The discovery of the elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined. There are no written records for the discoveries of the first few elements that were known in antiquity.
| Z | Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
|---|
| 33 | Arsenic | 1250[12][13] | Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 | In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing elemental arsenic. Johann Schröder ( 1600 - 1664) was a German physician and pharmacologist who was the first person to recognise that Arsenic was an element |
| 51 | Antimony | ca. Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and 1450[12][13] | First described by Prior Basilius Valentinus | First description of a procedure for isolating elemental antimony in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. Vannoccio Biringuccio, sometimes spelt Vannocio Biringuccio, (1480–c |
| 83 | Bismuth | ca. Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 1450?[12] | May have been described in writings attributed to Basilius Valentinus | Definitively identified by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753[13] |
| 30 | Zinc | 1526[12][13] | Identified as a unique metal by Paracelsus | Extracted as a metal since antiquity (in India even before 100BC), but the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times. Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. Claude François Geoffroy (1729–1753 was a French Chemist. He discovered the Chemical element Bismuth in 1753 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, |
| 15 | Phosphorus | 1669[12][13] | Hennig Brand, later described by Robert Boyle | First element to be chemically discovered (prepared from urine). Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Hennig Brand(t (c 1630 – c 1710) was a merchant and amateur alchemist in Hamburg Germany who discovered Phosphorus around 1669 Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry |
| Z | Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
|---|
| 27 | Cobalt | 1732[12][13] | Georg Brandt | Proved that the blue color of class is due to a new element and not bismuth as thought previously. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Georg Brandt ( July 21 1694 &ndash April 29 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered Cobalt (c |
| 78 | Platinum | ca. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 1741[12][13] | Discovered independently by Antonio de Ulloa (published 1748) and Charles Wood. Antonio de Ulloa ( January 12, 1716 &ndash July 3, 1795) was a Spanish general explorer author Astronomer, colonial Sir Charles Wood was a British Chemist who is credited with the independent discovery of Platinum circa 1741 | Noticed in South American gold ore since the 16th century. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a |
| 28 | Nickel | 1751[12][13] | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt | By attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as "fake copper" (now known as niccolite). Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722 – 1765 was a Swedish Chemist who discovered Nickel in 1751 he was a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines Nickeline or niccolite is a Mineral consisting of Nickel Arsenide, NiAs containing 43 |
| 12 | Magnesium | 1755[12][13] | Joseph Black | Isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Humphry Davy from magnesia. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Joseph Black ( April 16, 1728 &ndash December 6, 1799) was a Scottish Physicist and Chemist, known for his Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Magnesia (Μαγνησία Magnisía, maɣniˈsia deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is the name of the southeastern area of Thessaly |
| 1 | Hydrogen | 1766[12][13] | Isolated and described by Henry Cavendish, named by Antoine Lavoisier | H2 had been isolated originally by Paracelsus around 1500 by reacting strong acids with metals, but did not recognise it as a new element. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Henry Cavendish, FRS (10 October 1731 - 24 February 1810 was a British Scientist noted for his discovery of Hydrogen or what he called "inflammable Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, [14] |
| 8 | Oxygen | 1772[15] | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Obtained from by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Mercury(II oxide, also called mercuric oxide, has a formula of Hg[[oxygen O]] and a formula weight of 216 In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms Joseph Priestley also prepared oxygen by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognised it as a true element and named it in 1777. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old |
| 7 | Nitrogen | 1772[12][13] | Daniel Rutherford | Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element about the same time, but Lavoisier named it. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Daniel Rutherford ( 3 November 1749 &ndash 15 November 1819) was a Scottish Chemist and Physician who was most Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Henry Cavendish, FRS (10 October 1731 - 24 February 1810 was a British Scientist noted for his discovery of Hydrogen or what he called "inflammable Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old |
