This list of film formats catalogues formats developed for shooting or viewing motion pictures, ranging from the Chronophotographe format from 1888, to mid-20th century formats such as the 1953 CinemaScope format, to more recent formats such as the 1992 IMAX HD format. A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on Photographic film, for either stills or movies CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and The formats listed all should have been used in the field or for test shooting, and they must all use photochemical images that are formed or projected on a film base, a transparent substrate which supports the photosensitive emulsion. Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation A film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the Photosensitive Emulsion that lies atop it

As well, the formats must have been used to make more than just a few test frames. The camera must be fast enough (in frames per second) to create an illusion of motion consistent with the persistence of vision phenomenon. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye by which even nanoseconds of exposure to an image result in milliseconds of reaction (sight from the retina to the optic nerves The format must be significantly unique from other listed formats in regard to its image capture or image projection. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection The format characteristics should be clearly definable in several listed parameters (e. g. , film gauge, aspect ratio, etc. ).

Contents 1 Legend 2 Film formats 3 Notes 4 References 5 Additional reading 6 See also

Legend

• Format is the name of the process; some formats may have multiple names in common usage.
• Creator is the individual or company most directly attributable as the developer of the system.
• Year Created usually refers to the earliest date that the system was used to completion (i. e. projection), but may refer to when it was developed if no known film was made.
• First known film is the first film (not including tests) made with the format and intended for release.
• Negative gauge is the film gauge (width) used for the original camera negative. Film gauge is a physical property of Film stock which defines its width
• Negative aspect ratio is the image ratio determined by the ratio of the gate dimensions multiplied by the anamorphic power of the camera lenses (1x in the case of spherical lenses). The aspect ratio of an Image is its width divided by its height Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other ^[1]
• Gate dimensions are the width and height of the camera gate aperture, and by extension the film negative frame. The film gate is the rectangular opening in the front of a Motion picture camera where the film is exposed to light
• Negative pulldown describes the film perforations per frame, the direction of film transport, and standard frame speed. Film perforations, also known as perfs, are the holes placed in the Film stock during manufacturing and used for transporting (via Sprockets and claws and Film transport is assumed to be vertical unless otherwise noted, and standard frame speed is assumed to be 24 frames per second unless the film is otherwise noted or has no standard. Silent film has no standard speed; many amateur formats have several common speeds, but no standard.
• Negative lenses indicates whether spherical (normal) or anamorphic lenses are used on the original camera negative, and if anamorphic lenses, what anamorphic power is used. Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other
• Projection gauge is the film gauge (width) used for the release print. Film gauge is a physical property of Film stock which defines its width
• Projection aspect ratio is the image ratio determined by the ratio of the projection dimensions multiplied by the anamorphic power of the projection lenses (1x in the case of spherical lenses). The aspect ratio of an Image is its width divided by its height Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other This is also known as the intended theatrical aspect ratio. ^[1]
• Projection dimensions are the width and height of the projector aperture plate, and by extension the film frame area which is projected. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection The aperture plate always very slightly crops the frame.
• Projection lenses indicates whether spherical (normal) or anamorphic lenses are used on the projector, and if anamorphic lenses, what anamorphic power is used. Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other

Formats are listed in chronological order and by release date in the case of multiple formats within one year, if this can be determined. Undated formats are listed at the bottom in alphabetical order.

Film formats

Note that this table does not cover 3D systems or color film systems, nor is it well-suited to emphasize the differences between those systems. This is a list of color film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing color Motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology

Format	Creator	Year Created	First known work	Negative gauge	Negative aspect ratio[1]	Gate dimensions	Negative pulldown	Negative lenses	Projection gauge	Projection aspect ratio[1]	Projection dimensions	Projection lenses
Chronophotographe[2]	Etienne-Jules Marey	1888	motion analysis studies	90 mm	1. Étienne-Jules Marey ( March 5, 1830 – May 21, 1904) was a French scientist and chronophotographer, born in 00	3. 543" x 3. 543"	unperforated	spherical
Paperfilm[3]	Louis Le Prince	1888	Roundhay Garden Scene	54 mm or 63. Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (born 28 August 1842 vanished 16 September 1890 was an inventor who is considered by many film historians as the true father of motion pictures who Roundhay Garden Scene is an 1888 Short film directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince. 5 mm	1. 00		perforated	spherical	54 mm or 63. 5 mm	1. 00		spherical
Theatre Optique	Emile Reynaud	1888	Pauvre Pierrot				perforated	spherical				spherical
Chronophotographic	William Friese-Greene	1889		54 mm			irregular perfs	spherical
Kinesigraph	Wordsworth Donisthorpe	1889	view of Trafalgar Square	68 mm	1. The Théâtre Optique was a moving picture show presented by Charles-Émile Reynaud in 1892 Charles-Émile Reynaud ( December 8 1844 &ndash January 9 1918) was a French science teacher responsible for the first animated Pauvre Pierrot (aka Poor Pete) is an 1892 French short animated film directed by Émile Reynaud William Friese-Greene ( September 7, 1855 &ndash May 5, 1921) (born William Edward Green) was a portrait Photographer and Wordsworth Donisthorpe ( Leeds, March 24, 1847 – Shottermill, January 30, 1913) was an English individualist 00?		unperforated	spherical
Kinetoscope cylinder	William Dickson and Thomas Edison	1889 or 1890	Monkeyshines, No. 1	strip rolled around a cylinder			unperforated	spherical	strip rolled around a cylinder			spherical
Kinetoscope horizontal	William Dickson and William Heise	1891	Dickson Greeting	19 mm			1 perf, 1 side, horizontal	spherical	19 mm, horizontal			spherical
Silent film standard	William Dickson and Thomas Edison	1892	Blacksmith Scene	35 mm	1. The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device Though not a Movie projector —it was designed for films to be viewed individually through the window William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (3 August 1860 &ndash 28 September 1935 was an Anglo - Scottish Inventor who devised an early motion picture Monkeyshines is believed to be the first Film shot in the United States The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device Though not a Movie projector —it was designed for films to be viewed individually through the window William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (3 August 1860 &ndash 28 September 1935 was an Anglo - Scottish Inventor who devised an early motion picture William Heise was an American film director active in the 1890s Dickson Greeting is credited as one of the world's first films William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (3 August 1860 &ndash 28 September 1935 was an Anglo - Scottish Inventor who devised an early motion picture Blacksmith Scene (also known as Blacksmith Scene #1 and Blacksmithing Scene) is an 1893 American short 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 33	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
Bioskop	Max Skladanowsky	1892	footage of Emil Skladanowsky	54 mm			unperforated (camera); 4 perf, 2 sides (projection)	spherical	54 mm (two strips interleaved)			spherical
Acres 70[4]	Birt Acres	1894	The Henley Royal Regatta of 1894	70 mm	1. Max Skladanowsky ( April 30 1863 &ndash November 30 1939) was a German Inventor and early Filmmaker. Birt Acres ( July 23, 1854 &ndash1918 born in Richmond, Virginia, USA of English parents was a photographer and film pioneer 38	2. 750" x 2. 000"		spherical	70 mm			spherical
Eidoloscope	Woodville Latham	1895	Griffo-Barnett Prize Fight	51 mm	1. The Eidoloscope was an early Motion picture system created by Woodville Latham and his two sons through their business the Lambda Company in New York City Major Woodville Latham (1837-1911 was an ordnance officer of the Confederacy during the American Civil War and professor of Chemistry at West Virginia 85	1. 457" x 0. 787"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	51 mm	1. 85		spherical
Cinematographe	Lumiere Brothers	1895	La Sortie des Usines Lumiere	35 mm	1. The cinematograph is a film Camera, which also serves as a Film projector and developer 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	1 perf, 2 sides (rounded)	spherical	35 mm	1. 33		spherical
Biograph	Herman Casler	1895	Sparring Contest at Canastota	68 mm	1. Herman Casler — American inventor ( Sandwich Illinois, March 12, 1867 — Canastota New York, July 20, 1939) was co-founder 35	2. 625" x 1. 938"	1 perf, 2 sides (punched in-camera)	spherical	68 mm			spherical
Joly-Normandin	Henri Joly	1895		60 mm			5 perf, 2 sides	spherical	60 mm			spherical
Biographe	Demeny-Gaumont	1896		60 mm	1. 40	1. 750" x. 1. 250"	unperforated	spherical	60 mm	1. 40		spherical
Chronophotographe	Demeny-Gaumont	1896		60 mm	1. 40	1. 750" x. 1. 250"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	60 mm	1. 40		spherical
Sivan-Dalphin	Casimir Sivan and E. Dalphin	1896		38 mm			2 perf, 2 sides	spherical	38 mm			spherical
Veriscope	Enoch Rector	1897	Corbett-Fitzsimmons fight	63 mm	1. Enoch J Rector ( October 9, 1863 &ndash January 26, 1957) was an American boxing film promoter and a cinema technician who was a partner in 66	1. 875" x 1. 125"	5 perf, 2 sides	spherical	63 mm			spherical
Viventoscope	Thomas Henry Blair	1897		48 mm	1. 50	1. 500" x 1. 000"	1 perf?	spherical	48 mm			spherical
Birtac	Birt Acres	1898	unknown (amateur format)	17. Birt Acres ( July 23, 1854 &ndash1918 born in Richmond, Virginia, USA of English parents was a photographer and film pioneer 5 mm			2 perf, 1 side	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
Biokam	T. C. Hepworth	1899	unknown (amateur format)	17. 5 mm	1. 60	0. 630" x 0. 394"	1 perf, center	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
Prestwich 13 mm	John Alfred Prestwich	1899	unknown (amateur format)	13 mm				spherical	13 mm			spherical
