Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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3' end -- 5' end --

A

Acentric chromosome -- Achondroplasia -- Active site -- Adam's Curse -- Adaptation -- Adenine -- Adenosine -- Adenosine diphosphate -- Adenovirus -- ADP -- Ala -- Alagille syndrome -- Albino -- Alcoholism -- Alkylating agent -- Allele -- Allele frequency -- Alleles -- Allopolyploid -- Allosteric protein -- Allozyme -- Alternative splicing -- Altruism -- Alu family -- Alzheimer's disease -- Amber codon -- Ames test -- Amino acid -- Amino acid sequence -- Amino acids -- Amniocentesis -- Amorph -- AMP -- Amphidiploid -- Amplification -- Anagenesis -- Anaphase -- Aneuploid -- Aneuploid cell -- Aneuploidy -- Angelman syndrome -- Angiosperm -- Animal model -- Annealing -- Annotation -- Antibody -- Anticipation -- Anticoding strand -- Anticodon -- Antigen -- Antimorph -- Antiparallel -- Antisense -- Antisense RNA -- Antisense strand -- Antisense therapy -- AP endonuclease -- AP site -- Apert syndrome -- Apoptosis -- Applied genetics -- Arginine -- Arrayed library -- Ascospore -- Ascus -- Asexual spore -- Asn -- Asp -- Assembly -- Assortative mating -- Asymptomatic carrier -- Atavism -- ATP -- Attenuator -- Autogamy -- Autopolyploid -- Autoradiograph -- Autoradiography -- Autosomal dominant -- Autosome -- Autotroph -- Auxotroph -- Auxotrophic mutant -- Axoneme --

B

B form DNA -- Bacillus -- Back mutation -- Backcross -- Bacteria -- Bacterial lawn -- Bacteriophage -- Balbiani ring -- Barr body -- Basal body -- Base -- Base analogue -- Base pair -- Base pairs -- Base sequence -- Batesian mimicry -- Bayesian analysis -- Bead theory -- Behavioral genetics -- Behavioural genetics -- Beta-galactosidase -- Bimodal distribution -- Binary fission -- Binomial expansion -- Binomial theorem -- Biochemical genetics -- Biochemistry -- Bioengineering -- Bioinformatics -- Biolistic -- Biology -- Bioremediation -- Biotechnology -- Biparental zygote -- Birth defect -- Bivalent (genetics) -- BLAST -- Blastoderm -- Blastomere -- Blastopore -- Blastula -- Blending inheritance -- Blunt-end ligation -- Bookmarking -- Bottleneck -- Brachydactyly -- Branch migration -- BRCA1 -- BRCA2 -- Breakage and reunion -- Bridging cross -- Bud -- Buoyant density -- Burkitt lymphoma --

C

Cambridge Reference Sequence -- Cancer -- Candidate gene -- Capillary array -- Carcinogen -- Carcinoma -- Carrier -- Carrier testing -- cDNA -- cDNA library -- Cell -- Cell nucleus -- Centimorgan -- Central dogma of molecular biology -- Centromere -- Chemical base -- Chimeraplasty -- Chromomere -- Chromosomal deletion -- Chromosome -- Chromosome banding -- Chromosome painting -- Chromosome region p -- Chromosome region q -- Classical genetics -- Cleft lip -- Cleft palate -- Clinical geneticist -- Clone (genetics) -- Clone bank -- Cloned DNA -- Cloning -- Cloning vector -- Coccus -- Code -- Code dictionary -- Coding strand -- Codominance -- Codon -- Codon usage bias -- Cohesive end -- Cointegrate -- Col plasmid -- Colicinogenic factor -- Colinearity -- Colony -- Common ancestry -- Comparative genomics -- Compartment -- Competence factor -- Competent -- Complementarity -- Complementary DNA -- Complementation -- Complementation test -- Complete linkage -- Complex trait -- Component of fitness -- Composite transposon -- Concordance -- Conditional mutation -- Confidence limits -- Confidentiality -- Congenital -- Conjugation (genetics) -- Conjugation tube -- Consanguineous -- Consanguinity -- Consensus sequence -- Conservative change -- Conserved sequence -- Constant region -- Constitutive -- Contig -- Contig map -- Contig maps -- Contiguous genes -- Continuous variation -- Controlling element -- Copper fist -- Copy-choice model -- Corepressor -- Correction -- Cosegregation -- Cosmid -- Cosmids -- Cot value -- Cotransduction -- Cotransformation -- Coupling -- Covariance -- cpDNA -- CpG island -- Craniosynostosis -- Cri du chat -- cRNA -- Cross -- Cross-fertilization -- Crossbreed -- Crossing over -- Crossover -- Crossover suppressor -- Crossovers -- Cryptic coloration -- Culture -- Cyclic AMP -- Cys -- Cystic fibrosis -- Cytidine -- Cytochrome -- Cytogenetic map -- Cytogenetics -- Cytohet -- Cytokinesis -- Cytological band -- Cytological map -- Cytoplasm -- Cytoplasmic trait -- Cytosine -- Cytosol --

D

D-loop -- Darwinian fitness -- Data warehouse -- Dauermodification -- Deficiency -- Degenerate code -- Degenerate codon -- Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) -- Deletion -- Deletion chromosome -- Deletion map -- Deletion mapping -- Deme (Biology) -- Dementia -- Denaturation -- Denaturation map -- Denominator element -- Deoxyribonuclease -- Deoxyribonucleotide -- Deoxyribose -- Depauperate fauna -- Derepressed -- Determinant -- Determination -- Deterministic -- Development -- Diabetes mellitus -- Diakinesis -- Dicentric chromosome -- Dictyotene -- Dideoxy method -- Differentiation -- Dihybrid -- Dihybrid cross -- Dimerization -- Dimorphism -- Dioecious plant -- Diploid -- Directed evolution -- Directed mutagenesis -- Directed sequencing -- Discrete generations -- Disease -- Disruptive selection -- Distribution -- DMD -- DNA -- DNA amplification -- DNA bank -- DNA clone -- DNA cloning -- DNA electrophoresis -- DNA fingerprint -- DNA glycosylase -- DNA gyrase -- DNA hybridization -- DNA ligase -- DNA marker -- DNA polymerase -- DNA probe -- DNA repair genes -- DNA replication -- DNA sequence -- DNA sequencing -- Docking protein -- DOE -- Dominance variance -- Dominant -- Dominant allele -- Dominant phenotype -- Dosage compensation -- Dose -- Dot blotting -- Double crossover (genetics) -- Double digest -- Double helix -- Double hybrid -- Double infection -- Double reduction -- Doublesex -- Down syndrome -- Downstream -- Draft sequence -- Drift -- Duplicate gene -- Dwarfism -- Dyad -- Dyad symmetry -- Dystonia --

E

E (exit site) -- Ecdysone -- Ecological genetics -- Ectopic expression -- Ectopic integration -- Electrophoresis -- Electroporation -- ELSI -- Endogenote -- Endomitosis -- Endonuclease -- Endopolyploidy -- Endosperm -- Engineering -- Enhancer -- Enhancer trap -- Enriched medium -- Enucleate cell -- Enzyme -- Epigenetics -- Episome -- Epistasis -- Equational division -- Equivalence group -- Erythrocytes -- Escherichia coli -- Ethics -- Ethidium -- Euchromatin -- Eugenics -- Eukaryote -- Eukaryotic cell -- Euploid -- Euploidy -- Evolution -- Evolutionary rate -- Excision repair -- Exconjugant -- Exogenote -- Exogenous DNA -- Exon -- Exon shuffling -- Exonuclease -- Experimental design -- Expressed gene -- Expression vector -- Expressivity --

F

F factor -- F plus cell -- F- cell -- F-duction -- F-pili -- F1 generation -- F2 generation -- Factorial -- Familial cancer -- Familial trait -- Family selection -- Fanconi's anemia -- Fate map -- Fecundity selection -- Fibroblasts -- Filial generation -- Filter enrichment -- Fimbriae -- Fixed allele -- Fixed breakage point -- Flow cytometry -- Flow karyotyping -- Fluctuation test -- Fluorescent in situ hybridization -- FMET -- Focus map -- Forensics -- Forward mutation -- Founder effect -- Fragile site -- Fragile X syndrome -- Frameshift -- Frameshift mutation -- Fraternal twin -- Frequency histogram -- Fruiting body -- Full gene sequence -- Functional allele -- Functional genomics -- Fundamental number --

G

G-banding -- Gamete -- Gametic selection -- Gametophyte -- Gastrulation -- GC-rich area -- Gel electrophoresis -- Gene -- Gene amplification -- Gene chip technology -- Gene cloning -- Gene complex -- Gene conversion -- Gene dose -- Gene expression -- Gene family -- Gene flow -- Gene frequency -- Gene fusion -- Gene interaction -- Gene library -- Gene locus -- Gene map -- Gene mapping -- Gene markers -- Gene mutation -- Gene pair -- Gene pool -- Gene prediction -- Gene product -- Gene regulatory network -- Gene testing -- Gene therapy -- Gene transfer -- Genetic algorithm -- Genetic architecture -- Genetic code -- Genetic counseling -- Genetic deletion -- Genetic determinism -- Genetic disorder -- Genetic dissection -- Genetic engineering -- Genetic illness -- Genetic informatics -- Genetic linkage map -- Genetic load -- Genetic map -- Genetic marker -- Genetic material -- Genetic mosaic -- Genetic polymorphism -- Genetic screen -- Genetic screening -- Genetic testing -- Genetic variance -- Genetic variation -- Geneticist -- Genetics -- Genetics experiments -- Genic balance theory -- Genome -- Genome map -- Genome project -- Genome screen -- Genomic library -- Genomic sequence -- Genomics -- Genophore -- Genotype -- Germ cell -- Germ line -- Germ-line theory -- Germinal choice technology -- Germinal mutation -- Germline mutation -- Giemsa stain -- Gln -- Glu -- Gly -- God gene -- Gradient -- Gray crescent -- gRNA -- Ground state -- Group 1 intron -- Group II intron -- Group selection -- Guanine -- Guanosine -- Guide RNA -- Gynandromorph --

H

H-Y antigen -- Haemoglobin (hb) -- Haemophilia -- Haplodiploidy -- Haploid -- Haploidization -- Haploinsufficiency -- Haplotype -- Hardy-Weinberg Law -- Harlequin chromosome -- HAT medium -- Hayflick limit -- Heat-shock protein -- Helicase -- Hemizygous -- Hemizygous gene -- Hemophilia -- Hereditary cancer -- Hereditary mutation -- Heredity -- Heritability -- Hermaphrodite -- Heterochromatin -- Heteroduplex -- Heteroduplex DNA -- Heteroduplex mapping -- Heterogamy -- Heterogeneity -- Heterokaryon -- Heterokaryon test -- Heteroplasmon -- Heteroplasmy -- Heterothallic -- Heterothallic fungus -- Heterotroph -- Heterozygosity -- Heterozygote -- Heterozygous -- Heterozygous DNA -- Hexaploid -- Hfr -- HGP -- HHMI -- Himalayan -- Histone -- HnRNA -- Hogness box -- Holandric trait -- Holoenzyme -- Holoprosencephaly -- Homeo-box -- Homeo-domain -- Homeobox -- Homeosis -- Homology -- Homoplasmy -- Homothallic -- Homothallic fungus -- Homozygote -- Homozygous -- Homozygous gene pair -- Hormone -- Host range -- Housekeeping gene -- HUGO -- Human gene therapy -- Human genetic engineering -- Human genetics -- Human genome -- Human Genome Project -- Human mitochondrial genetics -- Huntington's disease -- Hybrid -- Hybrid DNA -- Hybrid dysgenesis -- Hybrid plasmid -- Hybrid zone -- Hybridization -- Hybridize -- Hybridoma -- Hydrogen bond -- Hydroxyapatite -- Hypermorph -- Hyperploid -- Hypervariable locus -- Hypervariable region -- Hypomorph -- Hypoploid -- Hypostatic gene --