| 17 | Chlorine | 1774[12][13] | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Obtained from hydrochloric acid, but only recognised as an element in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor |
| 25 | Manganese | 1774[12][13] | Johan Gottlieb Gahn | Obtained by reduction of manganese dioxide with carbon and recognised by Carl Wilhelm Scheele as an element. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745 &ndash 1818 was a Swedish Chemist who discovered Manganese in 1774 Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, |
| 42 | Molybdenum | 1778[12][13] | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Recognised as a constituent of molybdena, and isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Molybdenite is a mineral of Molybdenum disulfide, Mo[[sulfur S]]2 Peter Jacob Hjelm was a Swedisch chemist and the first person to isolate Molybdenum in 1781 four years after its discovery |
| 52 | Tellurium | 1782[12][13] | Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein | Observed as an impurity in gold ores. Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Franz-Joseph Müller Freiherr von Reichenstein or Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Müller F |
| 74 | Tungsten | 1783[12][13] | Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar | By reducing tungstic acid obtained from wolframite |
| 92 | Uranium | 1789[12][13] | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Mistakenly identified an uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Juan José Elhuyar Lubize ( June 15, 1754 &ndash September 20, 1796) was a Spanish Basque Chemist and Mineralogist Fausto de Elhuyar ( October 11, 1755 - February 6, 1833) was a Spanish Basque Chemist, and the Joint discoverer Tungstic acid refers to hydrated forms of Tungsten trioxide, WO3 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German Chemist. Uranium oxide is an Oxide of the element Uranium. The metal uranium forms several oxides Uranium dioxide or uranium(IV oxide (UO2 [16] and named it after the recenty discovered planet Uranus. Eventually isolated in 1841 by Eugène-Melchior Péligot. Eugène-Melchior Péligot (born in Paris 1811 died in Paris 1890 [17] |
| 40 | Zirconium | 1789[18] | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Identified the a new element in zircon. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German Chemist. Zircon is a Mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is Zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is Isolated in impue form in 1824 by Berzelius. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist |
| 22 | Titanium | 1791[19] | William Gregor | Found an oxide of a new metain ilmenite. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 William Gregor ( 25 December 1761 &ndash 11 June 1817) was the British Clergyman and Mineralogist who discovered Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide Mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German Chemist. Rutile is a Mineral composed primarily of Titanium dioxide, Ti[[oxygen O]]2 Pure metallic form was obtained only in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter. [20] |
| 38 | Strontium | 1793[12][13] | Martin Heinrich Klaproth |
| 39 | Yttrium | 1794[12][13] | Johan Gadolin |
| 24 | Chromium | 1797[12][13] | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | Discovered in crocoite. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German Chemist. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Louis Nicolas Vauquelin ( May 16, 1763 - November 14, 1829) was a French Pharmacist and Chemist. Crocoite is a mineral consisting of Lead Chromate, PbCrO4 and crystallizing in the Monoclinic system |
| Z | Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
|---|
| 23 | Vanadium | 1801[12][13] | Andrés Manuel del Río | Originally called panchromium, and later erythronium, by its discoverer, but the discovery was not recognized at the time. Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández ( Madrid, November 10, 1764 &mdash Mexico City, March 23, 1849) was a Spanish It was called vanadium by Nils Gabriel Sefström, who rediscovered it 29 years later. |
| 41 | Niobium | 1801[12][13] | Charles Hatchett | Named columbium by discoverer. Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 Charles Hatchett ( 2 January 1765 - 10 March 1847) was an English chemist who discovered the element Niobium. |
| 73 | Tantalum | 1802[12][13] | Anders Gustaf Ekeberg |
| 58 | Cerium | 1803[12][13] | Martin Heinrich Klaproth; Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger | Named after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres. Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ( Stockholm, Sweden, January 16, 1767 &ndash Uppsala, Sweden, February 11, 1813 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German Chemist. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Wilhelm Hisinger (1766-1852 was a Swedish Chemist who in 1807 working in coordination with Jöns Jakob Berzelius, noted that in Electrolysis Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but Ceres (ˈsɪəriːz Discovered nearly simultaneously in two laboratories, though it was later shown that Berzelius and Hisinger's cerium was actually a mixture of cerium, lanthanum and so-called didymium. Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. |