Mirograph	Reulos, Goudeau & Co	1900	unknown (amateur format)	21 mm			1 notch, 2 sides	spherical	21 mm			spherical
Lumiere Wide	Lumiere Brothers	1900		75 mm	1. John Alfred Prestwich (born 1874 died 1952 was an engineer Famous as much for his creation of Cinematography projectors as his engines. 33	2. 362" x 1. 772"	8 perf, 2 sides	spherical	75 mm	1. 33		spherical
Cineorama	Raoul Grimoin-Sanson	1900	Cineorama	70 mm x 10 cameras (360°)			4 perf?	spherical	70 mm x 10 projectors (360°)			spherical
La Petite (Hughes)	W. Cinéorama was an early Film experiment and amusement ride at the 1900 Paris Exposition devised by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson, that simulated a ride in a Raoul Grimoin-Sanson (1860 - 1940 was an inventor in the field of early cinema. Cinéorama was an early Film experiment and amusement ride at the 1900 Paris Exposition devised by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson, that simulated a ride in a C. Hughes	1900	unknown (amateur format)	17. 5 mm	1. 60	0. 630" x 0. 394"	1 perf, center (smaller and less rectangular than Biokam)	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
Pocket Chrono	Gaumont Demeny	1900	unknown (amateur format)	15 mm			1 perf, center	spherical	15 mm			spherical
Vitak	William Wardell	1902	unknown (amateur format)	no standard	no standard	no standard	1 perf, center	spherical	11 mm			spherical
Home Kinetoscope	Edison	1912	unknown (amateur format)	no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	spherical	22 mm, 2 perf (on frameline between frame rows)	1. William Wilkinson Wardell ( 3 March 1824 – 19 November 1899) was an architect notable not only for his work in Australia, the 5	0. 236" x 0. 157" (three frames across width)	spherical
Pathe Kok	Pathe	1912	unknown (amateur format)	28 mm	1. 28 mm film was introduced by the Pathé Film Company in 1912 under the name Pathé Kok. This article deals with the Pathé movie company For their music business see Pathé Records. 36	0. 748" x 0. 551"	3 perf on one side, 1 perf on the other	spherical	28 mm			spherical
Duoscope	Alexander F. Victor	1912	unknown (amateur format)	17. 5 mm			2 perfs, center	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
Panoramico[5]	Filoteo Alberini	1914	Il sacco di Roma	70 mm	2. 52		5 perf, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm			spherical
Split Duplex	Duplex Corporation	1915		35 mm	1. 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides (shooting)	spherical	35 mm	1. 87	0. 735" x 0. 394"	spherical (split image 90° rotated)
11 mm	(American)	1916	unknown (amateur format)	11 mm			1 perf, center	spherical	11 mm			spherical
Movette	Movette Camera Company	1917	unknown (amateur format)	17. 5 mm			2 perfs, 2 sides (rounded)	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
28 mm safety standard	Alexander Victor	1918	unknown (amateur format)	28 mm	1. 36	0. 748" x 0. 551"	3 perf, 2 sides	spherical	28 mm			spherical
Clou	(Austrian)	1920	unknown (amateur format)	17. 5 mm			2 perf, 2 sides	spherical	17. 5 mm			spherical
26 mm	(French)	1920	unknown (amateur format)	26 mm			1 perf, 1 side	spherical	26 mm			spherical
9.5 mm	Pathe	1922	unknown (amateur format)	9. 95 mm film is an amateur Film format introduced by Pathé Frères in 1922 as part of the Pathé Baby amateur film system This article deals with the Pathé movie company For their music business see Pathé Records. 5 mm	1. 31	0. 335" x 0. 256"	1 perf, center	spherical	9. 5 mm	1. 31	0. 315" x 0. 242"	spherical
Phonofilm	Lee De Forest	1922	Barking Dog and Flying Jenny Airplane	35 mm	1. In 1919 Lee De Forest, inventor of the Audion tube, filed his first patent on a Sound-on-film process DeForest Phonofilm, which recorded sound directly Lee De Forest, ( August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American Inventor with over 300 patents to his credit 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 17	0. 826" x 0. 708"	spherical
Widescope	John D. Elms and George W. Bingham	1922		35 mm x 2 (both in same camera)	0. 980" x 0. 735"	1. 33 x 2 negatives	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical (one lens per strip)	35 mm x 2 projectors	2. 66	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
Cinebloc	Ozaphan	1922	unknown (amateur format)	22 mm			2 perf, 2 sides	spherical	22 mm			spherical
Tri-Ergon soundfilm	Tri-Ergon	1922		35 mm	1. The Tri-Ergon Sound-on-film system was patented from 1919 on by German inventors Josef Engl Hans Vogt and Joseph Massolle 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	42 mm	1. 33	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
16 mm[6]	Eastman Kodak	1923	unknown (amateur format)	16 mm	1. Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment 37	0. 404" x 0. 295"	1 perf, 1 or 2 sides	spherical	16 mm	1. 37	0. 378" x 0. 276"	spherical
Duplex	G. J. Bradley	1923	unknown (amateur format)	11 mm			2 perf, 2 sides (rounded)	spherical	11. 5 mm			spherical
Alberini-Hill	Corrado Cerqua	1924		35 mm	1. 66	1. 575" x 0. 945" (curved)	10 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical, on 65° revolving drum	35 mm			spherical
Cinelux	Ozaphan	1924	unknown (amateur format)	24 mm				spherical	24 mm			spherical
48 mm	J. H. Powrie	1924		48 mm	1. 32	1. 969" x 1. 496"	horizontal	spherical	35 mm	1. 33	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
Natural Vision[7]	George K. Spoor and P. John Berggren	1925	Niagara Falls and Rollercoaster Ride	63. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario 5 mm	1. 84	2. 060" x 1. 120"	6 perf, 2 sides, 20 fps	spherical	63. 5 mm	2. 00		spherical
13 mm	(French)	1925	unknown (amateur format)	13 mm			4 perf, center	spherical	13 mm			spherical
18 mm	(Russian)	1925	unknown (amateur format)	18 mm			1 perf, 2 sides	spherical	18 mm			spherical
Pathe Rural	Pathe	1926	unknown (amateur format)	17. This article deals with the Pathé movie company For their music business see Pathé Records. 5 mm	1. 35 (silent); 1. 30 (sound)	0. 516" x 0. 382" (silent); 0. 445" x 0. 343" (sound)	1 perf, 2 sides	spherical	17. 5 mm	1. 33 (silent); 1. 26 (sound)	0. 472" x 0. 354" (silent); 0. 445" x 0. 343" (sound)	spherical
Widevision	John D. Elms and George W. Bingham	1926	Natural Vision Pictures	57 mm			5 perf, 2 sides	spherical	57 mm			spherical
