An academic discipline, or field of study, is a branch of knowledge which is taught or researched at the college or university level. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular Academic discipline is published A learned society is an Organization that exists to promote an Academic discipline or group of disciplines
Fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous.
Overview
In medieval Europe, there were only four faculties in a university: Theology, Medicine, Canon Law and Liberal Arts (Arts), with the last one having a somewhat lower status[1]. A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Current-day university disciplines have their roots in the mid- to late-19th century secularization of universities, when the traditional curricula were supplemented with non-classical languages and literatures, social sciences such as political science, economics and public administration, and by natural science and technology disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Secularization or secularisation generally refers to the process of transformation by which a Society migrates from close identification with religious institutions In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and
In the early 20th century, new disciplines such as education, sociology, and psychology were added. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as media studies, women's studies, and Black studies. Media studies is a collection of academic programs regarding the content history meaning and effects of various media. In United States education, Africana studies, or Africology is the study of the histories politics and cultures of peoples of African origin both in Africa Many disciplines designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as nursing, hospitality management, and corrections also emerged in the universities. Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Hospitality management is the academic study of the running of Hotels, Restaurants, and Travel and Tourism -related business Corrections in general refers to society's handling of persons after their conviction of a criminal offense Finally, the visibility of such interdisciplinary scientific fields as biochemistry and geophysics increased, as their contribution to knowledge became widely recognized. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic
A "*" denotes a field whose academic status is debated. Note that the area into which some fields should be classified is debated, such as whether anthropology and linguistics are social sciences disciplines or humanities disciplines. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative Note that some people, particularly critical theorists are critical of the division of disciplines, and virtually every division of disciplines, as well as the structure of the concept of disciplines in general, is disputed by some. In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across
A provocative question to ask might be "how many disciplines of study are there?" And an answer to this question could reasonably be that there is no end to the amount of academic disciplines one could have.
In academia today, it is a growing practice to incorporate fields of study that are created by extending the ideas, theories, and methods of more traditional disciplines. Also, new times and revolutionary thinkers can enhance or renew existing disciplines, or even create new disciplines altogether. For example, it can be argued that Freud created a new sub-field of psychology with his new perspective of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior
- See also Branches of history
- See also Branches of philosophy
- See also List of religions
- See also List of languages, Branches of linguistics, Anthropological linguistics
- See also Branches of anthropology
- See also Branches of archaeology
- See also Branches of area studies
- See also Branches of geography
- See also Branches of political science
- See also Branches of psychology, Types of psychotherapy
- See also Branches of sociology
- See also Branches of chemistry
- See also Branches of earth sciences
- See also Branches of life sciences
- See also Branches of physics
- See also Branches of astronomy
- See also Branches of computer science and ACM Computing Classification System
- See also Branches of mathematics and AMS Mathematics Subject Classification
- Curriculum and instruction
| | |
- See also Branches of engineering
- Allied health sciences
- Medical sciences
| | |
- See also Branches of medicine
Personal service and related professions
Notes
- ^ History of Education, Enclopaedia Britannica (1977, 15th edition), Macropaedia Volume 6, p. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Political history is the narrative and analysis of political events ideas movements and leaders Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day The history of science and technology ( HST) is a field of History which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world ( Science Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Intellectual history refers to the History of the people who create discuss write about and in other ways propagate Ideas Although the field emerged from The term cultural history (from the German term) refers both to an Academic discipline and to its subject matter Economic history is the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past World History is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties Philosophy of space and time is the branch of Philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the Ontology, Epistemology, and character of Space Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. This article is about Philosophical logic not Philosophy of logic Philosophical logic is the study of the more specifically philosophical aspects of Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Normative ethics is the branch of philosophical Ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when we think about the question “how ought one act In Philosophy, meta-ethics (sometimes called "analytic ethics" is the branch of Ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties Moral psychology is a field of study in both Philosophy and Psychology. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social Behavior (typically of Humans. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Feminist philosophy refers to Philosophy approached from a Feminist perspective Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A philosophical movement is either the appearance or increased popularity of a specific school of Philosophy, or a fairly broad but identifiable sea-change in philosophical thought African Philosophy is a disputed term used in different ways by different Philosophers. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Asia, including Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Persian Feminist philosophy refers to Philosophy approached from a Feminist perspective The history of Philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic Medieval philosophy is the Philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as Medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from Modern philosophy is Philosophy done in Europe and North America between the 17th and early 20th centuries. See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] Contemporary philosophy is the period in the history of philosophy that began at the end of the nineteenth Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. PAICS is the research group for Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England. The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. Philosophy of religion is a branch of Philosophy that is concerned with the philosophical study of religion including arguments over the nature and existence of God religious Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature origins and usage of Language. The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of Philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions foundations and implications of Mathematics. Philosophy of music is the study of fundamental questions regarding Music. Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. Environmental ethics is the part of Environmental philosophy which considers the ethical relationship between Human beings and the Natural environment Religious studies, or Religious education, is the academic field of multi-disciplinary Secular study of religious beliefs behaviors and institutions Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Jewish studies (or Judaic studies) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Indian religions, also called Dharmic religions, are the related religious traditions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, namely Hinduism, Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century In the study of Comparative religion, the East Asian religions (also known as Far Eastern religions, Chinese religions, or Taoic religions) form Chinese folk religion is a collective label given to various folkloric beliefs that draws heavily from Chinese mythology. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Religion in Africa is multifaceted Most Africans adhere to either Christianity or Islam. Ancient Egyptian religion encompasses the various religious beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Egypt from the predynastic period until the adoption of Christianity For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. A new religious movement or NRM is a term used to refer to a religious faith or an ethical spiritual or philosophical movement of recent origin that is not part Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Atheism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The following is a list of Religions and spiritual traditions, however it excludes modern religions which can be found in List of new religious movements. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Computational linguistics is an Interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of Natural language from a computational Natural language processing ( NLP) is a subfield of Artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics. Discourse analysis (DA or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written spoken or signed language use Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change See also History of grammar Linguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of Language. Interlinguistics is the study of various aspects of international Communication. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Composition Studies (also referred to as "Composition and Rhetoric," "College Composition" "Writing Studies" or simply "Composition" Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Standard English (often shortened to SE within linguistic circles is a term generally applied to a form of the English language that is thought to be normative Business English is English especially related to International trade. According to Tom McArthur (1992 New Englishes is a term for "recently emerging and increasingly autonomous variet of English especially in a non-western setting such as India A modern language is any Human Language that is currently in use This page regroups several lists of human languages sorted by criteria Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. Southern literature (sometimes called the literature of the American South) is defined as American literature about the Southern United States or by writers Australian literature began soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans Common themes include indigenous and settler identity alienation exile and relationship British literature refers to Literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well as to literature The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from Scottish literature is Literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. The term Welsh literature may be used to refer to any Literature originating from Wales or by Welsh writers. Criticism of Canadian literature has focused on nationalistic and regional themes Indian literature is generally acknowledged as one of the oldest in the world For a comparatively small island Ireland has made a disproportionate contribution to World literature in all its branches New Zealand claims as its own many writers even those immigrants born overseas like South African-born Robin Hyde, or those emigrants who went into Exile but Nigeria has produced many prolific writers Many have won accolades for their Writing abilities including Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Ken Saro-Wiwa Medieval literature is a broad subject encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe beyond and during the Middle Ages (encompassing the one thousand Post-colonial literature (or "Postcolonial literature" sometimes called "New English literature(s" is a body of literary writings that reacts to the discourse The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post- World War II literature World literature refers to literature from all over the world including African literature, Arabic literature, American literature, Asian literature "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Comparative literature (sometimes abbreviated "Comp lit" is critical scholarship dealing with the Literature of two or more different Linguistic Chinese literature extends back thousands of years from the earliest recorded dynastic court Archives to the mature fictional Novel that arose during the Ming Dynasty This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Gaelic literature is literature in the native tongue of Ireland Scotland and the Isle of Man German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German language. Hindi literature, is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles being Bhakti (devotional - Kabir Raskhan Shringar (beauty - Keshav See also Israeli literature. Hebrew literature consists of ancient medieval and modern writings in the Hebrew language. Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written Latin American literature rose to particular prominence during the second half of the 20th century largely thanks to the international success of the style known as Magical realism This is a survey of Portuguese literature. The Portuguese language was developed gradually from the Vulgar language (i The Literature of Brazil refers to literature written in the Portuguese language by Brazilians or in Brazil, even if prior to Brazil's independence from Portugal This article is about literature from Russia For the song by Maxïmo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. The term Spanish literature refers to Literature written in the Spanish language, including literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Poetics refers generally to the theory of literary Discourse and specifically to the theory of Poetry, although some speakers use the term so broadly as to denote Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Creative writing is considered to be any writing Fiction or Non-fiction, that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, Journalistic, Creative nonfiction (also known as literary or narrative nonfiction is a genre of Writing which uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Non-fiction is an account or representation of a subject which is presented as Fact. Docufiction (often understood as Docudrama) is a Neologism which refers to a cinematographic work in a Genre mixing Fiction and See also Pre-production Screenplay Screenwriting is the art and craft of writing scripts for Film, Television or Video games A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Art history is the Academic study of objects of Art in their Historical development and stylistic contexts i Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Creative arts is the term used to describe multi-disciplinary forms of creative expression Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Studio art is made of Art and Studio, and the term has several implications depending on the context used The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Applied art refers to the application of Design and Aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Urban design concerns the arrangement appearance and functionality of towns and cities and in particular the shaping and uses of urban Public space. Interior design is a practice concerned with anything that is found inside a space - walls windows doors finishes textures light furnishings and furniture Interior architecture bridges the practices of Interior design and Architecture so that professionals working in the field have a Structural and Load Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape Landscape planning is a branch of Landscape architecture. Urban Park systems and Greenways of the type planned by Frederick Law Olmsted are key Industrial design is an Applied art whereby the Aesthetics and Usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and Product design can be defined as the Idea generation Concept development testing and Manufacturing or implementation of a product Fashion design is the Applied art dedicated to Clothing and lifestyle Accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time Textile design is the process of creating designs for knitted, woven or printed fabrics. Visual communication as the name suggests is Communication through visual aid The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation User interface design or user interface engineering is the design of Computers Appliances machines mobile communication devices, Software The performing arts are those forms of Art which differ from the Plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own Body, Face and presence Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. In Music, accompaniment is the art of playing along with a soloist or ensemble, often known as the Lead, in a Supporting manner Arts administration is a college or university discipline which prepares people for careers as arts administrators and managers of arts and cultural organizations such as Orchestras Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Christian music is music that is written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble Early music is commonly defined as European classical music from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works This article is about the academic field of music history. For a chronological overview of music see History of music. Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music This article is about the concept For the society and academic journal see Society for Ethnomusicology. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut A brass instrument is a Musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular Resonator. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic See also, Choreography (literally "dance-writing" from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance see chorea) and "γραφή" See also, Ethnochoreology is the study of dance through the application of a number of disciplines such as Anthropology, Musicology, Ethnography, etc the history of dance could be as long as the History of Humankind and before Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to Reality, the other Arts individual Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Film review redirects here for the similar sounding Film revue please visit Revue#Film revues. Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to Reality, the other Arts individual Television studies is an academic discipline that deals with critical approaches to Television. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Arts administration is a college or university discipline which prepares people for careers as arts administrators and managers of arts and cultural organizations such as Orchestras Asian Theatre Indian Theatre See also Theatre in India, Sanskrit drama Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism Acting is the work of an Actor or Actress, which is a person in Theatre, Television, Film, or any other Storytelling A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in the Theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production (a play, Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Dramaturgy is the art of Dramatic composition and the representation of the main elements of drama on the stage A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Scenography is the practice of making Theatre including sets costumes and texts from a theoretical and practical point of view Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology is a branch of Anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological Evolution, genetic inheritance Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of Physical anthropology and human Osteology (the study of the Human skeleton) in a legal setting Dual Inheritance Theory (DIT also known as Gene-Culture Coevolution, was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to explain how Human behavior is a product of Human behavioral ecology (HBE or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of Evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of Human Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological Evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct Species Paleoanthropology, which combines the disciplines of Paleontology and Physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in Fossil hominid Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic Primatology is the study of Primates It is a diverse Discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of Biology, Anthropology Anthropological linguistics is the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology cognition and language Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how Language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past by a group of people in a speech community Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how Language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past by a group of people in a speech community Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Ethnolinguistics is a field of linguistic anthropology which studies the language of a particular Ethnic group. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of Anthropology (the holistic study of humanity) as it developed in the United States. The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across Cultures Economic anthropology is a scholarly field that attempts to explain human economic behavior using the tools of both Economics and Anthropology. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and This article is about the concept For the society and academic journal see Society for Ethnomusicology. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies Psychological anthropology is a highly interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. Medical anthropology is a subfield of social and Cultural anthropology. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek grc -λογία -logia. علم المصريات مصر شناسی is a major field of Archaeology Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods techniques analyses and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses or an interpretation based upon archaeological Maritime archaeology (also known as marine archaeology) is a discipline that studies human interaction with the Sea, lakes and rivers through the study of vessels Near Eastern Archaeology (sometimes known as Middle Eastern archaeology) is a regional branch of the wider global discipline of Archaeology. Paleoanthropology, which combines the disciplines of Paleontology and Physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in Fossil hominid History is the study of the past using written records Archaeology can also be used to study the past alongside history As with most academic disciplines there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material geographical In the Humanities and Social sciences, area studies are Interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geographical American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the United States. Appalachian studies is the Area studies field concerned with the Appalachian region of the United States. African studies is the study of Africa, and can encompass such fields as social and Economic development, Politics, History, Asian studies, a term that has largely replaced the older Oriental studies, is concerned with the Asian peoples their cultures languages history and politics Canadian Studies is a Collegiate study of Canadian culture, Canadian languages, literature, Quebec, agriculture Celtic Studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celtic people European studies is a field of study offered by many academic colleges and universities that focuses on the current development of European integration. German studies is the field of Humanities that researches documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies Iranian Studies ( ايران شناسیis an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the Iranian cultural region (or the Iranian "cultural continent" Japanese Studies (aka Japanology) is the study of Japan. Japanology and Japanese studies are terms generally used in Europe to describe the historical Latin American studies ( LAS) is an Academic discipline dealing with the study of Latin America and Latin Americans Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China but especially in the American academic context refers more strictly to the study of classical language Scandinavian studies is an interdisciplinary Academic field of Area studies that covers topics related to Scandinavia and the Nordic countries Slavic studies or Slavistics is the Academic field of Area studies concerned with Slavic areas Slavic languages, literature history In the Humanities and Social sciences, area studies are Interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geographical Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Agricultural economics originally applied the principles of Economics to the production of Crops and Livestock — a discipline known as Agronomics Behavioral economics and behavioral finance are closely related fields which apply scientific research on human and social cognitive and emotional factors to better Bioeconomics is the study of the dynamics of living resources using economic models Computational economics explores the intersection of economics and computation Consumer economics is a branch of Economics. It is a broad field principally concerned with microeconomic analysis behavior in units of Consumers Development economics is a branch of Economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying Quantitative or Statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles Economic geography is the study of the location distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. Economic history is the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past Economic sociology is the Sociological analysis of economic phenomena An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of Energy in societies. The accumulation of factors of production per se – be they knowledge physical or human capital – cannot alone explain economic development Environmental economics is a subfield of Economics concerned with environmental issues Evolutionary