Communication is the process of generation, transmission, or reception of messages to oneself or another entity, usually via a mutually understood set of signs. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way An entity is something that has a distinct separate Existence, though it need not be a material existence
The following list of topics is provided as an overview of and introduction to communication:
Essence of communication
- Main article: Communication
Branches of communication
Fields of communication
Theories, schools, and approaches
History of communication
- Main article: History of communication
Basic communication concepts
Forms of communication
Basic modes and types of communication
Communication industries and media vocations
General communication terms
Communication scholars
See also
External links
Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way There is much discussion in the academic world of Communication as to what actually constitutes communication Development Communication, simply defined is the use of Communication to promote Development. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. Communication studies is an Academic field that deals with processes of communication commonly defined as the sharing of Symbols over distances in space and time In Linguistics and Cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation learning and usage Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction Discourse analysis (DA or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written spoken or signed language use Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways though most involve participants who are interdependent on one another have a shared history Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through Mass media to large segments Organizational communication, broadly speaking is people working together to achieve individual or collective goals "Political Communication" redirects here For the academic journal see Political Communication (journal. Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used There is much discussion in the academic world of Communication as to what actually constitutes communication The Agenda-setting theory is the theory that the mass - News media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and Content analysis (sometimes called textual analysis) is a Methodology in the Social sciences for studying the Content of Communication Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Social informatics is the study of information and communication tools in Cultural, or Institutional contexts (Kling Rosenbaum & Sawyer 2005 Cultivation theory, developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross, derived from several large-scale projects "concerned with the effects of television programming Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines Political economy, Communication, Sociology, Social theory, Literary theory Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback According to Rogers(2003 "Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social System Dramatism, introduced by rhetorician Kenneth Burke, made its way into the field of communication in the early 1950's as a method for understanding the social uses of language The elaboration likelihood model (ELM of Persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo 1986 is a model of how attitudes are formed and changed (see also Attitude change) What is ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is a sociological discipline which studies the ways in which people make sense of their world display this understanding Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts The hypodermic needle model is a model of communications also referred to as the Magic bullet perspective or the transmission-belt model Hyperpersonal Model is an interpersonal communication theory that suggests that computer mediated communication can become hyperpersonal because it affords message senders a host of communicative Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. The knowledge-gap hypothesis theory suggests that each new medium increases the gap between the Information rich and Information poor, because of differences Media ecology is an Interdisciplinary field of Media theory involving the study of media environments The Narrative Paradigm is a theory proposed by Walter Fisher that all meaningful Communication is a form of storytelling or to give a report of events (see Narrative Network analysis can refer to Analysis of general networks see Network theory. Nonviolent Communication (NVC is a process developed by Marshall Rosenberg and others which people use to communicate with greater Compassion and clarity Opinion leadership is a concept that arose out of the theory of Two-step flow of communication propounded by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Relational dialectics is a concept within Communication theory. For the article on social learning theory in psychology and education see Social cognitive theory. Social constructionism and social constructivism are sociological and psychological theories of Knowledge that consider how social phenomena develop in The Social Identification Mode of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE is an interpersonal communication theory that proposes that despite offering fewer interpersonal cues computer mediated communication Social Information Processing (SIP theory is an interpersonal communication theory that suggests that online interpersonal relationship development might require more time to develop than traditional Social penetration theory was formulated by the Psychology professors Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor as their attempt to describe the dynamics of relational closeness The spiral of silence is a Political science and Mass communication theory propounded by the German Political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM is an Information systems theory that models how users come to accept and use a technology In Psychology, cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling or stress caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously In Psychology, the theory of planned behavior is a theory about the link between attitudes and Behavior. The theory of reasoned action (TRA developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen (1975 1980 derived from previous research that started out as the theory of attitude which led to the The third-person effect Hypothesis states that a person exposed to a persuasive communication in the Mass media sees it as having a greater effect on others than on The two-step flow model was propounded by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz. Uses and gratifications, is not a single approach but a body of approaches developed out of empirical studies beginning in the mid 20th century Uncertainty Reduction Theory was introduced in 1975 in a paper entitled Some Exploration in Initial Interaction and Beyond Toward a Developmental Theory of Interpersonal Communication The history of communication dates back to the earliest signs of Life. Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also A Heliograph (from the Greek Helios ( Ἥλιος meaning "sun" and graphein (γραφειν = write is a wireless Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The history of the Book is the story of a suite of technological Innovations that improved the quality of text conservation the access to Information The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of Computer science that emerged in the twentieth century The history of Computing is longer than the History of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of Computing. The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. Prior to the widespread internetworking that led to the Internet most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network and See also History of grammar Linguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of Language. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" The pre-history and early history of radio is the history of Technology that produced radio instruments that use Radio waves Within the Timeline of The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information The Television Technology can be divided along two lines those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic Principles and The history of writing encompasses the various Writing systems that evolved in the Early Bronze Age (late 4th millennium BC) An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea The origin of language ( glottogony) is a topic that has attracted considerable speculation throughout human history Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading A pictogram ( also spelled pictogramme) or pictograph is a Symbol representing a Concept, object, activity place or event A proto-language is a Language which was the common ancestor of related languages that form a Language family. A semaphore telegraph, optical telegraph, shutter telegraph chain, Chappe telegraph, or Napoleonic semaphore is a system The smoke signal is one of the oldest forms of communication in recorded history An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Autocommunication is a term used in Communication studies, Semiotics and other Cultural studies to describe communication from and to oneself Empathy is the capacity to recognize or understand another's state of mind or Emotion. Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC is defined as any communicative transaction which occurs through the use of two or more networked computers Intrapersonal communication is language use or Thought internal to the communicator Cross-cultural communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways though most involve participants who are interdependent on one another have a shared history Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through Mass media to large segments Nonverbal communication (NVC is usually understood as the process of Communication through sending and receiving Wordless messages Organizational communication, broadly speaking is people working together to achieve individual or collective goals Persuasion is a form of Social influence. It is the process of guiding people toward the adoption of an idea attitude or action by rational and symbolic (though not always Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured deliberate manner intended to inform influence or entertain the listeners Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of Sounds used in Spoken language. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Information and Communications Technology - or technologies ( ICT) is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and communication of Information A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computer art is any Art Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC is defined as any communicative transaction which occurs through the use of two or more networked computers A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics Banter redirects here for the Radio 4 panel show see Banter (radio show A conversation is Communication by two or more people or by one's self Graphic arts is a term applied historically to the art of Printmaking and Drawing. The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also Marketing communications (or marcom) are Messages and related media used to communicate with a Market. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" New media art is an Art genre that encompasses artworks created with New media technologies, including Digital art, Computer graphics Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Technical writing, a form of Technical communication, is a style of formal writing used in fields as diverse as Computer Hardware and Software Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting distinguishing separating or artificially injecting the Culture or language of one nation into another Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions The term digital divide refers to the gap between those people with effective access to Digital and Information technology and those without Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a Nation is a Community socially constructed which is to say An information society is a Society in which the creation distribution diffusion use integration and manipulation of Information is a significant economic In his work Late Capitalism Ernest Mandel argues for three periods in the development of Capitalism. The Media Imperialism debate started in the early 1970s when developing countries began to criticise the control developed countries held over the media In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition The public sphere is an area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify societal problems and through that discussion influence political action Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Social capital is a concept in business economics, Organizational behaviour, Political science, Public health, Sociology and natural A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or Beliefs that are against cultural norms. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Universal service is an economic legal and business term used mostly in regulated industries An avatar is a computer user's representation of himself/herself or alter ego whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games a two-dimensional Icon Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Roland Barthes ( November 12, 1915 &ndash March 25, 1980) (ʀɔlɑ̃ baʀt was a French Literary critic, literary Gregory Bateson ( 9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Kenneth Duva Burke ( May 5 1897 – November 19 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Karl Wolfgang Deutsch (1912 – 1992 was a Czech-American social and political scientist. Credited with formalizing Kenneth Burke 's Dramatism, Walter Fisher introduced the Narrative paradigm to communication theory George Gerbner ( August 8 1919 - December 24 2005) was a Professor of Communication and the founder of Cultivation Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Harold Adams Innis (November 5 1894 &ndash November 8 1952 was a Canadian professor of Political economy at the University of Toronto and the author Roman Osipovich Jakobson, (Russian Роман Осипович Якобсон) ( 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian Irving L Janis ( 26 May 1918 - 15 November 1990) was a research Psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus Dr Wendell Johnson ( April 16, 1906 &ndash August 29, 1965) was an American Psychologist, Speech pathologist Walter Lippmann ( September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) was an influential American Writer, Journalist, and Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of George Herbert Mead ( February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American Philosopher, Sociologist and Psychologist For the Australian rugby league footballer coach and administrator see Des Morris Desmond John Morris (born 24 January 1928 The Agenda-setting theory is the theory that the mass - News media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and Father Walter Jackson Ong, PhD ( November 30, 1912 &ndash August 12, 2003) was an American Jesuit Priest, Vance Packard, born May 22, 1914, died, was an American journalist social critic and author Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced purse) (September 10 1839 &ndash April 19 1914 was an American Logician mathematician, philosopher Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Neil Postman ( March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was an American professor media theorist, and cultural critic who is best Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and Ivor Armstrong Richards ( 26 February, 1893 in Sandbach, Cheshire &ndash 7 September, 1979 in Cambridge) was Everett M Rogers ( March 6, 1931 - October 21, 2004) communications scholar pioneer of Diffusion of innovations theory writer Wilbur Schramm (1907-1987 is sometimes called the "father of Communication studies," and had a great influence on the development of communication research in the Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30 1916 – February 24 2001 an American Electronic engineer and Mathematician, is "the father of Information Deborah Frances Tannen (born June 7, 1945) is an American Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University James William Tankard Jr ( June 20, 1941 - August 12, 2005) communication scholar author of The Statistical Pioneers and coauthor Warren Weaver (b July 17 1894 in Reedsburg Wisconsin d November 24 1978 in New Milford Connecticut) was an American
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