Magnascope[8]	Lorenzo del Riccio	1926	Old Ironsides	35 mm	1. Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy. 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 33	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical (selected scenes projected using a wider lens for larger picture)
Fox Movietone	Freeman Harrison Owens, Theodore Case, Tri-Ergon	1927	Sunrise	35 mm	1. The Movietone sound system is a Sound-on-film method of recording sound for motion pictures which guarantees synchronisation between the sound and the picture Freeman Harrison Owens ( July 20, 1890 - December 9, 1979) born in Pine Bluff Arkansas, the only child of Charles H Theodore Willard Case (1888 Auburn New York &ndash 1944 known for the invention of the Movietone Sound-on-film Sound film system was born The Tri-Ergon Sound-on-film system was patented from 1919 on by German inventors Josef Engl Hans Vogt and Joseph Massolle Sunrise A Song of Two Humans (also known as Sunrise) is an American Film from 1927 directed by F 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 17	0. 826" x 0. 708"	spherical
Polyvision[9]	Abel Gance	1927	Napoléon	35 mm x 3 cameras	1. Polyvision was the name given to a specialized Widescreen Film format devised exclusively for the filming and projection of Abel Gance 's Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981 was a French Film director, producer, Writer, Actor and editor best Napoléon ( 1927) is an epic silent French Film directed by Abel Gance that tells the story of the rise of Napoleon 33 x 3 negatives	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 3 projectors	4. 00	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
Hypergonar	Henri Chretien	1927	Pour construire un feu	35 mm	2. Henri Jacques Chrétien ( February 1, 1879, Paris – February 6, 1956, Washington) was a French astronomer 66	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	35 mm	2. 66	0. 931" x 0. 698"	2x anamorphic
Magnafilm[10]	Lorenzo del Riccio	1929	You're in the Army Now	56 mm	2. 19	1. 620" x 0. 740"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	56 mm	2. 00		spherical
Fox Grandeur[11]	Fox Film Corporation	1929	Fox Grandeur News and Fox Movietone Follies of 1929	70 mm	2. Grandeur may refer to 70 mm Grandeur film Hyundai Grandeur, a car introduced in 1986 Grandeur of the Seas, a 07	1. 890" x 0. 913"	4 perf, 2 sides, 20 fps (before 1930)	spherical	70 mm	2. 00	1. 768" x 0. 885"	spherical
Fearless Super Pictures[12]	Ralph G. Fear	1929		35 mm	2. 27	1. 813" x 0. 800"	10 perfs, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	35 mm, horizontal			spherical
Fearless Super-Film/Magnifilm/Fox Vitascope[13]	Ralph G. Fear	1930	Kismet	65 mm	2. Kismet is a 1930 costume drama photographed entirely in an early widescreen process using 65mm film that was called Vitascope. 00	1. 811" x 0. 906"	5 perf, 2 sides	spherical	65 mm	2. 05	1. 772" x 0. 866"	spherical
Realife[14]	MGM	1930	Billy the Kid	70 mm	2. Billy the Kid ( 1930) is a film about the relationship between frontier outlaw Billy the Kid ( Johnny Mack Brown, billed as "John Mack 07	1. 890" x 0. 913"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 75	0. 904" x 0. 517"	spherical
50 mm	Fox Film Corporation and SMPE	1930		50 mm	1. 80	1. 325" x 0. 735"		spherical	50 mm	1. 80	1. 305" x 0. 725"	spherical
17 mm sound	(French)	1930	unknown (amateur format)	17 mm			1 perf, 1 side	spherical	17 mm			spherical
Giant Expanding Pictures	George Palmer	1930		35 mm	1. George Palmer may refer to George Palmer (businessman (1818&ndash1897 Quaker entrepreneur and biscuit manufacturer of Reading England father 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 17	0. 826" x 0. 708"	spherical (with a special projection zoom lens zooming wider and opening masking for key sequences)
Kodel Kemco Homovie	Clarence Ogden	1931	unknown (amateur format)	16 mm		4 sequential images per frame	1 perf, 2 sides	spherical	16 mm			spherical
Academy format[15]	AMPAS	1932		35 mm	1. The Academy ratio of 1371 is the standard aspect ratio of a frame of 35mm film when used with 4-perf pulldown, and was standardized by The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of Motion 37	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 37	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
8 mm	Eastman Kodak	1932	unknown (amateur format)	16 mm	1. 8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight Millimeters wide Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment 32	0. 192" x 0. 145"	1 perf, 1 side (using 16 mm film with twice as many perfs)	spherical	8 mm	1. 33	0. 172" x 0. 129"	spherical
Straight 8	Bell and Howell	1935	unknown (amateur format)	8 mm	1. Straight 8 is an Independent filmmaking event founded in 1999 and based in the United Kingdom. Böwe Bell & Howell is a US -based former Manufacturer of Motion picture machinery 32	0. 192" x 0. 145"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	8 mm	1. 33	0. 172" x 0. 129"	spherical
Vitarama	Fred Waller	1939		16 mm x 11 cameras	1. 37 x 11 negatives	0. 404" x 0. 295"	1 perf, 2 sides	spherical	16 mm x 11 projectors	hemispherical view	0. 378" x 0. 276"	spherical
Waller Flexible Gunnery Trainer	Fred Waller	1943	US Air Force interactive training exercise	35 mm x 5 cameras	1. 37 x 5 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 5 projectors	hemispherical view	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
Cinerama[16]	Fred Waller	1952	This is Cinerama	35 mm x 3 cameras	0. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved This is Cinerama is a 1952 film which shows how film makers could use the new technology of Cinerama to make movies more realistic by broadening the aspect 89 x 3 negatives	0. 996" x 1. 116"	6 perf, 2 sides at 26 fps	spherical	35 mm x 3 projectors, with 6 perf pulldown	2. 59, with 146° curved screen	0. 985" x 1. 088"	spherical
Matted 1. 66[17]	Paramount	1953	Shane	35 mm	1. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Shane is a 1953 Western film made by Paramount Pictures. It was produced and directed by George Stevens from a Screenplay 37	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 66	0. 825" x 0. 497"	spherical