economics is a relatively new economic and diverse school of thought that is inspired by evolutionary Biology. Experimental economics is a the application of experimental methods to study economic questions Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of Economics that applies feminist lenses to economics Financial economics is the branch of Economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources both spatially and across time in an uncertain environment" Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time Human development theory is a theory that merges older ideas from Ecological economics, Sustainable development, Welfare economics, and Feminist Industrial Organization is a field of Economics that studies the strategic behavior of firms the structure of Markets and their interactions Information economics or the economics of information is a branch of microeconomic theory that studies how information affects an Economy and economic decisions Institutional economics, known by some as Institutionalist political economy, focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in shaping economic behaviour International economics is a branch of Economics with three main subdisciplines International trade, Monetary theory and International finance This is a sub-article of Fiqh and Law and economics. Islamic economics is Economics in accordance with Islamic law Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. Law and Economics, or economic analysis of law is an approach to Legal theory that applies methods of Economics to law Macroeconomics is a branch of Economics that deals with the performance structure and behavior of a national or regional Economy as a whole Managerial economics (also called business economics) is a branch of Economics that applies Microeconomic analysis to specific business decisions Mathematical economics refers to the application of Mathematical methods to represent economic theories and analyze problems posed in Economics. Microeconomics is a branch of Economics that studies how individuals households and firms and some states make decisions to allocate limited resources typically in markets Monetary theory (known also as money/macro theory) is a major branch of Macroeconomics and a framework of analysis that deals with monetary systems and Neuroeconomics combines Neuroscience, Economics, and Psychology to study how people make decisions Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities Real estate economics is the application of economic techniques to real estate markets Socialist economics is a broad and sometimes controversial term Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and Social life. Transport economics is a branch of Economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector and has strong linkages with Civil engineering Welfare economics is a branch of Economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine Allocative efficiency within an economy and the Ethnic studies is an academic discipline dedicated to the study of Ethnicity. Asian American Studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Asian ancestry in America In United States education, Africana studies, or Africology is the study of the histories politics and cultures of peoples of African origin both in Africa African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. Chicano studies is an Academic discipline. Like most branches of Ethnic studies, it incorporates aspects of various other disciplines including history sociology Latino studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Hispanic ancestry in America Native American Studies (or American Indian or Indigenous American or First Nations studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history culture politics issues Persian Studies is the study of the Persian language and its literature specifically Gender studies is a field of Interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of Gender. Feminine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related Psychology of Female Human identity Gender studies is a field of Interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of Gender. Gender studies is a field of Interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of Gender. Heterosexism is a term that applies to attitudes, Bias, and Discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Masculine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related Psychology of Male Human identity Men's studies - sometimes called masculinity studies - is an Interdisciplinary Academic field devoted to topics concerning Men, Masculinity " Queer studies " is the study of issues relating to Sexual orientation and Gender identity. Queer theory is a field of Gender Studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of gay and Lesbian studies and feminist studies Sex education is a broad term used to describe Education about human sexual anatomy, Sexual reproduction, Sexual intercourse, Reproductive Sexology is the study of sexual interests behavior and function Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Human geography is a branch of Geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment with particular reference to Cultural geography is a sub-field within Human geography. Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms and their variation across and relations to spaces and Feminist geography is an approach in Human geography which applies the theories methods and critiques of Feminism to the study of the human environment society and Economic geography is the study of the location distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. Development geography is the study of the Earth 's Geography with reference to the Standard of living and Quality of life of its human inhabitants Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical and "real" geographies of the past Time geography or time-space geography traces its roots back to the Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand who stressed the temporal factor in spatial human activities Political geography is the field of Human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of Political processes and the ways in which Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales Military geography is a sub-field of geography that is used by not only the military but also academics and politicians to understand the geopolitical sphere through the militaristic Strategic geography is concerned with the control of or access to spatial areas that have an impact on the security and prosperity of Nations Spatial areas that Population geography is a division of Human geography. It is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution composition migration and growth of Human geography is a branch of Geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment with particular reference to Behavioral geography is an approach to Human Geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach Children's geographies is an area of study in Human geography, studying the places and spaces of Children 's lives Health geography is the application of geographical information perspectives and methods to the study of Health, Disease, and Health care. Tourism Geography is the study of Travel and Tourism as an industry as a human activity and especially as a Place -based experience Urban geography is the study of Urban areas That is the study of areas which have a high concentration of Buildings and Infrastructure. Environmental geography is the branch of Geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically Paleoclimatology (also Palaeoclimatology) is the study of Climate change taken on the scale of the entire History of Earth. Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land incorporating both the Physical geography (i Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land Glaciology (from Middle French dialect (Franco-Provençal glace, "ice" or Latin glacies, "frost ice" and Greek λόγος Limnology (from Greek Λίμνη limne, "lake" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the division of Hydrology that studies inland Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Landscape ecology is the science and art of studying and improving the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes on a multitude of scales and organizational levels (Wu 2006 2008 Palaeogeography (sometimes spelled paleogeography) is the study of what the Geography was in times past Regional geography is a study of regions throughout the world in order to understand or define the unique characteristics of a particular region which consists of natural as well as Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic Civics is the study of citizenship and government with particular attention given to the role of citizens― as opposed to external factors― in the operation and oversight of government Comparative politics is a subfield of Political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales International Organization is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that covers the entire field of International affairs. Peace and conflict studies is an " Academic field which identifies and analyzes the violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms Policy analysis can be defined as "determining which of various alternative policies will most achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals" Policy studies could be defined as the combination of Policy analysis and Program evaluation. For closely related theories in sociology see Collective behavior. Political culture can be defined as "The orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics and their perceptions of political legitimacy and the traditions of political Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Political history is the narrative and analysis of political events ideas movements and leaders Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Psephology (from Greek psephos ψῆφος 'pebble' which the Greeks used as ballots is the Statistical analysis of Elections Psephology uses compilations Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Abnormal psychology is the interpretive and scientific study of abnormal thoughts and behavior in order to understand and correct abnormal patterns of functioning Behavioural science (or Behavioral science) is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among Organisms in the natural In Psychology, biological psychology, also known as biopsychology, psychobiology, or behavioral neuroscience is the application of the principles Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of Psychology for the purpose of understanding preventing A psychological evaluation or mental examination is an Examination into a person's Mental health by a mental health professional such as a Psychologist Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Solution focused brief therapy ( SFBT) often referred to as simply 'solution focused therapy' or 'brief therapy' is a type of talking therapy that is based upon Social See also Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) is an umbrella-term for psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions interpretations Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of Psychotherapy that works with families Gestalt therapy is an existential and experiential Psychotherapy that focuses on the individual's experience in the present moment the therapist-client relationship the environmental Group psychotherapy is a form of Psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group Play therapy is generally employed with children ages 3 to 11 play provides a way for Children to express their experiences and feelings through a natural self-guided Psychodrama is a form of human development which explores through dramatic action the problems issues concerns dreams and highest aspirations of people groups systems and organizations Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Community psychology deals with the relationships of the individual to communities and the wider society The science of psychology studies people at three levels of focus captured by the well known quote “Every man is in certain respects (a like all other men (b like some other men (c like no Educational psychology is the study of how Humans learn in Educational settings the effectiveness of educational interventions the psychology of teaching and the An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits such as Memory, Perception, Evolutionary developmental psychology, (or EDP) is the application of the basic principles of Darwinian Evolution, particularly Natural selection, to explain Evolutionary educational psychology is the study of the relation between inherent folk knowledge and abilities and accompanying inferential and Attributional biases Experimental psychology approaches Psychology as one of the natural sciences investigates it using the experimental method. Forensic psychology is the intersection between Psychology and the Legal system. Health psychology is concerned with understanding how Biology, behavior and social context influence Health and Illness. Intrapersonal communication is language use or Thought internal to the communicator Legal psychology involves Empirical, psychological research of the law legal institutions and people who come into contact with the law Neuropsychology is the applied scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the Brain related to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors Industrial and Organizational Psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organizational psychology, occupational psychology, Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Psychometry ( Greek: ψυχή psukhē, "spirit