| 45 | Rhodium | 1803[12][13] | William Hyde Wollaston |
| 46 | Palladium | 1803[12][13] | William Hyde Wollaston | Named after the newly discovered asteroid, Pallas. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 2 Pallas (ˈpæləs, or as Παλλάς) is one of the largest |
| 76 | Osmium | 1803[12][13] | Smithson Tennant |
| 77 | Iridium | 1803[12][13] | Smithson Tennant |
| 19 | Potassium | 1807[12][13] | Humphry Davy | Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Smithson Tennant ( November 30, 1761 - February 22, 1815) was an English Chemist. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Smithson Tennant ( November 30, 1761 - February 22, 1815) was an English Chemist. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor A voltaic pile is a set of individual Voltaic cells placed in series |
| 11 | Sodium | 1807[12][13] | Humphry Davy | Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals; discovered a few days after potassium, using the same method. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor A voltaic pile is a set of individual Voltaic cells placed in series |
| 20 | Calcium | 1808[12][13] | Humphry Davy | Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor A voltaic pile is a set of individual Voltaic cells placed in series |
| 56 | Barium | 1808[12][13] | Humphry Davy | Discovered using electricity from the Voltaic pile to decompose the salts of alkali metals. Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor A voltaic pile is a set of individual Voltaic cells placed in series |
| 5 | Boron | 1808[12][13] | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac & Louis Jacques Thénard |
| 53 | Iodine | 1811[12][13] | Bernard Courtois |
| 3 | Lithium | 1817[12][13] | Johan August Arfwedson |
| 48 | Cadmium | 1817[12][13] | Friedrich Stromeyer Independently discovered by K.S.L Hermann |
| 34 | Selenium | 1817[12][13] | Jöns Jakob Berzelius |
| 32 | Silicon | 1823[12][13] | Jöns Jakob Berzelius |
| 13 | Aluminium | 1825[12][13] | Hans Christian Ørsted |
| 35 | Bromine | 1826[12][13] | Antoine Jérôme Balard |
| 90 | Thorium | 1828[12][13] | Jöns Jakob Berzelius |
| 4 | Beryllium | 1828[12][13] | Friedrich Wöhler. Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac, December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard ( May 4, 1777 in the village of La Louptière, Aube - June 21, 1857 in Paris) was a Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, ( 12 February 1777 &ndash 27 September 1838) was a French Chemist Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Johan August Arfvedson ( January 12, 1792 &ndash October 28, 1841) was a Swedish chemist who discovered the chemical element Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Friedrich Stromeyer (1776 - 1835 was a German Chemist. Stromeyer received his degree from the University of Gottingen in 1800 Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann (died 1846 was a German Chemist who independently discovered Cadmium in 1817 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist WikipediaNaming Antoine Jérôme Balard (30 September 1802 - 30 April 1876 was a French Chemist and the discoverer of Bromine. Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several Independently discovered by Antoine Bussy | Discovered as an oxide in beryl and emerald by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in 1798, but not isolated until 1828. Antoine Alexandre Brutus Bussy ( May 29, 1794, Marseille - February 1, 1882, Paris) was a French Chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin ( May 16, 1763 - November 14, 1829) was a French Pharmacist and Chemist. |
| 57 | Lanthanum | 1839-41[12][13] | Carl Gustaf Mosander | Discovered when Mosander showed that the cerium isolated in 1803 by Berzelius was actually a mixture of cerium, lanthanum and so-called didymium. Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a |
| 65 | Terbium | 1843[12][13] | Carl Gustaf Mosander |
| 68 | Erbium | 1843[12][13] | Carl Gustaf Mosander |
| 44 | Ruthenium | 1844[12][13] | Karl Ernst Claus |
| 55 | Caesium | 1860[12][13] | Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff | First identified by its blue spectroscopic emission line. Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Karl Ernst Claus ( Dorpat, Russian Empire, Tartu [[Estonia] ] 22 January 1796 &ndash 24 March 1864 was a Russian Chemist and Naturalist Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range compared |
| 37 | Rubidium | 1860[12][13] | Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff | First identified by its red spectroscopic emission line. Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental |
| 81 | Thallium | 1861[12][13] | Sir William Crookes | First identified by its bright green spectroscopic emission line. Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919 was an English Chemist and Physicist. |
| 49 | Indium | 1863[12][13] | Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter | First identified by its indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Ferdinand Reich ( 19 February, 1799 &ndash 27 April, 1882) was a German Chemist who co-discovered Indium in 1863 with Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1824 - 1898 was a German chemist who co-discovered Indium in 1863 with Ferdinand Reich. |