Matted 1. 85[18]	Universal	1953	Thunder Bay	35 mm	1. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Thunder Bay is a 1953 American Adventure film directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart in their second non- 37	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 85	0. 825" x 0. 446"	spherical
Matted 1. 75	MGM	1953	Arena	35 mm	1. An arena is an enclosed area often circular or oval-shaped designed to showcase Theater, musical performances or sporting events 37	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	1. 75	0. 825" x 0. 471"	spherical
Cinemascope[19]	20th Century Fox	1953	The Robe	35 mm	2. CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 The Robe is a 1953 Biblical Epic film that tells the story of a Roman tribune who commands the unit that crucifies Jesus 55 (1953-1957); 2. 37 (1957-1967)	0. 937" x 0. 735" (1953-1957); 0. 868" x 0. 735" (1957-1967)	4 perf, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	35 mm	2. 55 (1953-1957); 2. 35 (1957-1967)	0. 912" x 0. 715" (1953-1957); 0. 839" x 0. 715" (1957-1967)	2x anamorphic
Arnoldscope[20]	John Arnold	1953		35 mm			10 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical
VistaVision[21]	Paramount	1954	White Christmas	35 mm	1. Arnoldscope was an experimental 35 mm Motion picture Film format developed by John Arnold working in the MGM camera department in the 1950s This article is about the watchmaker and inventor and his son VistaVision is a variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format created by Paramount Pictures in 1954 based on the Glamorama and Superama Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. White Christmas is a 1954 Jukebox musical movie starring Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye that featured the songs of Irving Berlin 51	1. 495" x 0. 991"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	35 mm, 4 perf, vertical	1. 85	0. 825" x 0. 446"	spherical
Superscope[22]	Tushinsky Brothers	1954	Vera Cruz	35 mm	1. Superscope is also the name of an anamorphic Widescreen process and of an extension Microsoft has added to its DHCP Server Vera Cruz is a 1954 Film starring Gary Cooper, Burt Lancaster, Denise Darcel, and Cesar Romero. 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	2. 00	0. 715" x 0. 715"	2x anamorphic
VistaVision Large Area[23]	Paramount	1955	Strategic Air Command	35 mm	1. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 51	1. 495" x 0. 991"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	35 mm, 8 perf, horizontal	1. 96	1. 418" x 0. 723"	spherical
Circarama	Disney	1955	A Tour of the West	16 mm x 11 cameras	1. Circle-Vision 360° is a film technique refined by The Walt Disney Company, that uses nine cameras for nine huge screens arranged in a circle 37 x 11 negatives	0. 404" x 0. 295"	1 perf, 2 sides	spherical	16 mm x 11 projectors	360°	0. 378" x 0. 276"	spherical
Todd A.O.[24][25]	Michael Todd	1955	Oklahoma	65 mm	2. Todd-AO is an extremely high definition Widescreen Film format developed in the mid 1950s Michael Todd can refer to Mike Todd (1909&ndash1958 American film producer Mike Todd Jr The 1943 musical play Oklahoma!, written by Composer Richard Rodgers and Lyricist / Librettist Oscar Hammerstein II 29	2. 072" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, at 30 fps	spherical	70 mm	2. 21, with 120° curved screen	1. 912" x 0. 870"	spherical
Cinemascope 55[26]	20th Century Fox	1955	Carousel	55 mm	2. CinemaScope 55 was a large-format version of CinemaScope introduced in 1955, which used a negative size of 55 Carousel is a 1956 film adaptation of the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical of the same name which was based on Ferenc Molnar 's 55	1. 824" x 1. 430"	8 perfs, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	35 mm	2. 55	0. 912" x 0. 715"	2x anamorphic
4. 75 mm	Pathe	1955	unknown (amateur format)	9. This article deals with the Pathé movie company For their music business see Pathé Records. 5 mm			2 perf, 1 side (using 9. 5 mm film with twice as many perfs)	spherical	4. 75 mm			spherical, rotated 90°
Technirama[27]	Technicolor	1956	The Monte Carlo Story	35 mm	2. Technirama is a screen process that was used by some film production houses as an alternative to CinemaScope. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation The Monte Carlo Story is a 1957, Italian Comedy-drama film production made by Titanus and distributed by United Artists 26	1. 496" x 0. 992"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	1. 5x anamorphic	35 mm, 4 perf vertical	2. 35	0. 839" x 0. 715"	2x anamorphic
Technirama Large Area[28]	Technicolor	1956	The Monte Carlo Story	35 mm	2. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation The Monte Carlo Story is a 1957, Italian Comedy-drama film production made by Titanus and distributed by United Artists 26	1. 496" x 0. 992"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	1. 5x anamorphic	35 mm, 8 perf horizontal	1. 421" x 0. 881"	2. 42	1. 5x anamorphic
Dynamic Frame	Glenn Alvey	1956	The Door in the Wall	35 mm	1. The Door in the Wall is a 1949 novel by Marguerite de Angeli that received the Newbery Medal for excellence in American Children's 3, 1. 6, and 2. 5	variable aperture plates	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	spherical	35 mm, 4 perf, vertical	1. 3, 1. 5, and 2. 5		spherical
Superscope 235[29]	Superscope Inc. Super 35 (originally known as Superscope 235) is a Motion picture Film format that uses exactly the same film stock as standard 35 mm film, but	1956	Run for the Sun	35 mm	1. Run for the Sun is a film released by United Artists, the third film to officially be based on Richard Connell 's classic suspense story " The 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	2. 35	0. 839" x 0. 715"	2x anamorphic
Thrillarama[30]	Albert H. Reynolds	1956	Thrillarama Adventure	35 mm x 2 cameras	1. 78 x 2 negatives		3 perf, 2 sides?	spherical	35 mm x 2 projectors	3. 55, with a curved screen		spherical
Magirama[31]	Abel Gance	1956	Magirama	35 mm x 3 cameras (sides bounced off mirrors)	1. Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981 was a French Film director, producer, Writer, Actor and editor best 33 x 3 negatives	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 3 projectors (sides bounced off mirrors)	4. 00	0. 931" x 0. 698"	spherical