soul" + μέτρον metron, "measure" is a form of Extra-sensory perception Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of Psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates or Percepts Quantitative psychology is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to the study of psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's Thoughts Feelings and Behaviors are influenced by the actual imagined or Sport psychology (or sports psychology) is the study of a people's behaviour in sport Media psychology emerged due to a social and commercial demand for the application of psychological theory and research into media impact in both academic and non-academic settings Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Sociological practice is intervention using sociological knowledge whether it is in a clinical or applied setting Political sociology is the study of power and the intersection of personality social structure and Politics. Public sociology is an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy and engage wider audiences The term " collective behavior " was first used by Robert E Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Community informatics (CI also known as community networking, electronic community networking, community-based technologies or community technology A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as Comparative sociology generally refers to sociological analysis that involves comparison of Social processes between Nation-states, or across different types For a position in the religion-science debate with a similar name see Conflict thesis Conflict theory emphasizes the role that a person's Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines Political economy, Communication, Sociology, Social theory, Literary theory Schools of thought In the mid-18th century criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Environmental sociology is typically defined as the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions although this definition immediately presents the perhaps Feminist sociology approaches Sociology by observing Gender and its role in Social structure. Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between Humans and their natural social and created environments Interactionism (sometimes known as interpretivism is a generic sociological paradigm that brings under its umbrella a number of subperspectives Phenomenology What is ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is a sociological discipline which studies the ways in which people make sense of their world display this understanding Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline Social constructionism and social constructivism are sociological and psychological theories of Knowledge that consider how social phenomena develop in Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific Expertise in a broad social historical and philosophical context Science and technology studies (STS is the study of how social political and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these in turn affect society Social capital is a concept in business economics, Organizational behaviour, Political science, Public health, Sociology and natural Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of a given Society or Pure Sociology is a controversial but revolutionary approach developed by Donald Black as an alternative to the individualistic focus of virtually all previous theories Social economy refers to a third sector in economies between the private sector and business or the public sector and government Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social Behavior (typically of Humans. Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact Social policy relates to guidelines for the changing maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Social research refers to Research conducted by Social scientists (primarily within Sociology and Social psychology) but also within other disciplines Computational sociology is a recently developed branch of Sociology that uses Computation to analyze social phenomena Economic sociology is the Sociological analysis of economic phenomena Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and Social life. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which Sociology of Culture, or cultural sociology, is one of the most popular fields of Sociology, particularly in the United States Deviance describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e The sociology of education is the study of how public Institutions and individual experiences affects education and its outcome Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of Sociology. Since 1950 an increasing part of the academic literature and of the public discourse uses gender Sociology of the family is the study of the Family unit from a sociological viewpoint The Sociology of Knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies Sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of Sociology and an approach within the field of Legal studies. The sociology of religion is primarily the study of the practices Social structures historical backgrounds development, universal themes and Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as "sports sociology" is an area of Sociology that focuses on Sport as a social phenomenon and on the social Industrial sociology (also known as " Sociology of Industrial relations " or sociology of work) is both a study of the interaction of people within Social theory is an essential tool used by scholars in the analysis of society through the use of theoretical frameworks social structures and phenomena are analyzed and placed in context In Sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of Social classes Castes and strata within a Society. Sociological Theory is a peer-reviewed journal published by Blackwell Publishing for the American Sociological Association since 1983 Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Sociocybernetics is an independent chapter of science in sociology based upon the General Systems Theory and Cybernetics. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Urban Studies is the term for a diverse range of disciplines and approaches to the study of all aspects of cities their suburbs and other urban areas Urban sociology is the sociological study of social life and human interaction in Metropolitan areas It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the Rural sociology is a field of Sociology associated with the study of social life in non- Metropolitan areas It is the scientific study of social arrangements and behaviour Visual sociology is an area of Sociology concerned with the visual dimensions of social life This is a list of Sociology subfields Subfields Applied sociology/clinical sociology (also see Sociological practice) In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques applied to a range of problems Computational chemistry is a branch of Chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in the novel and nontrivial applications of mathematics to chemistry it concerns itself principally with the Mathematical modeling Quantum chemistry is a branch of Theoretical chemistry, which applies Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory to address issues and problems in Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Theoretical chemistry involves the use of physics to explain or predict chemical phenomena Interface and colloid science is a branch of Chemistry dealing with Colloids Heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet Edaphology (from Greek grc ἔδαφος edaphos, "ground" and grc -λογία -logia) is one of two main divisions of Soil Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places Gemology ( gemmology outside the United States) is the Science, Art and Profession of identifying and evaluating Gemstones Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other Planets chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Glaciology (from Middle French dialect (Franco-Provençal glace, "ice" or Latin glacies, "frost ice" and Greek λόγος Hydrogeology ( hydro- meaning water and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of Geology that deals with the distribution and Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Pedology (from Greek πέδον pedon, "soil" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of soils in their natural environment Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Paleobiology (sometimes spelled palaeobiology) is a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the Natural science Biology Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern Sediments such as sand, mud (silt and clay and understanding the processes that deposit them Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Aerobiology (from Greek ἀήρ aēr, " Air " βίος bios, " Life " and -λογία -logia Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Ethnobotany ( from " ethnology " - study of culture and " Botany " - study of plants) is the scientific study of the relationships Phycology (from Greek grc φύκος phykos, "seaweed" and grc -λογία -logia) or algology (from Latin See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Chronobiology is a field of Science that examines periodic (cyclic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar related rhythms Cryobiology is the branch of Biology that studies the effects of low Temperatures on living things Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between Humans and their natural social and created environments Landscape ecology is the science and art of studying and improving the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes on a multitude of scales and organizational levels (Wu 2006 2008 Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species Human biology is an Interdisciplinary Academic field of Biology, Biological anthropology, Nutrition and Medicine which Marine biology is the scientific study of living Organisms in the Ocean or other marine or Brackish bodies of water Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Paleobiology (sometimes spelled palaeobiology) is a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the Natural science Biology Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure classification and evolution their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction Molecular Virology is the study of viruses at the molecular level Astrobiology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" grc βίος bios, "life" and grc -λογία Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Animal communication is any Behaviour on the part of one Animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός kruptos, "hidden" + Zoology; literally "study of hidden animals" is the study of and search Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Herpetology (from Greek: ἑρπετόν herpeton, "creeping animal" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology Ichthyology (from Greek ἰχθυ ikhthu, "fish" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology devoted to the study Oology, or oölogy is the branch of Zoology that deals with the study of eggs especially Birds eggs Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Primatology is the study of Primates It is a diverse Discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of Biology, Anthropology Zootomy is a contraction of Zoological and Anatomy. It refers to the dissection of Animals as opposed to that of plants ( phytotomy) Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Limnology (from Greek Λίμνη limne, "lake" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the division of Hydrology that studies inland Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time Mycology (from the Greek μύκης meaning "fungus" is the branch of Biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic Parasitology is the study of Parasites their hosts and the relationship between them Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Human physiology is the science of the mechanical physical and biochemical functions of Humans in good health their organs and the cells of which they are composed Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos This is a list of Biology disciplines. A Aerobiology -- Anatomy -- Arachnology -- Astrobiology Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Atomic molecular, and optical Physics is the study of Matter -matter and Light -matter interactions on the scale of single Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical Algorithms in order to solve problems in Physics for which a quantitative theory already exists Condensed matter physics is the field of Physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of Matter. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of Mathematics and Physics. Medical physics is the application of Physics to Medicine. It generally concerns physics as applied to Medical imaging and Radiotherapy, although Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of Molecules and of the Chemical bonds between Atoms that bind them Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Solid-state physics, the largest branch of Condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid Matter, or Solids The bulk of solid-state physics theory and Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics Vehicle dynamics refers to the dynamics of Vehicles here assumed to be ground vehicles In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " Space science is an all-encompassing term that describes all of the various science fields that are concerned with the study of the Universe, generally also meaning "excluding Astrobiology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" grc βίος bios, "life" and grc -λογία Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Observational astronomy is a division of the astronomical Science that is concerned with getting data in contrast with Theoretical astrophysics which is Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical study of the Cosmos with Gamma rays. Infrared astronomy is the branch of Astronomy and Astrophysics which deals with objects visible in Infrared (IR radiation Timeline of Cosmic microwave background Astronomy Thermal (non-microwave background temperature predictions 1896 Radio astronomy is a subfield of Astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. Ultraviolet astronomy is generally used to refer to observations at Ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 10 and 320 nanometres X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of Astronomy, which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e A direct numerical simulation (DNS is a Simulation in Computational fluid dynamics in which the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved without An astrophysical plasma is a plasma (an ionized gas found in astronomy whose physical properties are studied in the science of Astrophysics. The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning the formation of the first galaxies the way High energy astronomy is the study of astronomical objects that release EM radiation of highly energetic Wavelengths It includes X-ray Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD ( magnetofluiddynamics or hydromagnetics) is the Academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically Star Formation is the process by which dense parts of Molecular clouds collapse into a ball of plasma to form a Star. Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of Pressure waves in the Sun. Stellar evolution is the process by which a Star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime Stellar nucleosynthesis is the collective term for the nuclear reactions taking place in Stars to build the nuclei of the heavier elements. A formal science is a theoretical study that is concerned with theoretical Formal systems, for instance Logic, Mathematics, Systems theory and Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their The theory of computation is the branch of Computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a Model of computation, using an A formal language is a set of words, ie finite strings of letters, or symbols. In Computer science, computability theory is the branch of the Theory of computation that studies which problems are computationally solvable using different Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the Theory of computation in Computer science, investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources In Computer science, concurrency is a properties of system in which several Computational processes are executing at the same time and potentially interacting In Mathematics, Computing, Linguistics and related subjects an algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions often used for Calculation A randomized algorithm or probabilistic algorithm is an Algorithm which employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic A distributed algorithm is an Algorithm that tries to solve a typical problem in Distributed computing. In Computer science, a parallel algorithm, as opposed to a traditional Sequential algorithm, is one which can be executed a piece at a time on many different processing A data structure in Computer science is a way of storing Data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently In Computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a Computer system An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Computer networking is the Engineering Discipline concerned with communication between Computer systems or devices Networking routers Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Wireless network refers to any type of Computer network that is Wireless, and is commonly associated with a Telecommunications network whose interconnections Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's ability to use technology while moving as opposed to Portable computers which are only practical for use while deployed in This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering High availability is a System design protocol and associated implementation that ensures a certain absolute degree of operational continuity during a given measurement period Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" This article contains specific implementations of fault tolerant systems Distributed computing deals with Hardware and Software Systems containing more than one processing element or Storage element concurrent Grid computing is a form of Distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked loosely-coupled Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously operating on the principle that large problems can often High-performance computing (HPC uses Supercomputers and Computer clusters to solve advanced computing problems A quantum computer is a device for Computation that makes direct use of distinctively Quantum mechanical Phenomena, such as superposition Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data Image processing is any form of Signal processing for which the input is an image such as photographs or frames of video the output of image processing can be either an image See also Visualization and Information graphics Visualization is any technique for creating Images Diagrams or Computational geometry is a branch of Computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of Geometry. Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. In Computer science and Software engineering, formal methods are particular kind of Mathematically -based techniques for the specification, development In the context of hardware and software systems formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the Correctness of intended Algorithms underlying A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of Computer programming. Object-oriented programming (OOP is a Programming paradigm that uses " objects " and their interactions to design applications and computer programs In Computer science, functional programming is a Programming paradigm that treats Computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and Concurrent computing is the concurrent (simultaneous execution of multiple interacting computational tasks In Theoretical computer science, formal semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of Programming languages and models of In Mathematics, Logic and Computer science, type theory is any of several Formal systems that can serve as alternatives to Naive set theory A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection classification, manipulation storage retrieval and dissemination A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system A relational database is a Database that groups data using common attributes found in the data set A distributed database is a Database that is under the control of a central Database management system (DBMS in which storage devices are not all attached In an object database (also object oriented database) information is represented in the form of objects'' as used in Object-oriented programming. Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term Hypertext in which graphics audio video plain text and Hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Automated reasoning is an area of Computer science dedicated to understanding different aspects of Reasoning in a way that allows the creation of software which allows Machine learning is a subfield of Artificial intelligence that is concerned with the design and development of Algorithms and techniques that allow computers to "learn" An artificial neural network (ANN, often just called a "neural network" (NN is a Mathematical model or Computational model based on Biological neural Natural language processing ( NLP) is a subfield of Artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics. Computational linguistics is an Interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of Natural language from a computational Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see An expert system is Software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human Experts most commonly in a specific Problem domain, and is See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Numerical analysis is the study of Algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from Discrete mathematics) Symbolic computation, algebraic computation, or less commonly symbolic manipulation, symbolic processing, symbolic mathematics, or symbolic In Mathematics, computational number theory, also known as algorithmic number theory, is the study of Algorithms for performing number theoretic Computational mathematics involves mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays a central and essential role emphasizing algorithms numerical Computational science (or scientific computing) is the field of study concerned with constructing Mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers Computational biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies the techniques of Computer science, Applied mathematics, and Statistics to address problems Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical Algorithms in order to solve problems in Physics for which a quantitative theory already exists Computational chemistry is a branch of Chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary science that links the diverse fields of Neuroscience, Cognitive science, Electrical engineering, Computer-aided engineering (often referred to as CAE) is the use of information technology for supporting engineers in tasks such as analysis simulation design manufacture Computational fluid dynamics (CFD is one of the branches of Fluid mechanics that uses Numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot Computational economics explores the intersection of economics and computation Computational sociology is a recently developed branch of Sociology that uses Computation to analyze social phenomena Computational finance or financial engineering is a cross-disciplinary field which relies on Mathematical finance, numerical methods and Computer simulations The Digital Humanities, also known as Humanities Computing, is a field of study research teaching and invention concerned with the intersection of computing and the disciplines The term information system (IS sometimes refers to a System of persons Data records and activities that process the data and Information in an organization Business informatics (BI is a discipline combining Information technology (IT – or Informatics – with management concepts Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Management Information System ( MIS) is a subset of the overall Internal controls of a business covering the application of people documents technologies and procedures Health informatics or medical informatics is the intersection of Information science, Computer science, and Health care. The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of Computer science that emerged in the twentieth century Humanistic informatics (also known as Humanities informatics) is one of several names chosen for the study of the relationship between Human culture and Technology Community informatics (CI also known as community networking, electronic community networking, community-based technologies or community technology Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Group theory is a mathematical discipline the part of Abstract algebra that studies the Algebraic structures known as groups. In the mathematical field of Representation theory, group representations describe abstract groups in terms of Linear transformations of In Mathematics, ring theory is the study of rings, Algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those Linear algebra is the branch of Mathematics concerned with In Mathematics, a vector space (or linear space) is a collection of objects (called vectors) that informally speaking may be scaled and added In Mathematics, multilinear algebra extends the methods of Linear algebra. In Mathematics, a Lie algebra is an algebraic structure whose main use is in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable Manifolds Lie In Mathematics, an associative algebra is a Vector space (or more generally a module) which also allows the multiplication of vectors in a distributive In Mathematics, non-associative algebra is a subfield of Abstract algebra, in which are studied Algebraic structures endowed with a Binary operation Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of Mathematics that studies Algebraic structures themselves not examples ("models" Homological algebra is the branch of Mathematics which studies homology in a general algebraic setting In Mathematics, category theory deals in an abstract way with mathematical Structures and relationships between them it abstracts from sets In Mathematics, a lattice is a Partially ordered set (also called a poset) in which every pair of elements has a unique Supremum (the elements' Order theory is a branch of Mathematics that studies various kinds of Binary relations that capture the intuitive notion of ordering providing a framework for saying In Mathematics, differential rings differential fields and differential algebras are rings, fields and algebras equipped with a derivation, Analysis has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of Calculus. Real analysis is a branch of Mathematical analysis dealing with the set of Real numbers In particular it deals with the analytic properties of real Calculus ( Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting is a branch of Mathematics that includes the study of limits, Derivatives Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of Mathematics investigating functions of Complex For functional analysis as used in psychology see the Functional analysis (psychology article In Mathematics, operator theory is the branch of Functional analysis which deals with Bounded linear operators and their properties Non-standard analysis is a branch of Mathematics that formulates analysis using a rigorous notion of an Infinitesimal number Harmonic analysis is the branch of Mathematics that studies the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic Waves It investigates and generalizes In Mathematics, p -adic analysis is a branch of Number theory that deals with the Mathematical analysis of functions of P-adic numbers In Mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (or ODE) is a relation that contains functions of only one Independent variable, and one or more of its In Mathematics, partial differential equations ( PDE) are a type of Differential equation, i Probability theory is the branch of Mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena In Mathematics the concept of a measure generalizes notions such as "length" "area" and "volume" (but not all of its applications have to do with Ergodic theory is a branch of Mathematics that studies Dynamical systems with an Invariant measure and related problems A stochastic process, or sometimes random process, is the counterpart to a deterministic process (or Deterministic system) in Probability theory. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of In Mathematics, general topology or point-set topology is the branch of Topology which studies properties of Topological spaces and structures Algebraic topology is a branch of Mathematics which uses tools from Abstract algebra to study Topological spaces The basic goal is to find algebraic In Mathematics, geometric topology is the study of Manifolds and their Embeddings Low-dimensional topology, concerning questions of dimensions In Mathematics, differential topology is the field dealing with differentiable functions on Differentiable manifolds It is closely related to Differential Algebraic geometry is a branch of Mathematics which as the name suggests combines techniques of Abstract algebra, especially Commutative algebra, with Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the methods of differential and integral Calculus to study problems in Geometry Projective geometry is a non- metrical form of Geometry, notable for its principle of duality. Affine geometry is a form of Geometry featuring the unique parallel line property (see the parallel postulate) but where the notion of angle is undefined and lengths In mathematics non-Euclidean geometry describes how this all works--> hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry Convex geometry is the branch of Geometry studying Convex sets mainly in Euclidean space. Discrete geometry or combinatorial geometry may be loosely defined as study of geometrical objects and properties that are discrete or Combinatorial, either Number theory is the branch of Pure mathematics concerned with the properties of Numbers in general and Integers in particular as well as the wider classes In Mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of Number theory that uses methods from Mathematical analysis to solve number-theoretical problems In Mathematics, algebraic number theory is a major branch of Number theory which studies the Algebraic structures related to Algebraic integers In Number theory, the geometry of numbers is a topic and method arising from the work of Hermann Minkowski, on the relationship between Convex sets and Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. Foundations of mathematics is a term sometimes used for certain fields of Mathematics, such as Mathematical logic, Axiomatic set theory, Proof theory Proof theory is a branch of Mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal Mathematical objects facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques In Mathematics, model theory is the study of (classes of mathematical structures such as groups, Fields graphs or even models Recursion theory, also called computability theory, is a branch of Mathematical logic that originated in the 1930s with the study of Computable functions A modal logic is any system of formal logic that attempts to deal with modalities. Intuitionistic logic, or constructivist logic, is the Symbolic logic system originally developed by Arend Heyting to provide a formal basis for Brouwer Applied mathematics is a branch of Mathematics that concerns itself with the mathematical techniques typically used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Mathematical statistics is the study of Statistics from a purely mathematical standpoint using Probability theory as well as other branches of Mathematics Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying Quantitative or Statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the Insurance and Finance Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over In Mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with Quantitatively Numerical analysis is the study of Algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from Discrete mathematics) In Mathematics, the term optimization, or mathematical programming, refers to the study of problems in which one seeks to minimize or maximize a real function Operations Research (OR in North America South Africa and Australia and Operational Research in Europe is an interdisciplinary branch of applied Mathematics and In Mathematics, linear programming (LP is a technique for optimization of a Linear Objective function, subject to Linear equality Dynamical systems theory is an area of Applied mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex Dynamical systems usually by employing Differential In Mathematics, chaos theory describes the behavior of certain dynamical systems – that is systems whose state evolves with time – that may exhibit dynamics that A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts each of which is (at least approximately a reduced-size copy of the whole" Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of Mathematics and Physics. In quantum field theory (QFT the forces between particles are mediated by other particles Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics The theory of computation is the branch of Computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a Model of computation, using an Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the Theory of computation in Computer science, investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" Combinatorics is a branch of Pure mathematics concerning the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects Coding theory is one of the most important and direct applications of Information theory. In Mathematics and Computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs: mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed change to all featured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This article itemizes the various Systems science is the Interdisciplinary field of science which studies the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Science In Mathematics, chaos theory describes the behavior of certain dynamical systems – that is systems whose state evolves with time – that may exhibit dynamics that This article describes complex systems as field of Science. For other meanings see Complex system. Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Biocybernetics is the application of Cybernetics to the Biological science, comprised of biological disciplines that benefit from the application of cybernetics Engineering cybernetics or Technical cybernetics is a field of Cybernetics, which deals with the question of Control engineering of Mechatronic Management cybernetics is the field of Cybernetics concerned with Management and Organizations. Medical Cybernetics is a field of applied Cybernetics which utilizes the concepts of cybernetics to medical research and practice See also New Cybernetics (Gordon Pask New Cybernetics is a study of self-organizing systems, looking beyond the issues of the "first" Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics investigates the construction of models of Cybernetic Systems It investigates Cybernetics Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of Engineering and Mathematics, that deals with the behavior of Dynamical systems The desired output In Control theory (sociology Affect control theory proposes that individuals maintain affective meanings through their actions and interpretations of events Control engineering is the Engineering discipline that focuses on mathematical modeling of Systems of a diverse nature analyzing their dynamic behavior A control system is a device or set of devices to manage command direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems Dynamical systems theory is an area of Applied mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex Dynamical systems usually by employing Differential Perceptual control theory (PCT is a psychological theory of animal and Human behavior originated by maverick scientist William T Operations Research (OR in North America South Africa and Australia and Operational Research in Europe is an interdisciplinary branch of applied Mathematics and Systems biology is a biology-based inter-disciplinary study field that focuses on the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems, thus using a new perspective Computational systems biology is the algorithm and application development arm of Systems biology. Synthetic biology is a new area of biological research that combines Science and Engineering in order to design and build ("synthesize" Systems immunology is a recent research field that under the larger umbrella of Systems biology, aims to study the Immune system in the more integrated perspective System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of Complex systems over time Social dynamics is the study of the ability of a Society to react to inner and outer changes and deal with its regulation mechanisms Systems ecology is an Interdisciplinary field of Ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems especially Ecosystems Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and Abiotic components of Ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework Systems engineering is an Interdisciplinary field of Engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed Biological Systems Engineering ( BSE) is a broad-based Engineering discipline with additional emphasis on Biology and Chemistry. Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM is a discipline used to analyze design engineer and manage complex environmental Systems It entails a wide range Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE is a discipline of Engineering that focuses on integration of many engineering sub-systems and principles into a complete system Systems analysis is the Interdisciplinary part of Science, dealing with analysis of sets of interacting or entities the Systems often prior to their automation Systems psychology is a branch of Applied psychology that studies Human behaviour and Experience in Complex systems It is inspired by Systems Ergonomics is the Scientific discipline concerned with Designing according to the human needs and the profession that applies theory principles data and methods Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of Psychotherapy that works with families Systemic therapy is a School of psychology which seeks to address people not an individual level as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy but as people in relationship Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Biochemical systems theory is a Mathematical Modelling framework for Biochemical systems based on ordinary Differential equations (ODE in which Ecological Systems Theory, also called "Development in Context" or "Human Ecology" theory specifies four types of nested environmental systems with bi-directional In Biology the developmental systems theory (DST is a collection of Models of Biological development and Evolution that argue that the emphasis Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Living systems theory is a General theory about the existence of all living Systems their Structure, Interaction, Behavior and LTI system theory or linear time-invariant system theory is a theory in the field of Electrical engineering, specifically in circuits Signal processing Sociotechnical systems theory is theory about the social aspects of People and Society and technical aspects of Machines and Technology. The dynamical system concept is a mathematical Formalization for any fixed "rule" which describes the Time dependence of a point's position World system approach is a Post-Marxist view of world affairs one of several historical and current applications of Marxism to International relations. The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot For the song by 311, see Grassroots. Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Animal science is described as "studying the Biology of Animals that are under the control of mankind" (http//www Agrology (from Greek grc ἀγρός agros, "field tilled land" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of soil science dealing Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Agricultural economics originally applied the principles of Economics to the production of Crops and Livestock — a discipline known as Agronomics Agricultural engineering' is the engineering discipline that applies Engineering science and technology to Agricultural production and processing living systems and to the Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment growth composition health and quality of Forests to meet diverse needs and values of the many landowners A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Accounting scholarship is an Academic discipline oriented towards the profession of accounting, usually taught at a Business school. Arts administration is a college or university discipline which prepares people for careers as arts administrators and managers of arts and cultural organizations such as Orchestras In Business, administration consists of the performance or management of business operations and thus the making or implementing of major decisions Business ethics is a form of Applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated Hospitality management is the academic study of the running of Hotels, Restaurants, and Travel and Tourism -related business The field of industrial relations (also called labor relations) looks at the relationship between Management and workers particularly groups of workers represented Collective bargaining is the process whereby workers organize together to meet converse and compromise upon the work environment with their employers Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. The term information system (IS sometimes refers to a System of persons Data records and activities that process the data and Information in an organization Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom For non-business risks see Risk or the disambiguation page Risk analysis. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Agricultural education is instruction about Crop production Livestock management soil and water conservation and various other aspects of agriculture For general education in the broad range of Arts see Arts education, for education in the Performing arts see Performing arts education Bilingual education involves teaching all subjects in school through two different languages - in the United States instruction occurs in English and a minority language such as Chemistry Education (or often “Chemical Education” is a comprehensive term that refers to topics related to the study or description of the Teaching and Learning Counselor Education is an academic discipline that has its roots in education, and other human services occupations Language education includes the Teaching and Learning of a Language. Legal education is the education of individuals who intend to become legal professionals or those who simply intend to use their law degree to some end either related to law Mathematics education is a term that refers both to the practice of Teaching and Learning Mathematics, as well as to a field of scholarly Research Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor (i Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music Nurse education consists in the theorical and practical training provided to Nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as Nursing care professionals Peace education is the process of acquiring the values, the knowledge and developing the attitudes skills and behaviors to live in harmony with oneself Physics education refers both to the methods currently used to teach Physics and to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods Reading education is the process by which individuals are taught to derive meaning from text In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer Science education is the field concerned with sharing Science Content and Process with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community Sex education is a broad term used to describe Education about human sexual anatomy, Sexual reproduction, Sexual intercourse, Reproductive The sociology of education is the study of how public Institutions and individual experiences affects education and its outcome Technology education is a study of technology which provides an opportunity for students to learn about the processes and knowledge related to technology Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based School leadership, or educational leadership, is the process of enlisting the talents and energies of Teachers Pupils and Parents toward achieving Educational psychology is the study of how Humans learn in Educational settings the effectiveness of educational interventions the psychology of teaching and the Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating using and managing Critical pedagogy is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge Domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Acoustical engineering is the branch of Engineering dealing with Sound and vibration. Aerospace engineering is the branch of Engineering behind the design construction and science of Aircraft and Spacecraft. Agricultural engineering' is the engineering discipline that applies Engineering science and technology to Agricultural production and processing living systems and to the Architectural engineering, also known as Building Engineering, is the application of Engineering principles and Technology to Building Design Bioengineering (also known as Biological Engineering is the application of Engineering principles to address challenges in the fields of Biology and Medicine Biomechanical engineering is a subdiscipline in Engineering that applies principles of Mechanics to Biological systems. Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods ( Transport) Geotechnical engineering is the branch of Civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials Combat engineering is a Combat service support role of using the knowledge tools and techniques of Engineering by troops in peace and war but specifically in Computer engineering (or Computer Systems Engineering) encompasses broad areas of both Electrical engineering and Computer science. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application Control engineering is the Engineering discipline that focuses on mathematical modeling of Systems of a diverse nature analyzing their dynamic behavior Ecological Engineering is an emerging of study integrating Ecology and Engineering, concerned with the design monitoring and construction of Ecosystems Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Electronic engineering is a discipline dealing with the behavior and effects of Electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors and with electronic devices systems or equipment Instrumentation is the branch of science that deals with measurement and control in order to increase efficiency and safety in the workplace Engineering physics (EP is an Academic degree, available mainly at the levels of B Environmental engineering is the application of Science and Engineering principles to improve the environment (air water and/or land resources Industrial engineering is also not good and shit Operations management, Systems engineering, production engineering manufacturing engineering or manufacturing systems Ergonomics is the Scientific discipline concerned with Designing according to the human needs and the profession that applies theory principles data and methods Industrial engineering is also not good and shit Operations management, Systems engineering, production engineering manufacturing engineering or manufacturing systems Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Ceramic Engineering is the technology of manufacturing and usage of Ceramic materials Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Polymer engineering is generally an Engineering field that designs analyses and/or modifies polymer materials Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing The Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME is dedicated to bringing people and information together to advance manufacturing knowledge Mining engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the practice the theory the science the technology and application of extracting and processing Minerals Nuclear engineering is the application of the breakdown of atomic nuclei and/or other sub-atomic physics based on the principles of Nuclear physics. Ocean engineering is the branch of Engineering concerned with the design analysis and operation planning of systems that operate in an Oceanic environment Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of Optics. Quality assurance, or QA for short refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose Petroleum engineering refers to the subsurface engineering activities related to the production of Hydrocarbons, which can be either Crude oil or Gas. Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to Systems engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Aerospace engineering is the branch of Engineering behind the design construction and science of Aircraft and Spacecraft. Modern automotive engineering is a branch of Vehicle engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles Environmental studies is the systematic study of human interaction with their environment Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Environmental Management is not as the phrase could suggest the management of the environment as such but rather the management of interaction by the modern human societies Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of Natural resources such as Land, Water, Soil, Plants and Animals Recreation ecology (游憩生態學，旅游生态学 is the scientific study of human-nature ecological relationships in Recreation contexts Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Family and consumer sciences is an academic discipline that combines aspects of social and natural science Consumer education is the preparation of an individual through skills concepts and understanding that are required for everyday living to achieve maximum satisfaction and utilization of Interior design is a practice concerned with anything that is found inside a space - walls windows doors finishes textures light furnishings and furniture Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Health science is the applied science dealing with Health, and it includes many sub disciplines Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of Science and Technology to improve the management of Health conditions Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical Science that covers the study of all aspects of the Immune system in all Organisms It deals with Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of Pathology that is generally Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and Blood components The Blood Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. In practice the term usually refers to the Diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum A urinalysis (or "UA" is an array of tests performed on Urine and one of the most common methods of Medical Diagnosis. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to support Nursing practice. Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. Optometry is a health care profession concerned with Eyes and related structures as well as vision, Visual systems and vision information Speech-language pathology is the study of disorders that affect a person's Speech, Language, cognition voice swallowing ( Dysphagia) and the rehabilitative Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Regional anaesthesia, is Anesthesia affecting only a large part of the body such as a limb Pain management (also called pain medicine is the medical discipline concerned with the relief of Pain. Generally speaking preventive medicine is the part of Medicine engaged with preventing Disease rather than curing it Cardiology (from Greek grc καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of Internal medicine Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity A dental hygienist is a licensed Dental auxiliary who specializes in preventive dental care typically but not limited to focusing on techniques in Oral hygiene. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Dental surgery is any of a number of Medical procedures which involve artificially modifying the Dentition. Endodontics, from the Greek endo (inside and odons (tooth is a specialist sub-field of Dentistry that deals with the tooth pulp and the Orthodontics is a specialty of Dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of Malocclusions (improper bites which may be a result of Tooth Oral and maxillofacial surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases injuries and defects in the head neck face jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of Dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them Prosthodontics is one of the 9 specialties recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth Emergency Medicine is a speciality of Medicine that focuses on the Diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία Diabetology is the Clinical science of Diabetes mellitus, its diagnosis treatment and follow-up Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Geriatrics is the branch of Medicine that focuses on health care of the elderly Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory Internal medicine is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases Nephrology (from Greek nephros, " Kidney " and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central, Peripheral nervous system and spinal column diseases amenable to surgical Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies Tumors ( Cancer) and seeks to understand their development diagnosis treatment and prevention Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of Surgery concerned with injuries to or conditions involving the The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or Upper extremity (commonly from the Foot and ankle surgery is a sub-specialty of Orthopedics and Podiatry that deals with the treatment diagnosis and prevention of disorders of the foot and ankle Sports medicine specializes in preventing diagnosing and treating injuries related to participating in sports and/or exercise specifically the rotation or deformation of joints or Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful operations in modern Orthopaedic surgery. As the shoulder is the most complex and unstable joint in the body it can get injured easily Otolaryngology is the branch of Medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Ear, Nose, Throat, and head and neck disorders Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of Medicine that deals with the medical care of Infants Children and Adolescents Podiatry or podiatric medicine is a field of Healthcare devoted to the study and treatment of disorders of the Foot, Ankle, and the "anatomical Primary care is a term used for the activity of a Health care provider who acts as a first point of consultation for all patients A general practitioner, or GP is a medical practitioner who provides Primary care and specializes in Family medicine. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Addiction medicine is a medical specialty that deals with the treatment of Addiction. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of Psychology for the purpose of understanding preventing Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Radiology is the medical specialty directing Medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases Recreational therapy, also referred to as recreation therapy and therapeutic recreation, contributes to the broad spectrum of Health care through treatment Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R or physiatry, is a branch of Medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability In Medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with Diseases of the Lungs and the Respiratory tract. In Medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with Diseases of the Lungs and the Respiratory tract. Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in Internal medicine and Pediatrics, devoted to the Diagnosis and therapy of Rheumatic diseases. Sports medicine specializes in preventing diagnosing and treating injuries related to participating in sports and/or exercise specifically the rotation or deformation of joints or Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Bariatric surgery, also known as weight loss surgery, refers to the various surgical procedures performed to treat Obesity by modification of the Gastrointestinal Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of Medicine involved in surgical treatment of Diseases affecting organs inside the Thorax (the chest Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central, Peripheral nervous system and spinal column diseases amenable to surgical Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function Traumatology (from Greek "Trauma" meaning injury or wound is the study of Wounds and injuries caused by Accidents or Violence to a Urology is the branch of Surgery that focuses on the Urinary tracts of males and females and on the reproductive system of males See also Reproductive health Andrology (from Greek grc ἀνήρ anēr, Genitive grc ἀνδρός andros, "man" Pharmaconomy (farmakonomi is the Name of the main pharmaceutical discipline in the tertiary Education programme of Pharmaconomists offered by Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Media studies is a collection of academic programs regarding the content history meaning and effects of various media. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are "broadcast" that is published by electrical methods instead of the older methods such as printed newspapers Docufiction (often understood as Docudrama) is a Neologism which refers to a cinematographic work in a Genre mixing Fiction and New media is a term meant to encompass the emergence of Digital, Computerized or Networked information and communication technologies Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Media studies is a collection of academic programs regarding the content history meaning and effects of various media. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Television studies is an academic discipline that deals with critical approaches to Television. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Animal communication is any Behaviour on the part of one Animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Communication design is a mixed discipline between Design and information-development which is concerned with how media intermission such as printed, In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through Mass media to large segments Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Technical writing, a form of Technical communication, is a style of formal writing used in fields as diverse as Computer Hardware and Software Nonverbal communication (NVC is usually understood as the process of Communication through sending and receiving Wordless messages Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of Sounds used in Spoken language. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the Law of different countries Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic Laws of nation states and other political organizations Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which Admiralty law (also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of Law which governs maritime questions and offenses Animal law is a combination of statutory and case law in which the nature – legal social or biological – of nonhuman animals is an important factor "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the process that Courts will follow when hearing cases of a civil nature (a " Civil action " as opposed to A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of Statutes, Common law, Treaties, conventions Regulations and policies which very International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions A paralegal is a person with legal training and/or knowledge who works under the direct supervision of a Lawyer. Property law is the area of Law that governs the various forms of Ownership in Real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions "Tax code" redirects here For the term as used in the United Kingdom PAYE system see Tax code (PAYE. Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring Police science is often an ambiguous term that denotes the studies and research which directly or indirectly deal with police work Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature The legal system on the Isle of Man is Manx customary law, a form of Common law. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Museology (also called museum studies) is the study of how to organize and manage Museums and museum collections. Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items Bibliometrics is a set of methods used to study or measure texts and information Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency patterns and graphs of Citations in articles and books Informatics is the science of Information, the practice of Information processing, and the engineering of Information systems. Information architecture ( IA) is the art of expressing a Model or Concept of Information used in activities that require explicit details Museology (also called museum studies) is the study of how to organize and manage Museums and museum collections. Arts administration is a college or university discipline which prepares people for careers as arts administrators and managers of arts and cultural organizations such as Orchestras Military Science is the process of translating National defence policy to produce Military capability by employing Military scientists including Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating Combat engineering is a Combat service support role of using the knowledge tools and techniques of Engineering by troops in peace and war but specifically in Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel Military law is a distinct legal system to which members of Armed forces are subject The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel Naval tactics is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy Ship or fleet in Battle at Sea during Naval warfare Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons A Strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating Naval tactics is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy Ship or fleet in Battle at Sea during Naval warfare Cosmetology (from Greek grc κοσμητικός kosmētikos, "skilled in adornment" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study Cosmetology (from Greek grc κοσμητικός kosmētikos, "skilled in adornment" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study This article refers to the act of coaching people For other uses of the word see Coach (disambiguation Coaching -a definitionProminent Mortuary science is the study of dead bodies through Mortuary work A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a Hospitality management is the academic study of the running of Hotels, Restaurants, and Travel and Tourism -related business Travel is the change in location of people on a trip through the means of Transport from one location to another Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. Corrections in general refers to society's handling of persons after their conviction of a criminal offense "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a Fire that may result in death injury or property damage alert those in a structure Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of Fires ref>NFPA Fire Protection Handbook pg Fire ecology is concerned with the processes linking Fire behavior and ecological effect For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Peace and conflict studies is an " Academic field which identifies and analyzes the violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms Police science is often an ambiguous term that denotes the studies and research which directly or indirectly deal with police work Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies Child protection is used to describe a set of usually government-run services designed to protect Children and encourage Family stability Community Practice is a branch of Social work in the United States that focuses on larger social systems and social change and is tied to the historical roots of United States Community organizing is a process by which people living in proximity to each other are brought together by an organizationto act in their common self-interest (at least as per the views Social policy relates to guidelines for the changing maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Corrections in general refers to society's handling of persons after their conviction of a criminal offense Gerontology (from Greek γερο gero, "old age" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Medical Social Work is a sub-discipline of Social work. Medical social workers typically work in a hospital skilled nursing facility or hospice, have a graduate degree Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Historical highlights School social work has an extensive history dating to 1906-07 when it was established in New York, Boston, Chicago and 337
See also
External links
- Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000): Developed by the U. This is a list of the fields of doctoral studies, as used by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC at the University of Chicago in the United States The Joint Academic Classification of Subjects (JACS system is used by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA and the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service This is a list of education topics. See also Education, Education lists category, and the List of basic education topics. Fields of science are widely-recognized categories of specialized expertise within Science, and typically embody their own Terminology and Nomenclature. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Transdisciplinary Studies are an area of research and education that addresses contemporary issues that cannot be solved by one or even a few points-of-view S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity.
The Joint Academic Classification of Subjects (JACS system is used by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA and the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA was established in 1993 by the UK higher education institutions as the central source for the collection and publication of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located See also Lists by country A Country is a geographical territory both in the sense of Nation (a cultural entity and State People denotes a group of Humans either with unspecified traits or specific characteristics (e This is a list of Timelines. Types of timelines Living graph Logarithmic timeline The pages listed below contain information about trends and events in particular centuries and millennia. See also List of centuries, History This is a list of Decades in history including links to corresponding articles with more information about them 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Condensed list of historical anniversaries. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. The following is a list of notable deaths in 2008. Names are listed by date of death not the date it was announced The Dewey Decimal Classification is a system of library classification made up of ten main classes or categories each divided into ten secondary classes or subcategories each The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
network: | |