I

Ichthyosis -- Identical twin -- Identity by descent -- Identity by type -- Idiogram -- Idiotypic variation -- Idling reaction -- Ig -- Ile -- Imago -- Immune system -- Immunity -- Immunoglobulin (Ig) -- Immunoglobulin gene -- Immunohistochemistry -- Immunotherapy -- Imprinting -- In situ -- In vitro -- In vitro mutagenesis -- In vivo -- Inclusive fitness -- Incomplete dominance -- Inducer -- Inducible operon -- Induction -- Industrial melanism -- Infectious transfer -- Informatics -- Inherit -- Inherited -- Initiation codon -- Initiation complex -- Initiator protein -- Inosine -- Insertion -- Insertional mutation -- Inside marker -- Intercalating agent -- Interference -- Interkinesis -- Interphase -- Intron -- Introns -- Inversion -- Ionizing radiation -- IS element -- Isoaccepting tRNA -- Isochromosome -- Isoenzyme -- Isoschizomer -- Isotope -- Isozyme --

J

Junk DNA --

K

Kappa particle -- Karyokinesis -- Karyotype -- Kilobase -- Kin selection -- Kinetochore -- Klinefelter syndrome --

L

Lac operon -- Lagging strand -- Lambda dgal -- Lambda phage -- Lateral inhibition -- Leader peptide gene -- Leader sequence -- Leader transcript -- Leading strand -- Leaky mutant -- Lesion -- Lethal gene -- Leu -- Leucine zipper -- Leukemia -- Li-Fraumeni syndrome -- Library (genetics) -- Ligase -- Line -- Linear tetrad -- Linkage -- Linkage analysis -- Linkage equilibrium -- Linkage group -- Linkage map -- Linking number -- Lligase -- Localize -- Locus -- Lod score -- Lod score method -- Lymphocyte -- Lymphoma -- Lyon hypothesis -- Lysate -- Lysine -- Lysis -- Lysogen -- Lysogenic -- Lysogenic bacterium --

M

Macromolecule -- Macrorestriction map -- Malformation -- Manx -- Mapping -- Mapping function -- Mapping population -- Marfan syndrome -- Marker -- Marker retention -- Mass spectrometry -- Mate-killer -- Maternal effect -- Maternal inheritance -- Mating type -- Mean -- Medium -- Megabase -- Meiocyte -- Meiosis -- Meiospore -- Melanoma -- Melting of DNA -- Mendel's first law -- Mendel's second law -- Mendelian ratio -- Merozygote -- Messenger RNA -- Met -- Metabolism -- Metafemale -- Metagon -- Metamale -- Metamere -- Metaphase -- Metaphase plate -- Metastasis -- Methylation -- Metrical variation -- Microarray -- Microbial genetics -- Microinjection -- Micronuclei -- Microsatellite -- Microtubules -- Midparent value -- Migration -- Mimicry -- Minimal medium -- Mismatch repair -- Missense mutation -- Mitochondrial DNA -- Mitochondrial Eve -- Mitochondrion -- Mitosis -- Mitotic apparatus -- Mitotic crossover -- Mixed codon family -- Mode -- Model organisms -- modeling Modifier gene -- Molecular biology -- Molecular chaperone -- Molecular farming -- Molecular genetics -- Molecular imprinting -- Molecular medicine -- Molecule -- Monocistronic mRNA -- Monoclonal antibody -- Monoecious plant -- Monogenic disorder -- Monohybrid -- Monohybrid cross -- Monoploid -- Monosomic -- Monosomy -- Morbid map -- Mosaic (genetics) -- Mosaicism -- Mouse model -- mRNA -- mtDNA -- Mu particle -- Mu phage -- Mullerian mimicry -- Multifactorial -- Multihybrid -- Multimeric structure -- Multiple allelism -- Multiplexing -- Murine -- Mutability -- Mutagen -- Mutagenicity -- Mutant -- Mutant allele -- Mutant screening -- Mutant site -- Mutation -- Mutation breeding -- Mutation event -- Mutation frequency -- Mutation rate -- Mutational load -- Mutator mutation -- Muton -- Myeloma -- Myotonic dystrophy --

N

N segment -- N-end rule -- Nanobiotechnology -- Nanotechnology -- Narrow heritability -- Natural selection -- Negative control -- Neo-darwinism -- Neomorph -- Neoplasm -- Neurofibromatosis -- Neurospora -- Neutral mutation -- Neutral petite -- NF -- Nickase -- Nicking -- NIH -- Nitrogen base -- Nitrogenous base -- Non-coding DNA -- Non-coding strand -- Non-directiveness -- Non-disjunction -- Non-histone protein -- Non-linear tetrad -- Non-Mendelian ratio -- Non-recombinant -- Nonsense codon -- Nonsense mutation -- Nonsense suppressor -- Noonan syndrome -- Norm of reaction -- Normal distribution -- Northern analysis -- Northern blot -- NPD -- Nu body -- Nuclear transfer -- Nucleus -- Nuclease -- Nucleic acid -- Nucleoid -- Nucleolar organizer -- Nucleolus -- Nucleoprotein -- Nucleoside -- Nucleosome -- Nucleotide -- Nucleotide pair -- Nucleotides -- Null allele -- Null hypothesis -- Nullisomic -- Numerator element -- Nurse cell --

O

Ochre codon -- Octad -- Okazaki fragment -- Oligo -- Oligogenic -- Oligonucleotide -- Oncogene -- Oncogenes -- Oncovirus -- Oocyte -- Oogenesis -- Oogonia -- Opal codon -- Open reading frame -- Operator -- Operon -- Organelle -- Organogenesis -- Outbreeding -- Outside markers -- Overdominance -- Overlapping clones -- Ovum --

P

P (peptidyl) site -- P element -- P1 -- P53 -- Palindrome -- Panmictic -- Parahuman -- Paralogous genes -- Paramecin -- Parameter -- Parental -- Parental ditype -- Parental imprinting -- Parkinson's disease -- Parthenogenesis -- Partial digest -- Partial diploid -- Partial dominance -- Pascal's triangle -- Patent -- Path diagram -- Pathogen -- Pattern formation -- PCR -- PD -- Pedigree -- Penetrance -- Peptide -- Peptide bond -- Peptidyl transferase -- Permissive condition -- PEST hypothesis -- Petite mutation -- Phage -- Pharmacogenomics -- Pharming -- Phe -- Phenocopy -- Phenotype -- Phenotypic variance -- Phenylketonuria -- Pheromone -- Phosphodiester bond -- Photoreactivation -- Phyletic evolution -- Phyletic gradualism -- Phylogenetic tree -- Phylogenetics -- Physical map -- Piebald -- Pilus -- PKU -- Plant breeding -- Plasmid -- Plastid -- Plate -- Pleiotropic mutation -- Pleiotropy -- Pluripotency -- Point mutation -- Poisson distribution -- Poky mutation -- Polar body -- Polar granules -- Polar mutation -- Polarity -- Polarity gene -- Pollen grain -- Poly(A) tail -- Polyacrylamide -- Polycistronic -- Polycistronic mRNA -- Polydactyly -- Polygene -- Polygenic disorder -- Polymerase -- Polymerize -- Polymorphism -- Polypeptide -- Polyploid -- Polyribosome -- Polysaccharide -- Polysome -- Polytene chromosome -- Population -- Population genetics -- Position effect -- Positional cloning -- Positive control -- Pre-mRNA -- Precancerous polyp -- Predisposition -- Preemptor stem -- Prenatal diagnosis -- Pribnow box -- Primary oocyte -- Primary spermatocyte -- Primary structure -- Primary transcript -- Primase -- Primer -- Primosome -- Prion -- Probability -- Probability theory -- Processivity -- Product of meiosis -- Product rule -- Proflavin -- Prognosis -- Prokaryote -- Prokaryotic cell -- Promoter -- Pronucleus -- Proofreader genes -- Prophage -- Prophase -- Proplastid -- Propositus -- Prostate cancer -- Protease -- Protein -- Protein engineering -- Protein product -- Proteome -- Proteomics -- Proteus syndrome -- Proto-oncogene -- Protoplast -- Prototroph -- Provirus -- Pseudoallele -- Pseudoautosomal gene -- Pseudodominance -- Pseudogene -- Public policy -- Punnett square -- Purine -- Purines -- Pyrimidine --

Q

Quaternary structure --

R

R factor -- R plasmid -- Radiation hybrid -- RAM mutation -- Random genetic drift -- Random mating -- Rare-cutter enzyme -- Reading frame -- Readthrough -- Reannealing -- Rec system -- Receptor element -- Recessive -- Recessive allele -- Recessive gene -- Recessive phenotype -- Reciprocal altruism -- Reciprocal cross -- Recombinant -- Recombinant clone -- Recombinant DNA -- Recombination -- Recon -- Reduction division -- Redundant DNA -- Regression -- Regulator element -- Regulator gene -- Relaxed mutant -- Renal cell cancer -- Renal cell carcinoma -- Renner complex -- Repeat sequences -- Repetitive DNA -- Replica plating -- Replication fork -- Replicon -- Replisome -- Reporter gene -- Repressible operon -- Repression -- Repressor -- Reproductive cells -- Reproductive success -- Reprogenetics -- Repulsion -- Resolving power -- Restriction digest -- Restriction enzyme -- Restriction enzymes -- Restriction map -- Retinitis pigmentosa -- Retinoblastoma -- Retroviral infection -- Retrovirus -- Reverse genetics -- Reversion -- RF -- RFLP -- RFLP mapping -- Rho -- Ribonucleic acid -- Ribonucleotide -- Ribose -- Ribosomal protein -- Ribosomal RNA -- Ribosome -- Ribosomes -- Ribozyme -- Risk communication -- RNA -- RNA editing -- RNA phage -- RNA polymerase -- RNA replicase -- Robertsonian fusion -- rRNA --

S

S (Svedberg unit) -- S-9 mix -- Sanger sequence -- Sanger sequencing -- SAR -- Sarcoma -- Satellite chromosome -- Satellite DNA -- Scaffold -- Scanning hypothesis -- Scientific method -- Screening -- Screening technique -- Second-site mutation -- Secondary oocyte -- Secondary structure -- Sector -- Sedimentation -- Segmentation (biology) -- Segregational load -- Segregational petite -- Selection -- Selection progress -- Selective medium -- Selective neutrality -- Selective system -- Self -- Self-assembly -- Self-fertilization -- Selfed -- Selfish DNA -- Sense strand -- Sequence -- Sequence assembly -- Sequence tagged site -- Sequencing -- Sex chromosome -- Sex chromosomes -- Sex determination -- Sex linkage -- Sex linked -- Sex reversal -- Sex switch -- Sex-controlled trait -- Sex-influenced trait -- Sex-limited genes -- Sex-limited trait -- Sex-linked -- Sex-ratio phenotype -- Sexual selection -- Sexual spore -- Shotgun method -- Shotgun sequencing -- Shotgun technique -- Shuttle vector -- Siblings(sibs) -- Sickle-cell disease -- Sigma factor -- Signal hypothesis -- Signal peptide -- Signal sequence -- Silent gene -- Silent mutation -- Single-gene disorder -- Sister chromatids -- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -- SNP -- SnRNP -- Sociobiology -- Solenoid structure -- Somatic cell -- Somatic cell hybrid -- Somatic cells -- Somatic doubling -- Somatic mutation -- Somatic mutations -- Somatostatin -- SOS box -- SOS repair -- SOS response -- Southern blot -- Southern blotting -- Spacer DNA -- Speciation -- Species -- Specific-locus test -- Spectral karyotype -- Sperm -- Spermatid -- Spermatocyte -- Spermatogenesis -- Spermatogonium -- Spermatozoon -- Spermiogenesis -- Spina bifida -- Spindle -- Spiral cleavage -- Spirillum -- Splice site -- Spliceosome -- Splicing -- Spontaneous mutation -- Sporadic cancer -- Spore -- Sporophyte -- Stacking -- Staggered cuts -- Standard deviation -- Statistic -- Statistics -- Stem cell -- Stem-loop structure -- Steroid receptor -- Stochastic -- Strain -- Stringent factor -- Stringent response -- Structural gene -- Structural genomics -- Substantial equivalence -- Substitution -- Subvital gene -- Suicide gene -- Sum rule -- Supercoil -- Supercoiling -- Supergene -- Superinfection -- Supersuppressor -- Suppressive petite -- Suppressor gene -- Suppressor mutation -- Svedberg unit -- Swivelase -- Sympatric speciation -- Synapsis -- Synaptonemal complex -- Syncytial blastoderm -- Syncytium -- Syndrome -- Syngeneic -- Synteny -- Synteny test -- Synthetic medium --