| 2 | Helium | 1868[12][13] | Independently by Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer | First identified by astronomers as an emission line in the spectrum of the sun. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Pierre Jules César Janssen ( February 22, 1824 &ndash December 23, 1907) was a French astronomer who along with the English Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, FRS ( May 17, 1836 &ndash August 16, 1920) was an English scientist and astronomer |
| | 1869 | Mendeleev arranges the 66 of the known elements then into the first modern periodic table |
| 31 | Gallium | 1875[12][13] | Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran | Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekaaluminium. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and |
| 70 | Ytterbium | 1878[12][13] | Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac |
| 69 | Thulium | 1879[12][13] | Per Teodor Cleve |
| 21 | Scandium | 1879[12][13] | Lars Fredrik Nilson | Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekaboron. Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( April 24, 1817 &ndash April 15, 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Per Teodor Cleve ( Stockholm February 10, 1840 &ndash Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish Chemist Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 Lars Fredrik Nilson ( May 14, 1840 &ndash May 27, 1899) was a Swedish Chemist who discovered Scandium in 1879 Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and |
| 67 | Holmium | 1879[12][13] | Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret and Per Teodor Cleve |
| 62 | Samarium | 1879[12][13] | Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
| 64 | Gadolinium | 1880[12][13] | Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac |
| 59 | Praseodymium | 1885[12][13] | Carl Auer von Welsbach | The didymium isolated by Mosander in 1839 was shown to be two separate elements; praseodymium and neodymium. Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Marc Delafontaine was a Swiss Chemist who in 1878 along with Jacques-Louis Soret, first observed Holmium spectroscopically Jacques-Louis Soret ( June 30, 1827 &ndash May 13, 1890) was a Swiss Chemist who in 1878 along with Marc Delafontaine Per Teodor Cleve ( Stockholm February 10, 1840 &ndash Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish Chemist Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( April 24, 1817 &ndash April 15, 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who |
| 60 | Neodymium | 1885[12][13] | Carl Auer von Welsbach | The didymium isolated by Mosander in 1839 was shown to be two separate elements, praseodymium and neodymium. Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who |
| 66 | Dysprosium | 1886[12][13] | Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
| 32 | Germanium | 1886[12][13] | Clemens Winkler | Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon. Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Clemens Alexander Winkler ( December 26, 1838 - October 8, 1904) was a German chemist who discovered the element Germanium in Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and |
| 9 | Fluorine | 1886[12][13] | Henri Moissan |
| 18 | Argon | 1894[12][13] | Lord Rayleigh & Sir William Ramsay | Discovered by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan ( September 28, 1852 &ndash February 20, 1907) was a French Chemist who won the This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (12 November 1842 &ndash 30 June 1919 was an English Physicist who with William Ramsay, discovered Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 &ndash 23 July 1916 was a Scottish chemist who discovered the Noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in |
| 10 | Neon | 1898[12][13] | Sir William Ramsay | Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 &ndash 23 July 1916 was a Scottish chemist who discovered the Noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in |
| 36 | Krypton | 1898[12][13] | Sir William Ramsay | Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 &ndash 23 July 1916 was a Scottish chemist who discovered the Noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in |
| 54 | Xenon | 1898[12][13] | Sir William Ramsay | Separated from liquid argon by difference in boiling point. Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 &ndash 23 July 1916 was a Scottish chemist who discovered the Noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in |
| 88 | Radium | 1898[12][13] | Pierre Curie and Marie Curie |
| 84 | Polonium | 1898[12][13] | Pierre Curie and Marie Curie |
| 86 | Radon | 1898[12][13][21] | Friedrich Ernst Dorn, who called it niton | Discovered as a product of the radioactive decay of radium. Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 &ndash 19 April 1906 was a French physicist, a pioneer in Crystallography, Magnetism, Piezoelectricity Polonium (pəˈloʊniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Po and Atomic number 84 discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 &ndash 19 April 1906 was a French physicist, a pioneer in Crystallography, Magnetism, Piezoelectricity Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 Friedrich Ernst Dorn ( 27 July 1848 &ndash 16 December 1916) was a German Physicist who was the first to discover that |
