ http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2003/breit2003.pdf
  15. ^ Zemtsov, Ilya Encyclopedia of Soviet Lifepp. 79, 78 1991 Transaction Publishers. Communism itself as a cult distinguished from the cults of personality which thrive within it.
  16. ^ The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins By Michael P. Carroll "Does anyone doubt that over the centuries the Mary cult has attracted a far greater number of adherents than will ever be attracted by the Church of Scientology, the Hare Krishnas and so on?"
  17. ^ Eileen Barker, New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. Eileen Vartan Barker (born 21 April 1938 in Edinburgh UK is a Professor in Sociology, an emeritus member of the London School of Economics (LSE and London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989, ISBN 0-11-340927-3, p. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Office of Public Sector Information ( OPSI) is the body responsible for the operation of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (usually abbreviated as HMSO Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) 149
    ". . . movements which do not fall under the definition of religion used by the Institute [for the study of American Religion], but which are sometimes called 'cults'. Examples would be est, Primal Therapy or Rebirthing. Primal therapy is a trauma -based Psychotherapy created by Arthur Janov, Ph "
  18. ^ Philip Cushman, Constructing The Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History of Psychotherapy Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995, p. Reading is a town situated in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, some north of central Boston. Addison-Wesley is a Book publishing imprint of Pearson PLC, best known for computer books Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 130. ISBN 0-201-62643-8
    "Even today, abundance theory is alive and well in many religious cults and in restrictive psychotherapy trainings such as est. "
  19. ^ Steven Tipton summarizes his participant-observation of est in the keywords:
    "2. organization: bureaucratic cult
    "3. leadership: mystagogue
    "4. rites: est training, guided fantasy "schema," therapeutic "share," encounter-style confrontations with trainer. "
    See: Steven M Tipton: Getting saved from the sixties: moral meaning in conversion and cultural change, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, page 179. ISBN 0520038681
  20. ^ Reitmeister, Louis Aaron, A Philosophy of Freedom: An Attempt to Explain the Natural Basis of Freedom (1970), Poseidon Books
  21. ^ Qumran and the Essenes: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence (1994). Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 3-1614-6719-1
  22. ^ Klaniczay, Gábor Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe (2002), p. 17, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-42018-0
  23. ^ Rome and Jerusalem a Study in Jewish Nationalism (2005), Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-4179-248-10
  24. ^ Holloway, Joseph H. Africanisms in American Culture (2005), p. 292, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34479-4
  25. ^ Smith, Jonathan Z. , Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (1982), p. 152,University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-76360-9
  26. ^ Scott, Walt, The Mystery And Controversy Surrounding "Mormonism" (2007). Dog Ear Publishing, ISBN 1-5985-8500-2
  27. ^ Bartely, Peter Mormonism: The Prophet, the Book and the Cult, (1989) ISBN 1-8539-0063-X
  28. ^ Mow, Richard, J. , Beckwith, Francis, Mosser, Carl, and Owen, Pul (Eds. ) New Mormon Challenge (2002), Zondervan, ISBN 03-1023-194-9
  29. ^ Notrh, Richard, Heathen Gods in Old English Literature (1997), p. 234, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55183-8
  30. ^ Réforme, "Sectes. . . entre panique et confusion", June 2004
  31. ^ Fath, Sébastien, Le religieux dans la commune - Les régulations locales du pluralisme religieux en France, "L'Église évangélique de Pentecôte de Besançon : le rôle des universitaires comme médiateurs", Labor et Fides Editions, Genève, November 13, 2001, p. 297-320
  32. ^ Meštrović, Stjepan Gabriel The Coming Fin de Siècle: An Application of Durkheim's Sociology to Modernity and Postmodernism p. 161 , 1991 Routledge, ISBN 0415048389
  33. ^ Morton Klass, Singing with Sai Baba: The Politics of Revitalization in Trinidad, p. 11 , Westview Press, (1991) ISBN 0-8133-7969-5
    "Opinion, it is hardly necessary to observe, is divided. In the many published volumes of his sermons and speeches, and in the writings of his devotees, his is a "religion" and sometimes a "movement. " On the other hand, the two scholars who have written extensively on Sai Baba and his followers in India (Swallow 1976, 1982; Babb 1986) refer to the phenomenon as a "cult".
  34. ^ Iles Johnson, Sarah, Mysteries, in Ancient Religions pp. 104-5, The Belknap Press of Harvard University (2007), ISBN 978-0-674-02548-6
  35. ^ Tuner, Harol W. ,Bibliography of New Religious Movements in Primal Societies (1992), p. 25, Gale Group, 0-816-19089-5
  36. ^ Boddy, Janice P. (1989). Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men, and the Zār Cult in Northern Sudan. University of Wisconsin Press.  