T

T-cell receptor -- T-DNA -- TACTAAC box -- Tandem duplication -- Target theory -- Targeted mutagenesis -- TATA box -- Tautomeric shift -- Tay-Sachs disease -- Technology transfer -- Telomerase -- Telomere -- Telophase -- Temperate phage -- Template -- Template strand -- Teratogen -- Teratogenic -- Teratogens -- Terminal redundancy -- Terminator sequence -- Tertiary structure -- Test cross -- Tester -- Tetracycline Controlled Transcriptional Activation -- Tetrad -- Tetrad analysis -- Tetraparental mouse -- Tetraploid -- Tetratype (T) -- Theta structure -- Thr -- Three-point cross -- Thymidine -- Thymine -- Thymine dimer -- Ti plasmid -- Topoisomer -- Topoisomerase -- Totipotency -- Totipotent -- Toxicogenomics -- Trait (biological) -- Trans -- Trans conformation -- Trans-acting -- Transcription -- Transcription factor -- Transcriptome -- Transducing particle -- Transduction -- Transfection -- Transfer RNA -- Transferase -- Transform -- Transformation -- Transformer -- Transgenic -- Transgenic organism -- Transient diploid -- Transition -- Transition mutation -- Translation -- Translocase (EF-G) -- Translocation -- Transposable element -- Transposition -- Transposon -- Transversion -- Trihybrid -- Triplet -- Triplet code -- Triploid -- Trisomic -- Trisomy -- Tritium -- tRNA -- Trp -- True heritability -- True speciation -- Truncation selection -- Tumour -- Tumour virus -- Turner syndrome -- Twin spot -- Twin study -- Two-point cross -- Type I and type II errors -- Typological thinking -- Tyrosine --

U

Underdominance -- Unequal crossover -- Uninemic chromosome -- Uniparental disomy -- Unique DNA -- Unstable mutation -- Unusual bases -- Upstream -- Uracil -- URF -- Uridine --

V

V-J joining -- Val -- Variable -- Variable region -- Variance -- Variant -- Variate -- Variation -- Variegation -- Vector -- Viability -- Virion -- Viroid -- Virulent phage -- Virus -- VNTR --

W

Wahlund effect -- Weismann barrier -- Western blot -- Wilms' tumor -- Wobble -- Wolfram syndrome --

X

X chromosome -- X hyperactivation -- X linkage -- X linked -- X-and-Y linkage -- X-inactivation -- X:A ratio -- Xenograft -- XYY -- XYY syndrome --

Y

Y chromosome -- Y linkage -- Y linked -- Y-chromosomal Aaron -- Y-chromosomal Adam -- YAC --