| 89 | Actinium | 1899[12][13] | André-Louis Debierne |
| Z | Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
|---|
| 63 | Europium | 1901[12][13] | Eugene Demarcay |
| 71 | Lutetium | 1907[12][13] | Georges Urbain |
| 91 | Protactinium | 1917[12][13] | Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner | Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes but identified only in 1917. Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest André-Louis Debierne (Paris July 14, 1874 - August 31, 1949, Paris was a French Chemist and the discoverer of the element Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Eugène-Anatole Demarçay ( January 1, 1852 &ndash December 1904 was a French Chemist. Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Georges Urbain (12 April 1872 – 5 November 1938 in Paris) - French chemist professor of Sorbona. Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 &ndash 28 July 1968 was a German Chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Nuclear fission Lise Meitner (7 or 17 November 1878 &ndash 27 October 1968 was an Austrian born later Swedish physicist who studied Radioactivity and Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919 was an English Chemist and Physicist. [22] |
| 72 | Hafnium | 1923[12][13] | Dirk Coster and György Hevesy |
| 75 | Rhenium | 1925[12][13] | Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke | Last stable element to be discovered. Hafnium (ˈhæfniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Hf and Atomic number 72 Dirk Coster ( October 5, 1889 &ndash February 12, 1950) was a Dutch Physicist. Georg Karl von Hevesy ( August 1, 1885 &ndash July 5, 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate recognised Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Walter Noddack (* 17 August 1893 in Berlin, 7 December 1960 in Berlin) was a German chemist Ida Noddack ( 25 February 1896 - 1978 Née Ida Tacke, was a German Chemist and Physicist. |
| 43 | Technetium | 1937[12][13] | Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè | First synthetic element discovered. Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Emilio Gino Segrè ( February 1, 1905 – April 22, 1989) was an Italian Physicist and Nobel laureate in In chemistry the Chemical elements labeled as synthetic are too unstable to be found naturally on Earth. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekamanganese. Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and |
| 87 | Francium | 1939[12][13] | Marguerite Perey | Last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab. Francium (ˈfrænsiəm formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K, is a Chemical element that has the symbol Fr and Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 &ndash 13 May 1975 was a French Physicist. Note that some of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well. |
| 85 | Astatine | 1940[12][13] | Dale R. Corson, K. Astatine (ˈæstətiːn is a Radioactive Chemical element with the symbol At and Atomic number 85 Dale R Corson (born 1914 was the eighth president of Cornell University. R. Mackenzie, Emilio Segrè | Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule quantitites (<25 grams in earth's crust). Emilio Gino Segrè ( February 1, 1905 – April 22, 1989) was an Italian Physicist and Nobel laureate in |
| 93 | Neptunium | 1940[12][13] | E.M. McMillan & Philip H. Abelson, University of California, Berkeley | First transuranium element discovered. Neptunium (nɛpˈtjuːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Np and Atomic number 93 Edwin Mattison McMillan ( September 18, 1907 &ndash September 7, 1991) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being Philip Hauge Abelson ( April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American Physicist, editor of scientific literature and The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley In Chemistry, transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the Chemical elements with Atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic |
| 94 | Plutonium | 1941[12][13] | Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Emilio Segrè |
| 95 | Americium | 1944[12][13] | Glenn T. Seaborg |
| 96 | Curium | 1944[12][13] | Glenn T. Seaborg |
| 61 | Promethium | 1945[12][13] | Jacob A. Marinsky |
| 97 | Berkelium | 1949[12][13] | Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Joseph William Kennedy ( May 30, 1916 &ndash May 5, 1957) was an American Scientist credited with being a co-discoverer Emilio Gino Segrè ( February 1, 1905 – April 22, 1989) was an Italian Physicist and Nobel laureate in Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Jacob A Marinsky (1918 &ndash September 1, 2005) was a Chemist and Writer who was the co-discoverer of the element Promethium in Bk redirects here For other uses of the abbreviation see BK (disambiguation. Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. |
| 98 | Californium | 1950[12][13] | Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98 Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. |