Ultra Panavision[32]	Panavision	1957	Raintree County	65 mm	2. Panavision is a Motion picture equipment company specializing in Cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills California. Panavision is a Motion picture equipment company specializing in Cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills California. Raintree County is a novel by Ross Lockridge Jr. It tells the story of a small-town Midwestern teacher and poet named John Shawnessy who in his younger 86	2. 072" x 0. 906"	5 perf, 2 sides	1. 25x anamorphic	70 mm	2. 76	1. 912" x 0. 870"	1. 25x anamorphic
Cinestage	Mike Todd	1957	Around the World in 80 Days	65 mm	2. Michael Todd ( June 22, 1907 or 1909 or June 19, 1911 &ndash March 22, 1958) was an American theatre and 29	2. 072" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm (1 mm shaved off for UK prints)	2. 12	0. 912" x 0. 675"	1. 567x anamorphic
Rank VistaVision	J. Arthur Rank Organization	1957		35 mm	1. 51	1. 495" x 0. 991"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	spherical	35 mm, 4 perf, vertical	1. 82	0. 825" x 0. 602"	1. 33x anamorphic
Modern anamorphic[33]	Panavision	1958	The Female Animal	35 mm	2. Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other Panavision is a Motion picture equipment company specializing in Cameras and lenses, based in Woodland Hills California. 37	0. 866" x 0. 732"	4 perf, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	35 mm	2. 35 (1957-1970); 2. 39 (1970-present)	0. 839" x 0. 715" (1957-1970); 0. 838" x 0. 7" (1970-1993); 0. 825" x 0. 690" (1993-present)	2x anamorphic
Kinopanorama	NIKFI	1958	Great Is My Country	35 mm x 3 cameras	0. Kinopanorama is a three-lens three-film Widescreen Film format. Vast is my Native Land, also known as Great is my Country, ( Russian: Sheroka Strana Moya Rodnaya, a literal translation of My Spacious Homeland 91 x 3 negatives	1. 014" x 1. 116"	6 perf, 2 sides, at 25 fps	spherical	35 mm x 3 projectors	2. 72	0. 985" x 1. 088"	spherical
70 mm[24][34]	American Optical Company	1958	South Pacific	65 mm	2. 70 mm film (or 65 mm film) is a wide high-resolution film gauge of superior quality to standard 35 mm motion picture film format. This article is about the 1958 film. For the stage musical see South Pacific (musical. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Cinemiracle[35]	National Theatres	1958	Windjammer	35 mm x 3 cameras (sides bounced off mirrors)	0. Cinemiracle was a widescreen cinema format competing with Cinerama developed in the 1950s The 1958 film Windjammer recorded an actual voyage of the Norwegian sail Windjammer training ship Christian Radich. 89 x 3 negatives	0. 996" x 1. 116"	6 perf, 2 sides at 26 fps	spherical	35 mm x 3 projectors (sides bounced off mirrors), with 6 perf pulldown	2. 59, with 120° curved screen	0. 985" x 1. 088"	spherical
Super Technirama[36]	Technicolor	1959	Sleeping Beauty	35 mm	2. Technirama is a screen process that was used by some film production houses as an alternative to CinemaScope. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation 26	1. 496" x 0. 992"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	1. 5x anamorphic	70 mm	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 816"	spherical
Smith-Carney System[37]	Rowe E. Carney Jr. and Tom F. Smith	1959	Missouri travelogue	35 mm	4. 69	0. 839" x 0. 370" (bottom half) and 0. 449" x 0. 370" (top quarters)	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical x 3	35 mm	4. 69	three sub-frames projected to one 180° image	spherical x 3
Circular Kinopanorama/Circlorama	E. The Krugovaya Kinopanorama or Circular Kinopanorama (Круговая кинопанорама - is a cinema in Moscow of Russia which plays Goldovsky	1959	The Path of Spring	35 mm x 11 cameras	1. 37 x 11 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 11 projectors	360°	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
Varioscope	Jan Jacobsen	1959		65 mm	2. Jan Jacobsen (1588/89–1622 was a Flemish naval commander and Dunkirker during the Eighty Years' War. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm	variable framing run through control signal	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Quadravision	Ford Motor Company	1959	Design for Suburban Living showtent	? mm x 4 cameras	? x 4 negatives			spherical	? mm x 4 projectors	? (4 images in 2x2 configuration)		spherical
Techniscope[38]	Technicolor	1960	The Pharaoh's Woman	35 mm	2. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Techniscope or 2-Perf is a 35mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1963 Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation 33	0. 868" x 0. 373"	2 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	2. 39	0. 838" x 0. 7"	2x anamorphic
Wonderama (Arc 120)	Leon W. Wells	1960	Honeymoon	no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	35 mm	2. A honeymoon is the traditional holiday taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage in intimacy and seclusion 50 with a 120° curved screen	0. 931" x 0. 698", with two half-images turned 90° and placed side-by-side	spherical x 2
Cine System 3	Eric Berndt	1960	USAF and NASA usage	3 mm			1 perf, centered	spherical
Grandeur 70	20th Century Fox	1961	The King and I (re-release)	55 mm	2. The King and I is a 1956 Musical film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett 55	1. 824" x 1. 430"	8 perfs, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	70 mm	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Cinerama 360	Cinerama Corporation	1962	Journey to the Stars	65 mm	1. 00 (circle)	2. 25" diameter circular image	10 perf, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm	1. 00 (circle)	2. 25" diameter circular image	spherical
Super 8	Eastman Kodak	1965	unknown (amateur format)	8 mm	1. Super 8 mm film, also simply called Super 8, is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement of the Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment 48	0. 245" x 0. 166"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	8 mm	1. 36	0. 215" x 0. 158"	spherical
Single-8	Fujifilm	1965	unknown (amateur format)	8 mm	1. Single-8 is a Motion picture Film format introduced by Fujifilm of Japan in 1965 as an alternative to the Kodak Super 8 is a Japanese company known for its Photographic film and Cameras Fujifilm is the world’s largest photographic and imaging company. 36	0. 224" x 0. 164"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	8 mm	1. 35	0. 213" x 0. 157"	spherical