Z

Z-DNA -- Zinc finger -- Zinc-finger protein -- Zygote --

Directionality, in Molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of Nucleic acid. Directionality, in Molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of Nucleic acid. An acentric fragment is a segment of a Chromosome that lacks a Centromere. Achondroplasia is a type of Autosomal dominant Genetic disorder that is a common cause of Dwarfism. The active site of an Enzyme contains the catalytic and Binding sites. " Adam's Curse " is also the title of a poem by William Butler Yeats. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and Adenine is a Purine with a variety of roles in Biochemistry including Cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich Adenosine Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a Nucleotide. It is an Ester of Pyrophosphoric acid with the Nucleoside Adenosine Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm) Nonenveloped (naked Icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a Nucleotide. It is an Ester of Pyrophosphoric acid with the Nucleoside Adenosine α -Linolenic acid ( ALA) is an organic compound found in many common vegetable oils. Alagille syndrome is a Genetic disorder that affects the Liver, Heart, and other systems of the body Albinism (from Latin albus, "white" see extended etymology) is a form of hypopigmentary Congenital disorder, Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms Allele frequency is a measure of the relative frequency of an Allele at a genetic place(locus in a Population. An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. In Biochemistry, allosteric regulation is the regulation of an Enzyme or other Protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric Variant forms of an Enzyme that are coded for by different Alleles at the same locus are called allozymes as opposed to Isozymes which are enzymes that perform Alternative splicing is the RNA splicing variation mechanism in which the Exons of the primary gene transcript the Pre-mRNA, are separated and reconnected Altruism is selfless concern for the welfare of others It is a traditional Virtue in many cultures and central to many religious traditions An Alu sequence is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the Alu restriction Endonuclease. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins The Ames test is a biological assay to assess the Mutagenic potential of chemical compounds In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Peptide sequence or amino acid sequence is the order in which Amino acid residues connected by Peptide bonds lie in the chain in Peptides In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in Prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities and fetal Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP) also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a Nucleotide that is found in RNA. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Generally an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes usually increases the amplitude of a signal. Anagenesis, also known as "phyletic change" is the Evolution of species involving a change in gene frequency in an entire Population rather than a branching Anaphase, from the Ancient Greek ἀνά (up and φάσις (stage is the stage of Mitosis when Chromosomes Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders Angelman syndrome (AS is a neuro- Genetic disorder characterized by intellectual and Developmental delay, sleep disturbance Seizures, jerky movements The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group An animal model is a non-human Animal that has a Disease or injury that is similar to a human condition Annealing, in Genetics, means for DNA or RNA to pair by Hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded Annotation is add on information asserted with a particular point in a Document or other piece of information Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily In Genetics, anticipation is a phenomenon whereby the symptoms of a Genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age as it is passed on to the next Generation When referring to DNA transcription ( Protein biosynthesis) the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA (usually about 74-95 nucleotides that transfers a specific Amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann J Muller (1890-1967 coined the terms amorph hypomorph hypermorph antimorph and neomorph to classify mutations based on their behaviour In biochemistry two molecules are antiparallel if they run side-by-side in opposite directions Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Antisense RNA ( aRNA) is single-stranded RNA that is complementary to a Messenger RNA (mRNA strand transcribed within a cell Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Antisense therapy is a form of treatment for Genetic disorders or infections Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) is an α- Amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids Tissue microarrays (also TMA s consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000 separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow simultaneous histological An ascospore is a Spore contained in an Ascus or that was produced inside an ascus ascusgif|thumb|right|Ascus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a tetrad of four spores]]An ascus (plural asci) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions Asparagine (abbreviated as Asn or N; Asx or B represent either asparagine or Aspartic acid) is one of the 20 most common natural Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D; Asx or B represent either aspartic acid or Asparagine) is an α- Amino acid Assortative mating (also called assortative pairing) takes place when sexually reproducing Organisms tend to Mate with individuals that are like An asymptomatic carrier ( healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other organism that has contracted an Infectious disease, but who displays no symptoms The term atavism (derived from the Latin atavus, a great-grandfather's grandfather and thus more generally an ancestor denotes the tendency to revert to ancestral type Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy The attenuator plays an important regulatory role in prokaryotic cells because of the absence of the nucleus in Prokaryotic Organisms Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. An autoradiograph is an image on an X-ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e An autoradiograph is an image on an X-ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e An autosome is a non-sex Chromosome. It is an ordinarily paired type of chromosome that is the same in both Sexes of a species. An autotroph (from the Greek autos = self and trophe = nutrition is an Organism that produces complex Organic compounds from simple Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular Organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC) Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular Organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC) Chlamydomonas TEM 17jpg|thumb|Micrograph of thin x-section cut through Chlamydomonas axoneme]]Numerous Eukaryotic cells carry whip-like appendages ( Cilia Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known This page is about the bacterial genus For the class see Bacilli. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its Parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Bacterial lawn is a term used by Microbiologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petri-dish Agar This article is about a biological infectious particle for other uses see Phage (disambiguation. To increase cell volume some specialized cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication without Cell division ( endomitosis) forming a giant polytene In those species (including humans in which sex is determined by the presence of the Y or X Chromosome rather than the diploidy of the X or Z a Barr body is A basal body (sometimes basal granule or kinetosome) is an Organelle formed from a Centriole, a short Cylindrical array Structure The "skeleton" of adenine A base analog is a chemical that can substitute for a normal Nucleobase in Nucleic acids A common example would be 5-bromouracil (5BU the abnormal In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called For the sense of "sequencing" used in Electronic music, see the Music sequencer article Batesian mimicry is a form of Mimicry typified by a situation where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common Bayesian inference is Statistical inference in which evidence or observations are used to update or to newly infer the Probability that a hypothesis may be true Behavioural genetics is the field of Biology that studies the role of Genetics in Animal (including Human) Behaviour. Behavioural genetics is the field of Biology that studies the role of Genetics in Animal (including Human) Behaviour. β-galactosidase is a Hydrolase Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of β-galactosides into Monosaccharides Substrates Binary fission is the form of Asexual reproduction and Cell division used by Prokaryotic organisms (such as Bacteria or Archea) In Mathematics, the binomial theorem is an important Formula giving the expansion of powers of Sums Its simplest version says In Mathematics, the binomial theorem is an important Formula giving the expansion of powers of Sums Its simplest version says Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Bioengineering (also known as Biological Engineering is the application of Engineering principles to address challenges in the fields of Biology and Medicine Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology The gene gun or the Biolistic Particle Delivery System originally designed for Plant transformation, is a device for injecting cells with genetic information Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. For other meanings see Zygote (disambiguation. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zugōtos "joined" or "yoked" A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth A bivalent is sometimes referred to as a tetrad During Meiosis, bivalents are a pair of associated Homologous Chromosomes formed after replication In Bioinformatics, B asic L ocal A lignment S earch T ool or BLAST, is an Algorithm for comparing primary A Blastoderm is the layer of cells formed at one pole of the Yolky egg of birds The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg A blastomere is a type of cell produced by division of the egg after fertilization. A blastopore is an opening into the Archenteron during the Embryonic stages of an organism The blastula is an early stage of Embryonic development in Animals It is also called blastosphere In Darwin's time biologists held to the theory of blending inheritance -- an offspring was an average of its parents In Molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of Ligase ( that can link together two DNA strands that have single-strand breaks (a break in both complementary In Genetics and Epigenetics, bookmarking is a biological phenomenon believed to function as an epigenetic mechanism for transmitting Cellular memory of Brachydactyly ( Greek βραχύς = "short" plus δάκτυλος = "finger" is a medical term which literally means "shortness of the fingers BRCA1 ( Breast cancer 1 early onset is a Human Gene, some mutations of which are associated with a significant increase in the risk of Breast cancer BRCA2 (Breast Cancer Type 2 susceptibility protein is a Human Gene that is involved in the repair of chromosomal In Botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic Shoot and normally occurs in the Axil of a Leaf or at the tip of the stem In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is Burkitt lymphoma (or "Burkitt's tumor" or "Malignant lymphoma Burkitt's type" is a cancer of the lymphatic system (in particular B lymphocytes The Cambridge Reference Sequence ( CRS) for Human Mitochondrial DNA was first published in 1981 leading to the initiation of the Human genome project Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled A candidate gene is a Gene, located in a Chromosome region suspected of being involved in the expression of a trait such as a disease whose Protein product The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation A carcinoma is any Malignant Cancer that arises from epithelial cells. An asymptomatic carrier ( healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other organism that has contracted an Infectious disease, but who displays no symptoms In Genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature MRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Reverse A CDNA library is a collection of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA fragments The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed In Genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (mu is a unit of Recombinant frequency for measuring Genetic linkage. The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970 A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a Chromosome where two Sister chromatids come in contact In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Chimeraplasty is a non-viral method of Gene therapy. Chimeraplasty changes DNA sequences utilizing a synthetic strand of RNA and DNA A chromomere is one of the serially aligned beads or granules of an Eukaryotic Chromosome, resulting from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. FISH ( Fluorescent In situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence The Chromosome region p is a Virtual region that exists in all Chromosomes During the phenomenon of The Chromosome region p is a Virtual region that exists in all Chromosomes During the phenomenon of Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of Genetics that predate the advent of Molecular biology. Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects A cloning vector is a small DNA vehicle into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted Staphylococcus aureus Gramjpg|thumb|300px| Staphylococcus bacteria]] Cocci (singular - coccus, from the Latin coccinus (scarlet and derived from the In Communications a code is a rule for converting a piece of Information (for example a letter, Word, Phrase, or When referring to DNA transcription ( Protein biosynthesis) the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Codon usage bias refers to differences among organisms in the frequency of occurrence of Codons in Protein -coding DNA sequences ( Genes. DNA end or sticky end refers to the properties of the end of a Molecule of DNA. A cointegrate is the intermediate molecule which donor DNA and target DNA covalently bind during the formation of a Holliday junction. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common Ancestor. Comparative genomics is the study of the relationship of Genome structure and function across different biological Species or strains. In Microbiology, Genetics, Cell biology and Molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to take up extracellular ("naked" In Molecular biology, complementarity is a property of double-stranded Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNARNA duplexes In Genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature MRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Reverse In Genetics, complementation refers to a relationship between two different strains of an organism which both have homozygous recessive Mutations Genetics complete linkage is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that Alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by Inheritance of quantitative traits or polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to A composite transposon is similar in function to Simple transposons and Insertion Sequence (IS elements in that it has protein coding DNA segments flanked For other uses see Concordance. Concordance as used in Genetics usually means the presence of the same trait in both In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism In Statistics, a confidence interval (CI is an interval estimate of a Population parameter. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact A pilus ( Latin for 'hair' plural: pili) is a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria. Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person In Molecular biology and Bioinformatics, a consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple Sequence alignment, where related sequences In Biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences that may occur within Nucleic acids Proteins or polymeric carbohydrates Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily In Structural analysis, constitutive relations connect applied stresses or Forces to strains or Deformations The constitutive relation In shotgun DNA sequencing projects a contig (from contiguous) isa set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source In shotgun DNA sequencing projects a contig (from contiguous) isa set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source In shotgun DNA sequencing projects a contig (from contiguous) isa set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition Copper fist is an N-terminal domain involved in copper-dependent DNA binding. A corepressor is a protein that decreases Gene expression by binding to a Transcription factor which contains a DNA binding domain. A corrector (English plural Correctors) is a person who or object that practices Correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors A cosmid, first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978 is a type of hybrid Plasmid (often used as a Cloning vector) that contains cos sequences, DNA sequences A cosmid, first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978 is a type of hybrid Plasmid (often used as a Cloning vector) that contains cos sequences, DNA sequences C0t analysis, also known as DNA reassociation kinetics, is a biochemical technique that measures how much Repetitive DNA is in a Genome. In Physics, two systems are coupled if they are interacting with each other In Probability theory and Statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two variables change together (the Variance is a special case of the covariance Chloroplasts are Organelles found in Plant cells and eukaryotic Algae that conduct Photosynthesis. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of CG dinucleotides Craniosynostosis, is a medical condition in which some or all of the sutures in the Skull of an Infant or child close too early causing problems with normal Cri du Chat syndrome or Cri-du-Chat syndrome (French for Cry or call of the cat referring to the specific cry of the child also called A nurse anesthetist ( AE) is a Registered nurse and advanced practice nurse who has acquired additional education and training to administer Anesthesia. A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half Heterosis is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. The term heterosis also known as hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement, A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an animal with Purebred parents of two different breeds varieties or populations Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism A microbiological culture, AKA microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate) is a Second messenger that is important in many biological Not to be confused with Cystine, its oxidized dimer Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α- Amino acid with Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF, mucoviscoidosis, or mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus glands of the lungs Cytidine is a Nucleoside Molecule that is formed when Cytosine is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via Cytochromes are in general membrane-bound Hemoproteins that contain Heme groups and carry out Electron transport. Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division In Genetics, a cytohet (or heteroplasmon) is a Eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic Genome is Heterozygous Cytokinesis is the process whereby the Cytoplasm of a single Eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. When most people think of DNA they think of it as stored in Chromosomes that replicate inside the nucleus Cytosine is one of the five main bases found in DNA and RNA. It is a Pyrimidine derivative with a Heterocyclic Aromatic ring The cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) is the liquid found inside cells. In Molecular biology, a displacement loop or D-loop is a DNA structure where the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are separated for a stretch Fitness (often denoted w in Population genetics models is a central concept in evolutionary theory. A data warehouse is a Repository of an organization's electronically stored data In Genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) is a Mutation (a genetic aberration The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins For information on degrees of freedom in other sciences see Degrees of freedom. In Genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) is a Mutation (a genetic aberration In Biology, a deme is another word for a local Population of organisms of one Species that actively interbreed with one another and share a distinct gene Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for A deoxyribonuclease ( DNase, for short is any Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA A deoxyribonucleotide is the Monomer, or single unit of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose, also known as D-Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an Aldopentose &mdash a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon In Algebra, a determinant is a function depending on n that associates a scalar, det( A) to every n × n Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined Developmental Biology is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half Dicentric chromosome is an aberrant Chromosome having two Centromeres Dicentric chromosomes form when two chromosome segments (from different chromosomes or from Dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs are Nucleotides lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (-OH group on their Deoxyribose sugar A dihybrid cross is a cross between two F1 offspring of two Individuals that differ in two Traits. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two F1 offspring of two Individuals that differ in two Traits. A dimer is a Chemical or Biological entity consisting of two subunits called Monomers which are held together by either Intramolecular forces Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Directed evolution is a method used in Protein engineering to harness the power of Natural selection to evolve Proteins or RNA with desirable Directed mutagenesis, also known as directed mutation, is a Hypothesis proposing that organisms can respond to environmental stresses through directing mutations to A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Disruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, is a descriptive term used to describe changes in Population genetics that simultaneously favor individuals In Mathematical analysis, distributions (also known as generalized functions) are objects which generalize functions and Probability distributions Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules A DNA bank is a Repository of DNA, usually used for research The NIAS DNA Bank for example collects the DNA of agrucultural organisms such as Rice and Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. DNA electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA fragments by size DNA glycosylases are a family of Enzymes involved in Base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3 DNA gyrase, often referred to simply as gyrase, is a type II Topoisomerase ( that introduces negative Supercoils (or relaxes positive supercoils into DNA Hybridization is the process discovered by Alexander Rich, of combining complementary single-stranded Nucleic acids into a single Molecule. In Molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of Ligase ( that can link together two DNA strands that have single-strand breaks (a break in both complementary A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence. It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed A DNA Polymerase is an Enzyme that assists in DNA replication. In Molecular biology, a hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long which is used to detect in DNA DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its Genome. DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine This article discusses the patent doctrine For the trademark doctrine regarding translation of foreign words see Doctrine of foreign equivalents. Dosage compensation is a genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the Phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome A Dot blot (or Slot blot) is a technique in Molecular biology used to detect Biomolecules It represents a simplification of the Northern blot A restriction digest is a procedure used in Molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing In Geometry a double helix (plural helices) typically consists of two congruent helices with the same axis differing by a translation Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a Gene; it may occur as an error in Homologous Dwarfism ( is a medical condition in humans characterized by extreme small size In Genetics, dyad symmetry refers to two areas of a DNA molecule whose base pair sequences are repeats of each other inverted relative to each other or are Palindromes Dystonia is a neurological Movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that Ecdysone is a Steroidal Prohormone of the major insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, which is secreted from the Prothoracic glands Ecological genetics is the study of Genetics in the context of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment Ectopic expression is the expression of a Gene in an abnormal place in an organism Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a significant increase in the Electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused ELSI stands for Ethical Legal and Social Issues. The term is associated with the Human genome project. Mitosis is the process in which a Eukaryotic cell separates the Chromosomes in its Cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei Endonucleases are Enzymes that cleave the Phosphodiester bond within a Polynucleotide chain in contrast to Exonucleases which cleave Phosphodiester Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Endosperm is the tissue produced in the Seeds of most Flowering plants around the time of fertilization Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and In essence enhancer traps are transgenic constructions by the fusing of two proteins that are inserted into the Genome for the identification of Enhancers Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins In Biology, the term epigenetics refers to changes in Gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA Epistasis is the Interaction between genes Epistasis takes place when the action of one Gene is modified by one or several other genes which are sometimes called The term equivalence group is used in Developmental biology to describe a subset of incompletely differentiated cells that are each able to adopt the same cellular fates Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Ethidium bromide (sometimes abbreviated as "EtBr", the abbreviation also confusingly used for Bromoethane) is an intercalating agent Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of Chromatin that is rich in Gene concentration and is often (but not always under active transcription. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact An exogenote is a DNA donor usually occurs in mating of Prokaryotic organisms An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic Exogenous DNA refers to any deoxyribonucleic acid that originates outside of the organism of concern or study An exon is a Nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after a portions of a precursor RNA Introns have been Exon Shuffling is a theory introduced by Walter Gilbert in 1977 in which different Exons either within a gene or between two nonallelic genes are occasionally mixed Exonucleases are enzymes (found as individual enzymes or as parts of larger enzyme complexes that cleave Nucleotides one at a time from an end of a polynucleotide chain Design of experiments, or experimental design, is the design of all information-gathering exercises where variation is present whether under the full control of the experimenter History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is generally a Plasmid that is used to introduce and express a specific Gene into a target Expressivity is a term used in Genetics that refers to variations of a Phenotype in individuals carrying a particular Genotype. A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA The Fertility factor (also known as F factor or sex factor) is a Bacterial DNA sequence that allows a bacterium to produce a sex pilus A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA F1 hybrid is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial Generation seeds/plants or animal Definition The factorial function is formally defined by n!=\prod_{k=1}^n k Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled From the time of antiquity field biologists have observed that some organisms tend to exhibit strategies that favor the reproductive success of their relatives even at a cost to their own survival Fanconi anemia (FA is a genetic disease that affects children and adults from all ethnic backgrounds Fate mapping is a technique that is used to show how a cell or tissue moves and what it will become during normal development A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes and maintains the Extracellular matrix of many Animal tissues F1 hybrid is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial Generation seeds/plants or animal Flow cytometry is a technique for counting examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. Luria-Delbrück experiment ( 1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrates that in Bacteria, genetic Mutations arise in the absence FISH ( Fluorescent In situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence N -Formylmethionine (fMet is an Amino acid found in all living cells It is a derivative of the Amino acid Methionine in which In Population genetics, the founder effect refers to the loss of genetic variation when a new colony is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger There are two kinds of fragile sites common and rare fragile sites Fragile X syndrome, or Martin-Bell syndrome, is a genetic Syndrome which results in a spectrum (from none to severe of characteristic physical intellectual emotional A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error) is a genetic Mutation caused by Indels ie A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error) is a genetic Mutation caused by Indels ie Twins are Offspring resulting from the same Pregnancy, either of the same or opposite Sex. In Statistics, a histogram is a Graphical display of tabulated frequencies, shown as Bars It shows what proportion of cases fall into each of The sporocarp of a Basidiomycete is known as a Basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an Ascomycete is known as an Ascocarp. A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule Functional genomics is a field of Molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects G-banding is technique used in Cytogenetics to produce differently stained regions on condensed Chromosomes The Metaphase chromosomes are treated with A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete In Plants and Algae that undergo Alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the multicellular structure or phase that is Haploid, containing Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of animal Embryos during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by Cell migration. GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content in molecular biology is the percentage of Nitrogenous bases on a DNA molecule which are either Guanine or History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance For terminology see glossary below A DNA microarray is a High-throughput technology used in Molecular biology and in Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it In vivo. A supergene is a group of neighbouring Genes on a Chromosome which are inherited together because of close Genetic linkage and are functionally related Gene conversion is an event in DNA Genetic recombination, which occurs at high frequencies during meiotic division but which also occurs in somatic cells Dosage compensation is a genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the Phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such A gene family is a set of Genes with a known homology. They are generally biochemically similar In Population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of Alleles of Genes from one Population to another Allele frequency is a measure of the relative frequency of an Allele at a genetic place(locus in a Population. A fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously separate genes Epistasis is the Interaction between genes Epistasis takes place when the action of one Gene is modified by one or several other genes which are sometimes called A gene library is a Population of organisms each of which carries a DNA molecule that was inserted into a Cloning vector. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a A gene map is the descriptive representation of the structure of a single Gene. Genome mapping is the creation of a Genetic map assigning DNA fragments to Chromosomes When a Genome is first investigated this map is nonexistent A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence. It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism In Population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique Alleles in a Species or Population. Gene finding typically refers to the area of Computational biology that is concerned with algorithmically identifying stretches of sequence usually genomic DNA A gene product is the biochemical material either RNA or Protein, resulting from expression of a Gene. A Gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry. Gene therapy is the insertion of Genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a Disease, and Hereditary diseases in which a A genetic algorithm (GA is a Search technique used in Computing to find exact or Approximate solutions to optimization and Search Genetic architecture refers to the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Genetic counseling is the process by which patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder the probability of developing In Genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) is a Mutation (a genetic aberration Genetic determinism is the belief that Genes determine physical and behavioral Phenotypes The term may be applied to the mapping of a single gene to a single phenotype A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly In Population genetics, genetic load or genetic burden is a measure of the cost of lost alleles due to Selection ( selectional load) or Mutation Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence. It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed Genetic material is used to store the genetic information of an organic life form In Medicine ( Genetics) a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different Genotypes in one Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one A genetic screen (often shortened to screen) is a procedure or test to identify and select individuals who possess a Phenotype of interest Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry. Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry. Genetic diversity is a level of Biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species Genetic diversity is a level of Biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Genome projects are Scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete Genome sequence of an Organism (be it an Animal, a Genome projects are Scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete Genome sequence of an Organism (be it an Animal, a In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby In Molecular biology, a library is a collection of molecules in a stable form that represents some aspect of an organism In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Genomics is the study of an organism's entire Genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale Genetic In Prokaryotes, the nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of Prokaryotes where the Genetic material The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell an organism or an individual (i Germ cells are progenitors of the Gametes. These singled out cells move through the gut to the developing Gonads and undergo mitotic proliferation followed In Biology and Genetics, the germline of a mature or developing individual is the line (sequence of Germ cells that have genetic material that Germinal choice technology refers to a set of Reprogenetic technologies that currently or that are expected to in the future allow parents to influence the genetic constitutions In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A Germline Mutation is any detectable and heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Giemsa stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, an early malariologist is used for the histopathological diagnosis of Malaria and other Parasites It is a mixture Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the Organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH The God gene hypothesis proposes that Human beings inherit a set of Genes that predispose them to belief in a higher power In Vector calculus, the gradient of a Scalar field is a Vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of the scalar Guide RNA is the RNA that guides the insertion of Uridines into MRNAs in Trypanosomes in a process known as RNA editing. In Quantum mechanics, a stationary state is an Eigenstate of a Hamiltonian, or in other words a state of definite energy Group I catalytic introns are large self-splicing Ribozymes. They catalyze their own excision from MRNA, TRNA and RRNA precursors Group II intron is a class of Intron found in RRNA, TRNA, MRNA of organelles in Fungi, plants Protists and mRNA in In Evolutionary biology, group selection refers to the idea that Alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups regardless Guanine is one of the five main Nucleobases found in the Nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being Adenine, Cytosine, Guanosine is a Nucleoside comprising Guanine attached to a Ribose ( Ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9- Glycosidic bond. Guide RNA is the RNA that guides the insertion of Uridines into MRNAs in Trypanosomes in a process known as RNA editing. A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both Male and Female characteristics Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Haemophilia (also spelled as hemophilia The haplodiploid sex-determination system determines the sex of the offspring of many Hymenopterans ( Bees Ants and Wasps, and coleopterans ( "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Haploinsufficiency occurs when a Diploid organism only has a single functional copy of a gene (with the other copy inactivated by Mutation) and the single The term haplotype is a contraction of the term " haploid Genotype. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. HAT Medium ( Hypoxanthine Aminopterin Thymidine medium) is a selection medium for mammalian cell culture which relies on the combination of aminopterin The Hayflick limit is the number of times a cell will divide before it stops due to the telomere reaching a critical length. Heat shock proteins ( HSP) are a group of Proteins whose expression is increased when the cells are exposed to elevated temperatures or other stress Helicases are a class of Enzymes vital to all living Organisms They are motor proteins that move directionally along a Nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Haemophilia (also spelled as hemophilia Hereditary cancers happen when a person is born with a mutation or change in a single copy of a protective gene pair A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired In Genetics, Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals A hermaphrodite is an organism having both male and female reproductive organs Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA Its major characteristic is that transcription is limited A heteroduplex is a double-stranded ( Duplex) molecule of Nucleic acid originated through the Genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived Heterogeneous is an adjective used to describe an object or system consisting of multiple items having a large number of structural variations A heterokaryon is a cell that contains multiple genetically different nuclei. In Genetics, a cytohet (or heteroplasmon) is a Eukaryotic cell whose non-nucleic Genome is Heterozygous Heteroplasmy is the presence of a mixture of more than one type of an organellar Genome ( Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or Plastid DNA within a cell Heterothallic Species have Sexes that reside in different individuals A heterotrophs, or chemoorganotrophy ( Greek heterone = (another and trophe = nutrition is an Organism that requires Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. An hfr cell (also called hfr strain) is a Bacterium with a conjugative Plasmid (often F integrated into its genomic DNA The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI is a United States Non-profit medical Research institute based in Chevy Chase Maryland In Biology, histones are the chief Protein components of Chromatin. Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA) also termed heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid ( MRNA The TATA box (also called Goldberg-Hogness box) is a DNA sequence ( Cis-regulatory element) found in the Promoter region of most genes in The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Holoprosencephaly is a type of Cephalic disorder. This is a disorder characterized by the failure of the Prosencephalon (the Forebrain of the Embryo A homeobox is a DNA sequence found within Genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of development ( Morphogenesis) in Animals A homeobox is a DNA sequence found within Genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of development ( Morphogenesis) in Animals A homeobox is a DNA sequence found within Genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of development ( Morphogenesis) in Animals Homeosis is the transformation of one body part into another arising from Mutation in or misexpression of specific developmentally critical Genes It may be caused In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. Homoplasmy is the presence of a Mutation affecting all of the Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA copies in a cell Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Zygosity refers to the genetic condition of a Zygote. In genetics zygosity describes the similarity or dissimilarity of DNA between Homologous Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body In Biology, a host is an organism that harbors a Virus or Parasite, or a mutual or Commensal Symbiont, typically providing nourishment Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome Gene therapy is the insertion of Genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a Disease, and Hereditary diseases in which a Human genetic engineering is the Genetic engineering of humans by modifying the Genotype of the unborn individual to control what traits it will possess when born Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in Human beings. The human genome is the Genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA Mitochondrial genetics is the study of the Genetics of the DNA contained in Mitochondria. Huntington's disease, also called Huntington's chorea, chorea major, or HD, is a genetic neurological disorder characterized after In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybridization is the process discovered by Alexander Rich, of combining complementary single-stranded Nucleic acids into a single Molecule. A P element is a Transposon that is present in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and is used widely for mutagenesis and the creation of genetically A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two Interbreeding Species meet In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybridoma are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired Antibody in large amounts A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite, is a Mineral. It is a naturally occurring form of calcium Apatite with the formula Ca5(PO43(OH 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann J Muller (1890-1967 coined the terms amorph hypomorph hypermorph antimorph and neomorph to classify mutations based on their behaviour Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders A hypervariable region (HVR is a location within Nuclear DNA or the D-loop of Mitochondrial DNA in which Base pairs of Nucleotides 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann J Muller (1890-1967 coined the terms amorph hypomorph hypermorph antimorph and neomorph to classify mutations based on their behaviour Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders A hypostatic gene is one whose Phenotype is masked by the expression of an Allele at a separate locus in an Epistasis event Ichthyosis is a heterogeneous family of more than 30 generalized mostly genetic Skin disorders. Twins are Offspring resulting from the same Pregnancy, either of the same or opposite Sex. Alleles have identity by type (IBT if they have the same phenotypic effect. Alleles have identity by type (IBT if they have the same phenotypic effect. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. In Biology, the imago is the last stage of development of an Insect, after the last Ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Immunity is a material term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid Infection, Disease, or other unwanted biological invasion Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily V(DJ recombination is a mechanism of Genetic recombination that occurs in Vertebrates which randomly selects and assembles segments of Genes encoding Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically Immunotherapy in medicine refers to an array of treatment strategies based upon the concept of modulating the Immune system to achieve a prophylactic and/or In situ (ɪn siːˈtuː is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism In vivo ( Latin: within the living means that which takes place inside an organism. There are a few definitions of Inclusive fitness (IF but one (that according to Oli 2003 is not consistent with W In Molecular biology, an inducer is a Molecule that starts Gene expression. Gene modulation redirects here For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression see Therapeutic gene modulation. Melanism μέλας is an increased amount of black or nearly black Pigmentation (as of Skin, Feathers or Hair) of an organism resulting from Informatics is the science of Information, the practice of Information processing, and the engineering of Information systems. ATG and AUG denote sequences of DNA and RNA respectively that are the Start codon or initiation Codon encoding the Amino acid Inosine is a Nucleoside that is formed when Hypoxanthine is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N9- Genetic Insertion is the addition of one or more Nucleotide Base pairs into a genetic sequence In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism In Chemistry, intercalation is the reversible inclusion of a Molecule (or group between two other molecules (or groups In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern Interkinesis or interphase II is a period of rest that cells enter during Meiosis. Interphase is the phase of the Cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for Cell Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence (IVS are DNA regions in a Gene that are not translated into Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence (IVS are DNA regions in a Gene that are not translated into Image talkNew_radiation_symbol_ISO_21482svg for details --> Ionizing radiation An insertion sequence (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple An isochromosome is a Chromosome that has lost one of its arms and replaced it with an exact copy of the other arm Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes) are Enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction Isoschizomers are pairs of Restriction enzymes specific to the same Recognition sequence and cut in the same location Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes) are Enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction In Molecular biology, junk DNA is a provisional label for the portions of the DNA sequence of a Chromosome or a Genome for which no Mitosis is the process in which a Eukaryotic cell separates the Chromosomes in its Cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called From the time of antiquity field biologists have observed that some organisms tend to exhibit strategies that favor the reproductive success of their relatives even at a cost to their own survival The kinetochore (pronounced kin et' o core is the protein structure on Chromosomes where the Spindle fibers attach during division to pull the chromosomes apart Klinefelter's syndrome, 47XXY or XXY syndrome is a condition caused by a Chromosome Aneuploidy. The lac operon is an Operon required for the transport and Metabolism of Lactose in Escherichia coli and some other The replication fork is a structure that forms during DNA replication. Enterobacteria phage λ ( Lambda phage) is a temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli In Neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited Neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors The replication fork is a structure that forms during DNA replication. A bradytroph is a strain of an organism that exhibits slow growth in the absence of an external source of a particular metabolite. A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism usually damaged by disease or trauma In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A leucine zipper, aka leucine scissors, is a super secondary Structural motif found in Proteins that creates adhesion forces in parallel Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare Autosomal dominant Hereditary disorder. In Biochemistry, a ligase (from the Latin verb ligāre &mdash "to bind" or "to glue together" is an Enzyme that can catalyse Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly In Population genetics, linkage disequilibrium is the non-random association of Alleles at two or more loci, not necessarily on the same Chromosome Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly In Mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in Three-dimensional space. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly Genetic linkage occurs when particular genetic loci or Alleles for genes are inherited jointly A lymphocyte is a type of White blood cell in the Vertebrate Immune system. Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in Female Mammals is inactivated Lysis ( Greek, lysis from lyein = to separate refers to the death of a cell by breaking of the cellular membrane often by viral or osmotic Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2(CH24NH2 Lysis ( Greek, lysis from lyein = to separate refers to the death of a cell by breaking of the cellular membrane often by viral or osmotic A lysogen or lysogenic phage is a phage that can exist as a Prophage within its host organism Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two methods of viral reproduction (the Lytic cycle is the other The term macromolecule by definition implies "large Molecule " Genome mapping is the creation of a Genetic map assigning DNA fragments to Chromosomes When a Genome is first investigated this map is nonexistent A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth The Manx ( Kayt Manninagh or Stubbin in Manx) is a breed of Cat with a naturally occurring Mutation of the spine Marfan syndrome (or Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder of the Connective tissue. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles A maternal effect, in genetics is the phenomenon where the Genotype of a mother is expressed in the Phenotype of its offspring unaltered by paternal genetic Non-Mendelian inheritance is a general term that refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s laws Mating types occur in Eukaryotes that undergo Sexual reproduction via Isogamy. In Statistics, mean has two related meanings the Arithmetic mean (and is distinguished from the Geometric mean or Harmonic mean A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of Microorganisms or cells There are different types of media for A megabase (Mb is a unit of length for DNA fragments equal to 1 million Nucleotides In the Human genome, one megabase is roughly equivalent to one A meiocyte is a cell which is an immediate precursor to a Gamete. In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Merozygote is a process that cell that is temporarily Diploid as result of transfer process One example of how merozygotes can be formed is the transfer of Genetic material Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Triple X syndrome is a form of chromosomal variation characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome in each cell of a human female XYY syndrome is an Aneuploidy of the Sex chromosomes in which a Human Male receives an extra Y chromosome, producing a 47XYY Metaphase from the Ancient Greek μετά (after and φάσις (stage is a stage of Mitosis in the eukaryotic Cell cycle in which Metaphase from the Ancient Greek μετά (after and φάσις (stage is a stage of Mitosis in the eukaryotic Cell cycle in which Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. Microbial Genetics is a subject area within Biotechnology and Genetic engineering. New gene transfer methodsMicroinjection genes by injection A procedure that is now almost routine with animal cells and in medicine has so far proved very difficult with plant cells the direct A micronucleus is the smaller nucleus in Ciliate Protozoans such as the paramecium Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating Microtubules are one of the components of the Cytoskeleton. They have a diameter of 25 nm and length varying from 200 nanometers to 25 micrometers Studying Quantitative traits in heritability studies may be complicated by sex differences observed for the trait Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of Microorganisms or cells There are different types of media for DNA mismatch repair is a system for recognising and repairing erroneous insertion deletion and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination In Genetics, a missense mutations (a type of nonsynonymous mutation) is a Point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed resulting in a Codon Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Mitochondrial Eve ( mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is defined as the Matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA for all currently In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitosis is the process in which a Eukaryotic cell separates the Chromosomes in its Cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei In Cell biology, the spindle apparatus (also called spindle fibers) is the structure that separate the Chromosomes into the daughter cells during Mitotic crossover is a rare type of Genetic recombination that may occur in some types of somatic cells during Mitosis. A model organism is a Species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological Phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. Epistasis is the Interaction between genes Epistasis takes place when the action of one Gene is modified by one or several other genes which are sometimes called Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level This article is about the protein For other uses see Chaperone, a disambiguation page Molecular genetics is the field of Biology which studies the structure and function of Genes at a molecular level In Chemistry, molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in Polymer matrices with memory of the template Molecules This Molecular medicine is a broad field where physical chemical biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms identify fundamental molecular In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Monoclonal antibodies ( mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are identical because they are produced by one type of immune cell Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired A Monohybrid cross is a cross between parents who are Heterozygous at one locus for example Bb x Bb (see the Punnett square below A Monohybrid cross is a cross between parents who are Heterozygous at one locus for example Bb x Bb (see the Punnett square below "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders Monosomy is a form of Aneuploidy with the presence of only one Chromosome (instead of the typical two in humans from a pair In Medicine ( Genetics) a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different Genotypes in one In Medicine ( Genetics) a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different Genotypes in one See also Animal testing Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly guinea pigs hamsters gerbils rats and mice Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Bacteriophage Mu or phage Mu is a Bacteriophage, a type of Virus that infects Bacteria. Müllerian mimicry ( ü pronounced /y/ appr yu is a natural phenomenon where two or more harmful species that are not closely related and share one or more common In Chemistry, an oligomer consists of a limited number of Monomer units (ολιγος or oligos is Greek for "a few" in contrast to a An allele (ˈæliːl (UK /əˈliːl/ (US (from the Greek αλληλος allelos, meaning each other) is one member of a pair or series of different forms For multiplexing in electronics and signal processing see Multiplexer. The Old World rats and mice, part of the Subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species In object-oriented and functional programming an immutable object is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) A mutant is an individual organism or new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of Mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the DNA In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A genetic screen (often shortened to screen) is a procedure or test to identify and select individuals who possess a Phenotype of interest In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Mutation frequency refers to the number or "frequency" of cells with a specific mutation in a given population during a point in time In Genetics, the mutation rate is the chance of a Mutation occurring in an organism or gene in each generation (or in the case of Multicellular organisms In Population genetics, genetic load or genetic burden is a measure of the cost of lost alleles due to Selection ( selectional load) or Mutation The Video game X-COM UFO Defense has eleven fictional races of alien beings Multiple myeloma (also known as MM, myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease after Otto Kahler) is a type of Myotonic dystrophy (DM is a chronic, slowly progressing highly variable inherited multisystemic Disease that can manifest at any age from birth to old age Nanobiotechnology is the branch of Nanotechnology with biological and biochemical applications or uses Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular In Genetics, Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Scientific controls allow Experiments to study one Variable at a time and are a vital part of the Scientific method. Neo-Darwinism is a term used to describe certain ideas about the mechanisms of Evolution that were developed from Charles Darwin 's original Theory of 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann J Muller (1890-1967 coined the terms amorph hypomorph hypermorph antimorph and neomorph to classify mutations based on their behaviour Neurofibromatosis is a genetically-transmitted disease in which nerve tissue grows Tumors (e Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete Fungi. The genus name meaning "nerve spore" refers to the characteristic striations on the spores that resemble In Genetics, a neutral mutation is a mutation that