| 99 | Einsteinium | 1952[12][13] | Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California |
| 100 | Fermium | 1953[12][13] | Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California |
| 101 | Mendelevium | 1955[12][13] | Glenn T. Seaborg, Evans G. Einsteinium (aɪnˈstaɪniəm is a Metallic Synthetic element. Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States Department of Energy 's oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Fermium (ˈfɝmiəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Fm and Atomic number 100 Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States Department of Energy 's oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Valens |
| 102 | Nobelium | 1958[12][13] | Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. Nobelium (noʊˈbɛliəm or /noʊˈbiːliəm/ is a Synthetic element with the symbol No and Atomic number 102 Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Walton and Torbørn Sikkeland |
| 103 | Lawrencium | 1961[12][13] | Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert M. Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Latimer |
| 104 | Rutherfordium | 1964[12][13] | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR |
| 105 | Dubnium | 1967[12][13] | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR. Rutherfordium (ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rf and Atomic number 104 The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований ОИЯИ in Dubna, Moscow Oblast Dubna (Дубна́ is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Being under immediate jurisdiction of Moscow Oblast it is situated on the territory of Taldomsky The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Dubnium (ˈduːbniəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Db and Atomic number 105 The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований ОИЯИ in Dubna, Moscow Oblast Dubna (Дубна́ is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Being under immediate jurisdiction of Moscow Oblast it is situated on the territory of Taldomsky The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Later confirmed by Albert Ghiorso |
| 106 | Seaborgium | 1974[12][13] | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and University of California, Berkeley |
| 107 | Bohrium | 1976[12][13] | Y. Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Seaborgium (siːˈbɔrgiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Sg and Atomic number 106 Image of Seaborgium The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований ОИЯИ in Dubna, Moscow Oblast The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Bohrium (ˈbɔəriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Bh and Atomic number 107 Oganessian et al, Dubna and confirmed at GSI (1982) |
| 109 | Meitnerium | 1982[12][13] | Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg, GSI |
| 108 | Hassium | 1984[12][13] | Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg |
| 110 | Darmstadtium | 1994[12][13] | S. Dubna (Дубна́ is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Being under immediate jurisdiction of Moscow Oblast it is situated on the territory of Taldomsky The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH ( GSI, Association for Heavy Ion Research in the Wixhausen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany is a federally Meitnerium (maɪtˈnɜriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Mt and Atomic number 109 Peter Armbruster (born July 25 1931 in Dachau, Bavaria is a Physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI facility in Darmstadt Germany Gottfried Münzenberg (born March 17 1940 in Nordhausen, Germany is a German physicist The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH ( GSI, Association for Heavy Ion Research in the Wixhausen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany is a federally Hassium (ˈhæsiəm or /ˈhɑːsiəm/ is a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Hs and Atomic number 108 Peter Armbruster (born July 25 1931 in Dachau, Bavaria is a Physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI facility in Darmstadt Germany Gottfried Münzenberg (born March 17 1940 in Nordhausen, Germany is a German physicist Darmstadtium (dɑrmˈʃtætiəm formerly known as Ununnilium is a Chemical element with the symbol Ds and Atomic number 110 Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI |
| 111 | Roentgenium | 1994[12][13] | S. The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH ( GSI, Association for Heavy Ion Research in the Wixhausen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany is a federally Roentgenium (rɛntˈgɛniəm /rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/ is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rg and Atomic number Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI |
| 112 | Ununbium | 1996[12][13] | S. The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH ( GSI, Association for Heavy Ion Research in the Wixhausen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany is a federally Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI |
| 114 | Ununquadium | 1999 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna[23] |
| 116 | Ununhexium | 2000 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna[24] |