  37. ^ "Monumental Man: The Controversial Story of poet philosopher Eli Siegel", Jewish Times, August 22, 2003, Melissa Goldman, Cover Story. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  38. ^ Geirt, Jean-Pierre, La France aux cent sectes, GECEP, Vauvenargues, May 1997, p. 43-46 (ISBN 2-7443-0049-7)
  39. ^ Centre Roger Ikor, Les sectes, état d'urgence, Albin Michel S. A. Editions, 1995, p. 45-46 (ISBN 2-226-07711-1)
  40. ^ "Nigerian gangs turn their guns on their own" Herald Tribune November 8, 2007
  41. ^ Responses To Information Requests (Rirs)
  42. ^ The Sun News On-line
  43. ^ "PHOTOS OF EARLY SIMI VALLEY RICHLY ILLUSTRATE HISTORY BOOK" Douglas Clark Daily News. Los Angeles, Calif. : Nov 29, 1997. pg. TO. 2 "Three religious cults settled at different times in the secluded, mountainous terrain of east Simi Valley. The most notorious may have been the Blackburn Cult, which created a sensation in 1929 when newspapers reported "weird rituals" that included sacrificing animals and attempts to resurrect a dead 16-year-old girl. Sex scandals also haunted the leaders of the cult, May Otis Blackburn and her daughter Ruth Wieland Rizzio. "
  44. ^ L. A. Exposed: Strange Myths and Curious Legends in the City of Angels, Paul Young, St. Martin's Griffin, May 3, 2002, ISBN 0312206461 , Page 181.
  45. ^ Cults, Religion & Violence 2002 ISBN 0-521-66898-0 5
  46. ^ Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem, Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements 1997 ISBN 0-415-91649-6
  47. ^ The Encyclopedia of CULTS, SECTS, AND NEW RELIGIONS 2002 ISBN 1-57392-888-7
  48. ^ Religions in the Modern World pg 266, 2002 ISBN 0-415-21783-0
  49. ^ Spying in Guru Land, Inside Britain’s Cults 1993 ISBN 1-85702-329-3
  50. ^ Gomes, Alan W. : "Unmasking the Cults", page 26. Zondervan Publishing, 1995
  51. ^ Tucker, Bruce: "Oneness Pentecostal Churches", page 17. Xlibris Corporation, 2002
  52. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  53. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  54. ^ "Vatican excommunicates Mary cult"
  55. ^ "Intelligence" Far Eastern Economic Review Hong Kong: Dec 2, 1999. Vol. 162, Iss. 48; pg. 6
  56. ^ "Former Guru on a Different Mission", Rocky Mountain News, January 30, 1998. The Rocky Mountain News is a Monday-Saturday morning Tabloid -format Newspaper published in Denver Colorado, United States. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
    Nowadays, former cult members estimate Maharaji (he's dropped the Guru from his name and simplified the spelling) has 100000 to 200000 followers. . .
  57. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  58. ^ "PAC: NZ debates new law to limit influence of Brethren, others" AAP General News Wire. Sydney: Dec 4, 2007. pg. 1
  59. ^ "A cult for Chinese furniture: Susan Moore on the controversial sect behind Christie's New York sale on Thursday;" Moore, Susan. Financial Times. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. London (UK): September 17, 1996. pg. 15. "Leaders of esoteric sects are usually thought to have a penchant for apocalyptic predictions and expensive motor cars and for exploiting - sexually and financially - their brainwashed acolytes. . . It is a non-proselytising, publicity-shy sect and its spiritual or philosophical system is difficult to determine,. . . "
  60. ^ "Art Market: Zen and the art of furniture" Geraldine Norman. The Independent. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. London (UK): September 15, 1996. pg. 72. "A cult's collection of Chinese furniture set to break auction records. . . But in 1988 cult leader, Robert Burton, saw a Chinese hardwood chair in a Paris antique shop and fell in love with it. "
  61. ^ Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults, Jean-Marie Abgrall, 2000, Algora Publishing, ISBN 189294104X
  62. ^ "Polygamist leader sentenced for his role in child rape case; ", Nicholas Riccardi. Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Nov 21, 2007. pg. A. 12 "The leader of a polygamous cult was sentenced to. . . "
  63. ^ "Iowan tells cult experience", Des Moines, Iowa: Des Moines Register, 1985-01-12. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople  
  64. ^ Jaw Merwin. "Cult Corner: Student survivor of one sect's manipulation and coercion tells her story in support group to help others escape cult clutches", Baltimore, MD: The Sun, 1992-2-21, p.  1D.  