occurs in an amino acid Codon (presumably within an MRNA molecule which results in the use of a different petite (p- is a mutant first discovered in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. Nitrogenous bases are Organic compounds that owe their basic properties to the Lone pair of Electrons of a Nitrogen Atom Nitrogenous bases are Organic compounds that owe their basic properties to the Lone pair of Electrons of a Nitrogen Atom In Genetics, non-coding DNA describes DNA which does not contain instructions for making Proteins (or other cell products such as Noncoding Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division In Chromatin, those proteins which remain after the Histones have been removed are classified as non-histone proteins. Non-Mendelian inheritance is a general term that refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s laws In Genetics, a nonsense mutation is a Point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature Stop codon, or a nonsense In Genetics, a nonsense mutation is a Point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature Stop codon, or a nonsense A nonsense suppressor is a TRNA Mutation that suppresses the protein truncation resulting from a nonsense mutation. Noonan Syndrome (NS is a relatively common Congenital genetic condition which affects both males and females In ecology and genetics a norm of reaction describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single Genotype across a range of environments The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is an important family of Continuous probability distributions applicable in many fields The northern blot is a technique used in Molecular biology research to study Gene expression. The northern blot is a technique used in Molecular biology research to study Gene expression. Process Nuclear Transfer is a form of Cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an Oocyte (unfertilized A nuclease is an Enzyme capable of cleaving the Phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of Nucleic acids Older papers may use terms such as A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information In Prokaryotes, the nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of Prokaryotes where the Genetic material Nucleolus organizer region (NOR is a chromosomal region around which the Nucleolus forms The nucleolus (also called nucleole) is a structure found within the nucleus in which Ribosomal RNA is transcribed. A nucleoprotein is any Protein which is structurally associated with Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) See also Adenosine triphosphate (ATP Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic Chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group A null allele is a mutant copy of a gene that completely lacks that gene's normal function See also Statistical hypothesis testing In Statistics, a null hypothesis ( H 0 is a plausible hypothesis (scenario which may explain Nullisomic is a genetic condition involving the lack of one of the normal chromosomal pairs for a Species (2n-2 The term nurse cell is used in several unrelated ways in different scientific fields Human physiology Nurse cells are specialized macrophages residing in the bone marrow The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short fragment of DNA (with an RNA primer at the 5' terminus created on the Lagging strand during DNA replication. An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. An oligonucleotide (or oligo) is a short segment of RNA or DNA, typically with twenty or fewer bases. An oncogene is a protein encoding Gene, which — when deregulated — participates in the onset and development of Cancer. An oncogene is a protein encoding Gene, which — when deregulated — participates in the onset and development of Cancer. An oncovirus is a Virus associated with Cancer. Oncoviruses come in two different forms viruses with a DNA Genome, such as Adenovirus An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female Gametocyte or Germ cell involved in reproduction. Oogenesis or rarely oögenesis is the creation of an Ovum (egg cell An oogonium (plural oogonia) is an Immature ovum. It is a female Gametogonium. An open reading frame ( ORF) is a portion of an organism's Genome which contains a sequence of bases that could potentially encode a Protein In Mathematics, an operator is a function which operates on (or modifies another function An operon is a functioning unit of key Nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common Promoter, and one or more structural Genes, In Cell biology, an organelle (pronunciation /ɔː(rgəˡnɛl/ is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed In animal development, organogenesis is the process by which the Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm develop into the Internal organs Outcrossing is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line Overdominance is a condition in genetics where the Phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside of the phenotypical range of both homozygote parents An ovum (plural ova) is a Haploid Female reproductive cell or Gamete. Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that A P element is a Transposon that is present in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and is used widely for mutagenesis and the creation of genetically p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53) is a Transcription factor encoded by the TP53 gene A palindrome is a word phrase number or other sequence of units that can be read the same way in either direction (the adjustment of punctuation and spaces between words A panmictic population is one where all individuals are potential partners A parahuman or para-human is a Human - Animal hybrid. Scientists have done extensive research into the combination of Genes from In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. In Mathematics, Statistics, and the mathematical Sciences a parameter ( G auxiliary measure) is a quantity that defines certain characteristics A parent is a Father or Mother; one who sires or gives The tetrad is the four Spores of a Yeast, that separate after mating Genomic imprinting is a genetic phenomenon by which certain Genes are expressed in a Parent -of-origin-specific manner Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Parthenogenesis (from the Greek παρθένος parthenos, "virgin" + γένεσις genesis, "creation" is an asexual form A restriction digest is a procedure used in Molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing \begin{matrix}&&&&&1\\&&&&1&&1\\&&&1&&2&&1\\&&1&&3&&3&&1\\&1&&4&&6&&4&&1\end{matrix A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious The science of pattern formation deals with the visible ( statistically) orderly outcomes of Self-organisation and the common principles behind similar Penetrance is a term used in Genetics describing the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a Gene (an Allele or genotype that also Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino A peptide bond is a Chemical bond formed between two Molecules when the Carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the The Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase ( and the primary Enzymatic function of the Ribosome which forms Peptide links between petite (p- is a mutant first discovered in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This article is about a biological infectious particle for other uses see Phage (disambiguation. Pharmacogenomics is the branch of Pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating Gene expression For pharming in Genetics, see Pharming (genetics. For pharming in drug abuse see Pharming parties. Phe redirects here For the BitTorrent feature see PHE. For the constellation see Phoenix (constellation. A phenocopy is an individual whose Phenotype (generally referring to a single trait) under a particular environmental condition is identical to the one of another A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Phenylketonuria ( PKU) is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme Phenylalanine hydroxylase A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between the phosphorus atom in a Phosphate group and two other Molecules over two Photolyase is an Enzyme that binds complementary DNA strands and breaks certain types of Pyrimidine dimers that are caused by exposure to Ultraviolet light Phyletic gradualism is a macroevolutionary Hypothesis rooted in uniformitarianism. A phylogenetic tree, also called an evolutionary tree, is a tree showing the Evolutionary relationships among various biological Species or other A piebald is an animal especially a Horse, that has a spotting pattern of large white and black patches A pilus ( Latin for 'hair' plural: pili) is a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria. Phenylketonuria ( PKU) is an Autosomal recessive Genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme Phenylalanine hydroxylase Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA Plastids are major Organelles found in plants and algae Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present can change Pleiotropy occurs when a single Gene influences multiple phenotypic traits Consequently a new Mutation in the gene will have an effect on all Pluripotency in the broad sense refers to "having more than one potential outcome A point mutation, or single base substitution, is a type of Mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic In Probability theory and Statistics, the Poisson distribution is a Discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a number of events A polar body is a cell structure found inside an Ovum. Both Animal and Plant ova possess it A polar mutation affects expression of downstream genes or operons Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Polyadenylation is the synthesis of a poly(A tail a stretch of RNA where all the bases are Adenines at the end of an RNA molecule Polyacrylamide ( IUPAC poly(2-propenamide or poly(1-carbamoylethylene) is a polymer (-CH2CHCONH2- formed from Acrylamide Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product Polydactyly or polydactylism (from Ancient Greek πολύς (polus "many" + δάκτυλος (daktulos A polygene, multiple factor, multiple gene inheritance, or quantitative gene is a group of Nonallelic genes that together influence a phenotypic A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired A polymerase (EC 2776/7/19/48/49 is an Enzyme whose central function is associated with Polymers of Nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Polyribosomes (or polysomes) are a cluster of ribosomes, bound to a MRNA molecule first discovered and characterized by Jonathan Warner Paul Knopf and Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Polyribosomes (or polysomes) are a cluster of ribosomes, bound to a MRNA molecule first discovered and characterized by Jonathan Warner Paul Knopf and To increase cell volume some specialized cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication without Cell division ( endomitosis) forming a giant polytene In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic Position effect is the effect on the expression of a Gene when its location in a Chromosome is changed often by translocation. A genetic screen (often shortened to screen) is a procedure or test to identify and select individuals who possess a Phenotype of interest Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA) also termed heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid ( MRNA A genetic predisposition is a genetic effect which influences the Phenotype of an organism but which can be modified by the environmental conditions Prenatal testing is Testing for diseases or conditions in a Fetus or Embryo before it is born The Pribnow box (also known as the Pribnow-Schaller box) is the sequence TATAAT of six Nucleotides ( Thymine - Adenine - Thymine An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female Gametocyte or Germ cell involved in reproduction. In Biochemistry, the primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including A primary transcript is an RNA molecule that has not yet undergone any modification after its synthesis. DNA primase is an Enzyme involved in the replication of DNA by creating an RNA primer A primer is a strand of Nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA replication. A primosome is a complex of seven Proteins DnaG Primase, DnaB Helicase, DnaC helicase assistant DnaT, A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded Probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen Probability theory is the branch of Mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena In Molecular biology, processivity is a measure of the average number of Nucleotides added by a DNA polymerase Enzyme per association/disassociation In Calculus, the product rule also called Leibniz's law (see derivation) governs the differentiation of products of differentiable Proflavine (pron pro-fla¢vin) also called proflavin and diaminoacridine, is an Acriflavine derivative a Disinfectant Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the The prokaryotes (proʊˈkærioʊts singular prokaryote /proʊˈkæriət/ are a group of Organisms that lack a Cell nucleus (= karyon or any other The prokaryotes (proʊˈkærioʊts singular prokaryote /proʊˈkæriət/ are a group of Organisms that lack a Cell nucleus (= karyon or any other In Biology, a promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular Gene. A pronucleus (plural pronuclei) is the nucleus of a Sperm or an Egg cell during the process of Fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum A prophage is a Phage genome inserted as part of the linear structure of the DNA Chromosome of a Bacterium. Prophase is a stage of Mitosis in which the Chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a Chromosome Plastids are major Organelles found in plants and algae Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present can change A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Protein engineering is the application of Science, Mathematics, and Economics to the process of developing useful or valuable Proteins It is The proteome is the entire complement of Proteins expressed by a genome cell tissue or organism Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions. Proteus syndrome is a Congenital disorder that causes Skin overgrowth and atypical Bone development often accompanied by Tumors over half the An oncogene is a protein encoding Gene, which — when deregulated — participates in the onset and development of Cancer. This article discusses protoplasts in the biological sense For the theological use see Adam and Eve Protoplast, from the Ancient Greek Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular Organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC) A provirus is a Virus genome that has integrated itself into the DNA of a host cell. Pseudodominance is whereby an Autosomal recessive condition appears in subsequent generations and so therefore appears to follow an autosomal dominant pattern Pseudogenes are defunct relatives of known Genes that have lost their Protein -coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring Pyrimidine is a Heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound similar to Benzene and Pyridine, containing two Nitrogen Atoms In Biochemistry, quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple folded Protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex In Population genetics, genetic drift is the accumulation of random events that change the makeup of a gene pool slightly but often compound over time A panmictic population is one where all individuals are potential partners A rare-cutter enzyme is a Restriction enzyme with a Recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome In Biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three- Nucleotide Codons in DNA or RNA. Reannealing is the process by which two single strands of DNA combine to form Double-stranded DNA. In Evolutionary biology and Evolutionary psychology, reciprocal altruism is a form of Altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another without In Genetics, a reciprocal cross is a breeding experiment designed to test the role of parental sex on a given inheritance pattern Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands thereby combining DNA sequences Recon may refer to Re-Con, a UK hardcore producer and alias of Mike Di Scala Reconnaissance, a military term for gathering information In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half A regulator gene or regulatory gene is a Gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. In the study of DNA sequences one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence: Tandem repeats Satellite DNA, In Molecular biology and Microbiology, replica plating is a technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid ( Agar The replication fork is a structure that forms during DNA replication. A replicon is a DNA molecule or RNA molecule or a region of DNA or RNA that replicates from a single Origin of replication. The replication of the DNA of Escherichia coli proceeds via the replisome, a multiprotein workhorse that in other organisms may vary in complexity In Molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a Gene that researchers attach to another gene of interest in Cell culture For other uses see Repression A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of one or more genes by decreasing A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete Reproductive success is defined as the passing of Genes onto the next Generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on Reprogenetics is a term referring to the merging of reproductive and genetic technologies expected to happen in the near future as techniques like Germinal choice Repulsion is a 1965 Film directed by Roman Polanski on a scenario by Gerard Brach and Roman Polanski Resolving power may refer to Angular resolution Spectral resolution A restriction digest is a procedure used in Molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing A restriction enzyme (or restriction Endonuclease) is an Enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA at specific recognition Nucleotide A restriction enzyme (or restriction Endonuclease) is an Enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA at specific recognition Nucleotide A restriction map is a map of known Restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Retinitis pigmentosa ( RP) is a group of genetic Eye conditions Retinoblastoma is a Cancer of the Retina. Development of this tumor is initiated by Mutations ref> that inactivate both copies of the RB1 A retrovirus is any Virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. A retrovirus is any Virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. Reverse genetics is an approach to discovering the function of a Gene that proceeds in the opposite direction of so called forward genetic screens of Classical A Restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP, often pronounced as "rif-lip" is a variation in the DNA sequence of a Genome A Restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP, often pronounced as "rif-lip" is a variation in the DNA sequence of a Genome Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units A ribonucleotide is a Nucleotide in which a Purine or Pyrimidine base is linked to a Ribose Molecule. Ribose (ɹˈaɪbəʊs ɹˈaɪbəɹʊs primarily seen as D-ribose, is an Aldopentose — a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon A ribosomal protein is any of the proteins that in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) is the central component of the Ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that A ribozyme (from ribo nucleic acid en' zyme', also called RNA Enzyme or catalytic RNA is an RNA Molecule that catalyzes For non-business risks see Risk or the disambiguation page Risk analysis. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units The term RNA editing describes those molecular processes in which the information content in an RNA molecule is altered through a chemical change in the base makeup RNA polymerase ( RNAP or RNApol) is an Enzyme that produces RNA. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( RDRP) or RNA replicase, is an Enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template Robertsonian translocation is a common form of chromosomal rearrangement that occurs in the five acrocentric human Chromosome pairs namely 13 14 15 21 and 22 Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) is the central component of the Ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv, not to be confused with Sv for the SI unit Sievert as well as the non-SI Sverdrup) is a non- The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine A sarcoma (from the Greek 'sarx' meaning "flesh" is a Cancer of the connective or supportive tissue ( Bone, Cartilage, Fat The Satellite Chromosome is the Chromosome which has a bulge on the telomeric end and contains the enzyme Sine Acido Nucleinico. Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA, and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the Nucleotides Scaffolding is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female Gametocyte or Germ cell involved in reproduction. In Biochemistry and Structural biology, secondary structure is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of Biopolymers such as Sedimentation describes the motion of Molecules in Solutions or particles in suspensions in response to an external force such as gravity Segmentation in biology refers to the division of some Metazoan bodies and Plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments and the question of In the context of Evolution, certain traits or Alleles of a Species may be subject to selection A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of Microorganisms or cells There are different types of media for Self-assembly is a term used to describe processes in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific local Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced Vegetative reproduction is a type of Asexual reproduction found in plants and is also called vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication. Selfish DNA refers to those sequences of DNA which in their purest form have two distinct properties (1 the DNA sequence spreads by forming additional copies of itself within In Genetics, an antisense strand is the strand of DNA transcribed into MRNA during transcription. In Mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects (or events In Bioinformatics, sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging many fragments of a much longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original For the sense of "sequencing" used in Electronic music, see the Music sequencer article A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Sex-limited genes are Genes which are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing Species but turned on in only one sex Sex-limited genes are Genes which are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing Species but turned on in only one sex Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Sexual selection is the Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by Intraspecific competition In Genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for Sequencing long DNA strands In Genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for Sequencing long DNA strands In Genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for Sequencing long DNA strands A shuttle vector is a Vector (usually a Plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species Http//www Sickle-cell disease or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia) is a Blood disorder characterized by Red blood cells that assume an abnormal rigid A sigma factor ( &sigma factor) is a prokaryotic transcription Initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene A signal peptide is a short (3-60 Amino acids long Peptide chain that directs the post- translational transport of a Protein. Silent mutations are DNA Mutations that do not result in a change to the Amino acid sequence of a Protein. Silent mutations are DNA Mutations that do not result in a change to the Amino acid sequence of a Protein. A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome connected by a Centromere. The endoplasmic reticulum (Greek endo = "within" (prefix plásma = "formed entity" Latin reticulum = "little net" or ER, is an Organelle A single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single Nucleotide - A, T snRNP s (pronounced "snurps" or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are particles that combine with Pre-mRNA and various proteins to form Spliceosomes Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism as opposed to Germline cells Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism as opposed to Germline cells In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone ( GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor ( SRIF) is a Peptide hormone SOS box is the region in the Promoter of various Genes to which the LexA Repressor binds to repress the transcription in the absence The SOS response is a postreplication DNA repair system that allows DNA replication to bypass lesions or errors in the DNA. A Southern blot is a method routinely used in Molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample A Southern blot is a method routinely used in Molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample Spacer DNA are regions of non-transcribed DNA between tandemly repeated Genes such as Ribosomal RNA genes in Eukaryotes Its function is probably Speciation is the Evolutionary process by which new biological Species arise In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. The term sperm is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα sperma (meaning "seed" and refers to the male reproductive cells. The term spermatid refers to the Haploid male Gametid that results from division of secondary Spermatocytes As a result of Meiosis, each spermatid A spermatocyte is a Male Gametocyte which is derived from a Spermatogonium. Spermatogenesis is the process by which male Spermatogonia develop into mature Spermatozoa. A spermatogonium (plural spermatogonia) is an intermediary male Gametogonium (a kind of Germ cell) in the production of Spermatozoa. A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known Spermiogenesis is the final stage of Spermatogenesis which sees the maturation of Spermatids into mature motile spermatozoa. Spina bifida ( Latin: "split spine" is a developmental Birth defect involving the Neural tube: incomplete closure of the Embryonic neural In Embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early Embryo. Spirillum in Microbiology refers to a Bacterium with a cell body that twists like a spiral In Molecular biology, splicing is a modification of an RNA after transcription, in which Introns are removed and Exons are joined A spliceosome is a complex of specialized RNA and Protein subunits that removes Introns from a transcribed pre- mRNA ( HnRNA In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Sporadic cancer is used to describe Cancer in individuals without a family history of cancer In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions All land plants and some Algae, have life cycles in which a haploid Gametophyte generation alternates with a Diploid sporophyte, the generation of a In Probability and Statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a collection of values A statistic (singular is the result of applying a function (statistical Algorithm) to a set of data. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. Steroid hormone receptors are Intracellular receptors (typically Cytoplasmic that perform Signal transduction for Steroid hormones Steroid Stochastic (from the Greek "Στόχος" for "aim" or "guess" means Random. In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways The stringent response occurs in all prokaryotes and some plants in reaction to amino-acid starvation or carbon starvation A structural gene is a Gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory element (i Structural genomics consists in the determination of the three dimensional structure of all Proteins of a given organism by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography The phrase substantial equivalence is given to a relatively new concept used in the regulation of new foods especially Genetically modified foods also called DNA (rDNA A point mutation, or single base substitution, is a type of Mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic A suicide gene, in Genetics, will cause a cell to kill itself through Apoptosis. Sum rule may refer to Sum rule in differentiation Sum rule in integration Rule of sum, a counting principle in combinatorics In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10 In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10 A supergene is a group of neighbouring Genes on a Chromosome which are inherited together because of close Genetic linkage and are functionally related In Virology, superinfection is the process by which a cell that has previously been infected by one Virus gets coinfected with another virus Epistasis is the Interaction between genes Epistasis takes place when the action of one Gene is modified by one or several other genes which are sometimes called A suppressor mutation is a Mutation that counteracts the phenotypic effects of another mutation by intra- or Extragenic ( Intergenic) mutation A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv, not to be confused with Sv for the SI unit Sievert as well as the non-SI Sverdrup) is a non- Sympatric speciation is the genetic divergence of various populations (from a single parent species inhabiting the same geographic region such that those populations become different Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two Homologous chromosomes that occurs during Meiosis. The synaptonemal complex is a Protein structure that forms between two homologous chromosomes during Meiosis and that is thought to mediate chromosome pairing In Biology, a syncytium ( plural syncytia) is a large cell-like structure filled with Cytoplasm containing many nuclei In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician Umbilical cord blood up to 180mL of Blood from a newborn baby that is returned to the neonatal circulation if the Umbilical cord is not prematurely clamped In Classical genetics, synteny describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same Chromosome within an individual or Species The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (or T cells that is in general responsible for recognizing Antigens bound T-DNA is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Site-directed Mutagenesis is a Molecular biology technique in which a Mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule usually a circular The TATA box (also called Goldberg-Hogness box) is a DNA sequence ( Cis-regulatory element) found in the Promoter region of most genes in Tay-Sachs disease (abbreviated TSD, also known as GM2 Gangliosidosis, Hexosaminidase A deficiency or Sphingolipidosis) is a Genetic Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills knowledge technologies methods of manufacturing samples of manufacturing and facilities among industries universities governments Telomerase is an Enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates to the 3' ("three prime" end of DNA strands in the A telomere is a region of repetitive DNA at the end of Chromosomes which protects the end of the chromosome from destruction Telophase (sometimes spelled telephase) from the Ancient Greek "τελος" (end and "φασις" (stage is a stage in either Meiosis Sense, when applied in a Molecular biology context is a general concept used to compare the polarity of Nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. In genetics a terminator, or transcription terminator is a section of genetic sequence that marks the end of Gene or Operon on genomic DNA In Biochemistry and Chemistry, the tertiary structure of a Protein or any other Macromolecule is its three-dimensional structure as defined In Genetics, a test cross, first introduced by Mendel, is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a Dominant trait is Homozygous or Tetracycline Controlled Transcriptional Activation is a method of inducible expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the The tetrad is the four Spores of a Yeast, that separate after mating Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. The tetrad is the four Spores of a Yeast, that separate after mating A Theta structure is an intermediate structure formed during the replication of a circular DNA Molecule (prokaryote DNA two replication forks can proceed In Genetics, a three-point cross is used to determine the loci of three Genes in an organism's Genome. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a Chemical compound Thymine is one of the four bases in the Nucleic acid of DNA that make up the letters ATGC A thymine dimer is the covalent bonding of two adjacent Thymine residues within a DNA molecule often catalyzed by ultraviolet radiation or chemical mutagenic agents Ti plasmid is a circular Plasmid that often but not always is a part of the genetic equipment that Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium Topoisomers or topological isomers are Molecules with the same Chemical formula and stereochemical bond connectivities but different topologies Topoisomerases (type I, type II) are Isomerase Enzymes that act on the topology of DNA. Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an Organism, including extraembryonic tissues Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an Organism, including extraembryonic tissues Toxicogenomics is a field of Science that deals with the collection interpretation and storage of information about gene and Protein activity within A trait is a distinct phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited environmentally determined or somewhere in between In the field of Molecular biology, trans-acting generally means "acting from a different molecule" ( i Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA In the field of Molecular biology, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA binding factor is a Protein that binds to specific sequences The transcriptome is the set of all Messenger RNA (mRNA molecules or "transcripts" produced in one or a population of cells. Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one Bacterium to another by a Virus. Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells by non-viral methods. Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA (usually about 74-95 nucleotides that transfers a specific Amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at In Biochemistry, a transferase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a Functional group (e In Molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake genomic incorporation and expression of foreign In Molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake genomic incorporation and expression of foreign This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified Not to be confused with the evolutionary concept of a Transitional fossil. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation In Genetics, a chromosome translocation is a Chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous Chromosomes. Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the Genome of a single cell, a process called transposition In Molecular biology, transversion refers to the substitution of a Purine for a Pyrimidine or vice versa A multiple birth occurs when more than one Fetus is carried to term in a single Pregnancy. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders A trisomy is a form of Aneuploidy with the presence of three copies instead of the normal two of a particular Chromosome. Tritium (ˈtɹɪtiəm symbol or, also known as Hydrogen-3) is a radioactive Isotope of Hydrogen. Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA (usually about 74-95 nucleotides that transfers a specific Amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at Truncation selection is a selection method used in Genetic algorithms to select potential candidate solutions for recombination See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic Turner syndrome or Ullrich-Turner syndrome encompasses several conditions of which monosomy X is the most common Twin studies are one of a family of designs in Behavior genetics which aid the study of individual differences by highlighting the role of environmental and genetic In Statistics, the terms Type I error (also α error, or false positive) and type II error ( β error, or a false negative Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize In Genetics, underdominance is the opposite of Overdominance. Uniparental disomy ( UPD) occurs when a person receives two copies of a Chromosome, or part of a chromosome from one parent and no copies from the other parent Uracil is a common and naturally occurring Pyrimidine derivative Uridine is a molecule (known as a Nucleoside) that is formed when Uracil is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N1- VAL is a type of automatic rubber-tired People mover technology based on an invention by Professor Robert Gabillard ( Université Lille Nord de France A variable (ˈvɛərɪəbl is an Attribute of a physical or an abstract System which may change its Value while it is under Observation. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily In Probability theory and Statistics, the variance of a Random variable, Probability distribution, or sample is one measure of A random variate is a particular outcome of a Random variable: the random variates which are other outcomes of the same random variable would have different values Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves, and sometimes the stems, of Plants This may be due to a number of causes In Epidemiology, a vector is an Organism that does not cause Disease itself but which transmits Infection by conveying Pathogens from A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Viroids are Plant Pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary circular single-stranded A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable A Variable Number Tandem Repeats (or VNTR) is a location in a Genome where a short Nucleotide sequence is organized as a Tandem repeat. In Population genetics, the Wahlund effect refers to reduction of Heterozygosity in a Population caused by subpopulation structure The Weismann barrier is the principle that hereditary information moves only from genes to body cells and never in reverse The western blot (alternatively immunoblot) is an Analytical technique used to detect specific Proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is a Tumor of the Kidneys that typically occurs in Children rarely in Adults Its common name is The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining Chromosomes in many animal species including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome) X hyperactivation refers to the process in Drosophila by which the structural Genes of the Male X chromosome are transcribed at the same rate Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in Female Mammals is inactivated The XA ratio is the ratio between the X chromosome and the number of sets of Autosomes in an Organism. Xenotransplantation ( xeno- from the Greek meaning "foreign" is the transplantation of living cells tissues or organs XYY syndrome is an Aneuploidy of the Sex chromosomes in which a Human Male receives an extra Y chromosome, producing a 47XYY XYY syndrome is an Aneuploidy of the Sex chromosomes in which a Human Male receives an extra Y chromosome, producing a 47XYY The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers In mammals Y-linkage refers to when a phenotypic trait is determined by an allele (or gene on the Y chromosome. In mammals Y-linkage refers to when a phenotypic trait is determined by an allele (or gene on the Y chromosome. Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim In human Genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam ( Y- MRCA) is the patrilineal Human Most recent common ancestor (MRCA from whom all Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. A zinc finger is a large superfamily of Protein domains that can bind to DNA. A zinc finger protein is a DNA-binding protein domain comprised of Zinc fingers ranging from two in the Drosophila regulator ADR1, the more common For other meanings see Zygote (disambiguation. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zugōtos "joined" or "yoked"

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