Real Sound	Kenner	1965		no standard	no standard	no standard	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	11. This article is about the toy company For the city see Kenner Louisiana. 5 mm	1. 33	0. 172" x 0. 129"	spherical
Double Super 8	Eastman Kodak	1965	unknown (amateur format)	16 mm	1. Super 8 mm film, also simply called Super 8, is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement of the Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment 48	0. 245" x 0. 166"	1 perf, 1 side (using 16 mm film with twice as many perfs)	spherical	8 mm	1. 36	0. 215" x 0. 158"	spherical
Dimension 150[39]	American Optical Company	1966	The Bible: In the Beginning	65 mm	2. Todd-AO is an extremely high definition Widescreen Film format developed in the mid 1950s The Bible In the Beginning is a 1966 Biblical epic film recounting the first 22 chapters of the Book of Genesis. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm	2. 21, with 150° curved screen	1. 912" x 0. 87", optically curved to compensate for the screen	spherical
Circle Vision 360	Disney	1967	America the Beautiful	35 mm x 9 cameras	1. Circle-Vision 360° is a film technique refined by The Walt Disney Company, that uses nine cameras for nine huge screens arranged in a circle " America the Beautiful " is an American Patriotic song. 37 x 9 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 9 projectors	360°	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
Pik-a-Movie	Leon W. Wells	1972		no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	70 mm, horizontal, 1 perf, 2 sides	1. 48	0. 245" x 0. 166", 12 rows high, underneath 12 rows of optical sound	spherical
Astrovision	Goto Optical	1969		65 mm			10 perf, 2 sides	spherical or fish-eye	70 mm			fish-eye (dome projection)
IMAX[40]	IMAX Corporation	1970	Tiger Child	70 mm	1. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and IMAX Corporation () is the company that designs and manufactures IMAX cameras and projectors as well as handling film production and distribution to the various IMAX Tiger Child was the first IMAX movie ever made It was directed by Canadian filmmaker Donald Brittain and had its premiere at Expo '70 in Osaka Japan 34	2. 772" x 2. 072"	15 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	spherical	70 mm, horizontal	1. 31	2. 692" x 2. 056"	spherical
Super 16 mm film[41]	Rune Ericson	1970	Blushing Charlie	16 mm	1. 66	0. 493" x 0. 292"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	no standard, but often blown up to 35 mm	no standard	0. 463" x 0. 279" (full frame); 0. 463" x 0. 251" (framed for 1. 85)	spherical
8. 75 mm	Chinese	1970?	unknown (amateur format)	8. 75 mm			1 perf?	spherical	8. 75 mm			spherical
OMNIMAX[42]	IMAX Corporation	1973	Garden Isle	70 mm	1. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and IMAX Corporation () is the company that designs and manufactures IMAX cameras and projectors as well as handling film production and distribution to the various IMAX Garden Isle is a 1973 Short film which was the first film made using the Omnimax or IMAX cinematographic process 34	2. 772" x 2. 072"	15 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	special fish-eye lenses optically centered 0. 37" above film horizontal center line	70 mm, horizontal	1. 31	2. 692" x 2. 056"	spherical, projected elliptically on a dome screen, 20 degrees below and 110 degrees above perfectly centered viewers
8/70 (Dynavision, Iwerks 870)[43]	Dynavision	1973?		65 mm	1. 37	2. 031" x 1. 484"	8 perf, 2 sides, 24 or 30 fps	spherical	70 mm	1. 34	1. 913" x 1. 431"	spherical
Showscan	Douglas Trumbull	1978	Night of Dreams	65 mm	2. Showscan is a cinema process developed by Douglas Trumbull. Like some other spectacular wide-screen processes it utilizes 70 mm film but Showscan films and projects at a frame Douglas Trumbull (born April 8, 1942, Los Angeles) is an American Film director and Special effects supervisor 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, at 60 fps	spherical	70 mm, at 60 fps	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Polavision	Polaroid Corporation	1978	unknown (amateur format)	8 mm	1. Polavision was an instant Movie camera system launched by Polaroid in 1977. Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H Land. It is most famous for its Instant film Cameras which reached the market in 1948 and 48	0. 245" x 0. 166"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	8 mm	1. 36	0. 215" x 0. 158"	spherical
Omnivision Cinema 180	Omni Films	1979	Crazy Wheels	65 mm	2. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, 30 fps	fisheye	70 mm	180°, on a dome	1. 912" x 0. 87"	fisheye
Super 35[44]	Joe Dunton	1982	Dance Craze	35 mm	1. Super 35 (originally known as Superscope 235) is a Motion picture Film format that uses exactly the same film stock as standard 35 mm film, but Dance Craze is a 1981 American Documentary film about the English 2 Tone Music genre. 33	0. 980" x 0. 735"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	no standard	no standard	no standard
Circle Vision 200	Disney	1982	Impressions de France	35 mm x 5 cameras	1. Impressions de France ( Impressions of France) is a movie about France, the featured attraction in the France Pavilion of Epcot's World Showcase at Walt Disney 37 x 5 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 5 projectors	6. 85, on a 200° screen	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
Swissorama 360/Imagine 360	Ernst A. Heiniger	1984	Impressions of Switzerland	65 mm	360°	1. 91" (outer edge), 1. 20" (inner edge)	10 perf, 2 sides	360° x 35° extreme fisheye	70 mm	360°		360° x 35° extreme fisheye
3-perf[45]	Rune Ericson	1987	Pirates of the Lake	35 mm	1. Negative pulldown is a characteristic of motion picture film formats 79	0. 980" x 0. 546"	3 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm	no standard	no standard	no standard