  65. ^ "ISU Bible Study group: 'Wonderful' or 'a cult'?", Des Moines, Iowa: Des Moines Register, 1980-03-13. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.  
  66. ^ "Cult label follows new church: Cult watcher calls GCI "shepherding cult"", Wheaton, IL: The Sunday Journal (Wheaton, IL edition), 1988-11-6.  "The Cult Awareness Network calls Great Commission International (GCI) a shepherding cult . . . Among CAN's criteria for a cult: the group's procedures, use of mind control and degree of consent by members. . . . Another cult criterion: "some kind of controlling or thought-stopping technique," Kisser said. GCI discourages its members from listening to outside criticism. Ex-members say it also discourages questioning church elders. . . . The Chicago-based National Cult Awareness Network (CAN) labels GCI a "Bible-based cult" that deceives its members and exercises tight control over members' lives without their clear consent. "We feel there's sufficient complaints about the group," said CAN Executive Director Cynthia Kisser. "We feel that it meets our criteria. " . . . Former members of GCI churches from different parts of the country describe GCI as subtle and dangerous. They tell of being manipulated into a deepening commitment to the church and of turning control of their lives over to church leaders. "Basic everyday decisions of your life are pretty much dictated by the leadership," said Larry Pile, a graduate of Wheaton College, who belonged to GCI for 5 1/2 years and now helps counsel former GCI members. " 
  67. ^ "Silver Spring Fundamentalists: Church Or "Cult"?", Montgomery County, Maryland: The Montgomery County Sentinel, 1986-2-6.  
  68. ^ . "A STATEMENT RECOGNIZING EARLY ERRORS AND WEAKNESSES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT COMMISSION ASSOCIATION OF CHURCH­ES". . Great Commission Association of Churches
  69. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  70. ^ Andrew Malone. "Topless bike washes and the dark hearts of the Hell's Angels cult", The Daily Mail, 14-8-2007.  
  71. ^ [http://www.cpa.org.au/garchve08/1359sects.html Sects and cults: thriving trade in misery] Bob Briton, The Guardian 2 April, 2008
  72. ^ The Age Women bishops banned one day, but OK the next. What gives? Catherine DevenyOctober 3, 2007
  73. ^ Schmetzer, Uli. "Religious cults may influence votes in Philippine election", Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1995, pp. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995  3.   (as cited by ProQuest)
  74. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor Michigan -based electronic publisher and Microfilm publisher " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  75. ^ Landmark is meer dan eens een sekte genoemd ["Landmark has been labeled a cult more than once"]. — Karolien Knols in the article "Drie spirituele dagen bij Landmark: 'Who wants to share?'" in Marie Claire (Netherlands edition), March 1999. Marie Claire is a monthly women's Magazine conceived in France but also distributed in other countries with editions specific to them and in their languages Online transcript available at http://www.stelling.nl/landmark/marie1.htm (in Dutch).
  76. ^ "LaRouche cult is staging a comeback, ADL warns". Jewish Exponent. The Jewish Exponent is a weekly community Newspaper serving the Jewish community of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Aug 5, 1994. Vol. 196, Iss. 6; pg. 15
  77. ^ Historic record - As of 2003, LOCC no longer functions as a centralized organization with common beliefs or practices.