Super VistaVision	Paramount	1989	The Ten Commandments (re-release)	35 mm	1. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian 51	1. 495" x 0. 991"	8 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	70 mm	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Kinoton HDFS	Kinoton	1990		no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	no standard	35 mm	2. Kinoton HDFS (High Definition Film System was a prototype 35 mm motion picture film format proposed by German projector company Kinoton and developed with the film camera company 00	0. 931" x 0. 698"	1. 5x anamorphic
IMAX Magic Carpet	IMAX Corporation	1990	Flowers in the Sky	70 mm x 2 cameras	1. IMAX Magic Carpet is a large format film system using two IMAX 15/70 mm film format projectors IMAX Corporation () is the company that designs and manufactures IMAX cameras and projectors as well as handling film production and distribution to the various IMAX 34	2. 772" x 2. 072"	15 perf, 2 sides, horizontally	spherical	70 mm, horizontal x 2 projectors	1. 31 x 2 screens (one in front, one below)	2. 692" x 2. 056"	spherical
Iwerksphere[46]	Iwerks	1991		65 mm	1. Iwerks Entertainment was founded in 1985 by Stan Kinsey and Don Iwerks, two former Disney Executives and became well known through 1996 as a leading 37	2. 031" x 1. 484"	8 perf, 2 sides, 24 or 30 fps	fisheye	70 mm	1. 34	1. 913" x 1. 431"	fisheye
IMAX HD[47]	IMAX Corporation	1992	Asteroid Adventure	70 mm	1. IMAX Corporation () is the company that designs and manufactures IMAX cameras and projectors as well as handling film production and distribution to the various IMAX 34	2. 772" x 2. 072"	15 perf, 2 sides, horizontally, 48 fps	spherical	70 mm, horizontal	1. 31	2. 692" x 2. 056"	spherical
Hexiplex [48]	(Australian)	1992	Expo '92 demo	35 mm x 6 cameras	1. 37 x 6 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm x 6 projectors	360°, with rotating screens and projectors	0. 825" x 0. 602"	spherical
Ultra Toruscope[49]	Mac McCarney	1992		35 mm x 3 cameras	1. 37 x 3 negatives	0. 866" x 0. 630"	4 perf, 2 sides, at 30 fps	spherical	70 mm x 3 projectors, at 30 fps	360°	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Imagination FX 7012[50]	Geo-Odyssey	1992?		35 mm	2. 08	2. 040" x 0. 980"	12 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	70 mm	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Univisium[51]	Vittorio Storaro	1998	Tango	35 mm	2. Univisium ( Latin: "unity of images" is a proposed universal film format created by cinematographer Vittorio Storaro, ASC, AIC and his son Fabrizio Vittorio Storaro, ASC AIC (born 24 June, 1940 in Rome) is a three-time Academy Award winning Italian Cinematographer Tango ( Spanish: Tango no me dejes nunca) ( 1998) is an Academy Award - and Golden Globe -nominated for Best Foreign 00	0. 945" x 0. 472"	3 perf, 2 sides at 25 fps	spherical	35 mm	2. 00		spherical
Maxivision[52]	Dean Goodhill	1999		35 mm	1. Maxivision 24 and Maxivision 48 are 35 mm motion picture film formats created by Dean Goodhill in 1999 79	0. 980" x 0. 546"	3 perf, 2 sides	spherical	35 mm, 3 perf	1. 85		spherical
Maxivision 48[53]	Dean Goodhill	1999		35 mm	1. Maxivision 24 and Maxivision 48 are 35 mm motion picture film formats created by Dean Goodhill in 1999 79	0. 980" x 0. 546"	3 perf, 2 sides, 48 fps	spherical	35 mm, 3 perf, 48 fps	1. 85		spherical
Super Dimension 70[54]	Robert Weisgerber	1999		65 mm	2. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, at 48 fps	spherical	70 mm, at 48 fps	2. 21	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Super Duper 8/Max 8/Super 8B[55]	Mitch Perkins	2002	Sleep Always	8 mm	1. 51	0. 250" x 0. 166"	1 perf, 1 side	spherical	8 mm	no standard	no standard	spherical
FuturVision 360[56]				65 mm	1. 52	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, 30 fps	1. 5x vertical anamorphic	70 mm	1. 47	1. 912" x 0. 87"	1. 5x vertical anamorphic
Mini-Max	Vistascope			35 mm	2. 66		2 perf, 2 sides, 30 fps	spherical	35 mm	2. 66		spherical
MotionMaster[57]	Omni Films			65 mm	2. 28	2. 066" x 0. 906"	5 perfs, 2 sides, 30 fps	spherical	70 mm	2. 21, on a curved screen	1. 912" x 0. 87"	spherical
Row-film[58]	R. Thun			35 mm		20 rows of images wide		spherical				spherical
Septorama[59]				? mm x 7 cameras	1. 33 x 7 negatives			spherical	? mm x 7 projectors	hemispherical view		spherical
Single Cinerama[60]	Fred Waller			35 mm		curved gate	16 perf, 2 sides, horizontal	spherical	35 mm, horizontal	curved screen		spherical
Soviet 10[61]				65 mm			10 perf, 2 sides	2x anamorphic	70 mm	2. 09	1. 890" x 1. 811"	2x anamorphic
Vario-35[62]				35 mm				spherical	35 mm	variable framing run through control signal	0. 835" x 0. 713" (full); 0. 835" x 0. 453" (1. 84); 0. 709" x 0. 524" (1. 35); 0. 614" x 0. 614" (1. 00); 0. 535" x 0. 713" (0. 75)	spherical
Vario-35A[63]				35 mm					35 mm	variable framing run through control signal	0. 835" x 0. 713"	variable anamorphic (2x for 2. 35; 1. 57x for 1. 85; 1. 17x for 1. 37; 0. 85x for 1. 00; 0. 64x for 0. 75; 0. 5x for 0. 59)
Vario-70[64]				65 mm			10 perfs, 2 sides	spherical	70 mm	variable framing run through control signal	1. 890" x 1. 811" (full); 1. 890" x 0. 803" (2. 35); 1. 673" x 0. 906" (1. 85); 1. 441" x 1. 051" (1. 37); 1. 232" x 1. 232" (1. 00); 1. 063" x 1. 429" (0. 74); 0. 945" x 1. 604" (0. 59); 0. 839" x 1. 811" (0. 46)	spherical
Format	Creator	Year Created	First known work	Negative gauge	Negative aspect ratio[1]	Gate dimensions	Negative pulldown	Negative lenses	Projection gauge	Projection aspect ratio[1]	Projection dimensions	Projection lenses

Notes

References

• Hart, Martin. American Widescreen Museum, 1996-2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
• Herbert, Stephen and Luke McKernan, eds. Who's Who of Victorian Cinema, 1996-2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
• Hummel, Rob (editor). American Cinematographer Manual, 8th edition. Hollywood: ASC Press, 2001.
• Naimark, Michael. Expo '92 Seville, Presence, Vol. 1, No. 3. MIT Press, Summer 1992. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
• Nystrom, J. E. History of sub-35mm Film Formats and Cameras, 1998-2001. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.
• Sherlock, Daniel J. "Wide Screen Movies" Corrections, 1994-2004. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.

Additional reading

See also

• List of anamorphic format trade names

There have been a great number of anamorphic format trade names, for reasons of prestige technology or vanity

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