  78. ^ Compass - ABC TV Religion | Stories
  79. ^ PM - Police on alert for religious suicide
  80. ^ Queensland sect decides against mass suicide
  81. ^ "Philadelphia Police Official Quits Amid Criticism Over Fire" Los Angeles Times (1886-Current File); November 13, 1985. pg. 1 "Sambor was field commander of the police force's battle with the radical cult MOVE. "
  82. ^ "Jury Acquits 2 Members Of Philadelphia Cult" AP. New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N. Y. : Jul 23, 1981. pg. A. 16
  83. ^ Staff. . "Party with Political Agenda Portrayed as Anti-Semitic Therapy Cult", The Buffalo News, Buffalo News Services, March 3, 1992. The Buffalo News is the primary Newspaper of the Buffalo New York, Metropolitan area and its surrounding Suburbs It is wholly owned  
  84. ^ "A Cult by Any Other Name: The New Alliance Party Dismantled and Reincarnated," Anti-Defamation League Special Report, New York, 1995 [2]
  85. ^ Liz Spikol, "Group Hug: Is Social Therapy a political cult, as some have said?" Philadelphia Weekly, June 12, 2002 [3]; author answers her own question in "Boycott This Play!" Philadelphia Weekly, Sept. 4, 2002 [4]
  86. ^ Tom Robbins, "Shrink Rapped: TV Gotti's alleged cult doc," Village Voice, June 7, 2005 [5]
  87. ^ "Sheriff told to reinstate deputy: He was fired for giving out literature from a black supremacist cult. " JOE JOHNSON. Florida Times Union. Jacksonville, Fla. : March 29, 2007. pg. B. 4
  88. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  89. ^ L'Est républicain, "Alerte à Chatillon-le-Duc, Tallenay et Devecey", Isabelle Monin, November 2, 1991
  90. ^ Geirt, Jean-Pierre, La France aux cent sectes, GECEP, Vauvenargues, May 1997, p. 121-122 (ISBN 2-7443-0049-7)
  91. ^ Centre Roger Ikor, Les sectes, état d'urgence, Albin Michel S. A. Editions, 1995, p. 71-75 (ISBN 2-226-07711-1)
  92. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  93. ^ Protest and Mysticisim: The Rastafari Cult of Jamaica by Sheila Kitzinger Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Autumn, 1969), pp. 240-262 accessed from this link
  94. ^ Geirt, Jean-Pierre, La France aux cent sectes, GECEP, Vauvenargues, May 1997, p. 48-50 (ISBN 2-7443-0049-7)
  95. ^ Centre Roger Ikor, Les sectes, état d'urgence, Albin Michel S. A. Editions, 1995, p. 155-158 (ISBN 2-226-07711-1)
  96. ^ "A Deadly Tradition: Apocalyptic Cults Have Flourished in the West for Two Thousand Years," Macleans, October 17, 1994, Toronto, Canada. One of those figures was Roch Thériault, a bankrupt wood carver from Thetford Mines, Que. , who was a recruiter for the Seventh-day Adventists before breaking away to form his own cult.
  97. ^ Guru English:South Asian Religion in Cosmopolitan Language Princeton University Press 2005 ISBN 0691118280
  98. ^ In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State 1987, ISBN 0226731391
  99. ^ Shamans, Mystics and Doctors: Inquiry into India and its Healing Traditions” 1991 ISBN 0226422798
  100. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  101. ^ A NEW LOOK AT INDIA'S THUGS Thug: The True Story of India's Murderous Cult. Mike Dash. Granta Books. 2005 ISBN 1862076049.
  102. ^ "A Short History of Cults in America. " Contemporary Issues Companion: Cults. Jill Karson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Excerpted from Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience: A Social and Cultural History, 1765–1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
  103. ^ "The Sorrows of Werner: For the founder of est, a fresh round of charges", Newsweek, February 18, 1991
  104. ^ "The Joy Bucks Club", New York Times, January 16, 2005. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.  "Mr. Hecht also became deeply involved in EST, the now defunct self-improvement cult run by Werner Erhard. " 
  105. ^ "Words beyond belief Kirk condemns sect that boasts of cure for cancer and Aids;" Victoria Mitchell. Daily Mail. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format London (UK): Sep 17, 1998. pg. 27
  106. ^ Korea: The Church of God. Korea: The Church of God. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  107. ^ Squire, Aurin. "Parishioner answering missionary call", Miami Herald, May, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office  ""They're popular on college campuses," Channer said. "It's like this great big happy family and you start spending more time with them and less with your actual family and friends. "" 
  108. ^ "MP linked to controversial 'cult'", The Wellington New Zealand Star-Times, August 11, 2002. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office  "New United Future MP Bernie Ogilvy established a religious organisation which provoked controversy in the 1970s over the treatment of teenagers in its care. The evangelical organisation, Youth With A Mission, (YWAM) established in Auckland by Ogilvy in the late 1970s, took teens off the street and then put them to work - but it drew criticism over the amount of wages it retained. At that time, YWAM made enough money to buy up to 12 Auckland houses. The mission operates worldwide and Ogilvy served as its national director for New Zealand. He confirmed he was aware it had been described as a "cult" by overseas sceptics but said that impression had been corrected. A source told the Sunday Star-Times the organisation under Ogilvy had bombarded its converts with religious instruction. " 

See also

External links

Note: not all parts of all external sites linked here constitute the reliable sources required for listing groups in this article. Some countries expressing concern with possible abuses by groups they regard as Cults have for a variety of reasons implemented restrictive measures against some of the activities The French National Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of France, set up a Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France ( Commission parlementaire sur Researchers find partly-reliable sites useful because they may archive reliable source articles or quotations that are otherwise not available, convenient, or free to access on line. However, use caution in relying on brief quotations that may be taken out of context or quoted in error.

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