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Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal
History of Portugal
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This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port " Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III. Pope Alexander III (c 1100/1105 &ndash August 30, 1181) born Rolando (or Orlando) Bandinelli, was Pope from 1159

It includes the Portuguese rulers from the

Contents

Historical roots of the Monarchy

Main articles: History of Portugal (711-1112) and History of Portugal (1112-1279)

Portugal originated as a distinct political and national entity in the 9th century, when the first County of Portugal was established by Vímara Peres just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. The Portuguese House of Habsburg commonly known as Philippine Dynasty is the third dynasty of Kings of Portugal named after the three Spanish History Dukes Afonso, Count of Barcelos, was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal. The History of Portugal from the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 to the death of Henry of Burgundy, first count of the The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The County of Portugal's original territory was limited to an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal. The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron.

The Iberian political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following:

House of Vímara Peres

The basis of the Portuguese nationality dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Asturias. While their existence and dates seem plausible further verifiable details about their reigns are often scarce especially The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods In the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias ( 850 - 866) the kingdom began to be known as that of León. Alfonso III (c 848– 20 December 910 ? called the Great, was the king of Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. In the period of Reconquista, Vímara ruled over a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Portucale can mean different things Portus Cale, old Roman name of an ancient town and port in current day Portugal in the area of today's Grande Porto (north of Guimarães (gimɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ʃ is a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and in the district of Braga

The First County of Portugal would last for two centuries, until 1071, when Portugal lost its autonomy as the last Count, Nuno II Mendes, lost the Battle of Pedroso to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, son of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The Battle of Pedroso was fought in January 1071 near present day Pedroso ( Vila Nova de Gaia) Portugal. Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile Garcia II became the first monarch to use the style "King of Portugal". A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the

One year later, in 1072, Garcia was defeated by his brothers and the Portuguese lands were again incorporated into the kingdom of León; this would only last for two decades, until the re-creation of the county of Portugal under Henry, Count of Portugal in 1093. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. In the territory that is now Portugal, during the Reconquista of Iberia from the Moors, there were two distinct creations of Counties of Portugal Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death

Name Started Ended Alternative names Title
Vímara Peres 868 873 Vimarano Count of Portugal
Lucídio Vimaranes 873  ? Count of Portugal
Onega Lucides
with Diogo Fernandes		  ? c. Vímara Peres Count of Portugal ( Galicia, circa 820 &mdash Guimarães, 873 was a Christian Warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia 924 Countess of Portugal
Mumadona Dias
with Mendo I Gonçalves		 c. Mumadona Dias Countess of Portugal in the 10th century, ruling between c 924 c. 950 Countess of Portugal
Gonçalo I Mendes c. 950 999 Count of Portugal,
magnus dux portucalensium (in 997)
Mendo II Gonçalves 999 1008 Count of Portugal
Alvito Nunes 1008 1015 Count of Portugal
Ilduara Mendes
with Nuno I Alvites		 1017 1028 Countess of Portugal
Mendo III Nunes 1028 1050 Count of Portugal
Nuno II Mendes 1050 1071 Count of Portugal, during the rule
of Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal (1065-1072).

Before the House of Burgundy

The so called Second County of Portugal is generally attributed to Henry of Burgundy, a French prince, great grandson of Robert II of France in the male line, nephew to Alfonso VI of León's Queen Constance of Burgundy. Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. Robert II ( 27 March 972 &ndash 20 July 1031) called the Pious or the Wise, was King of France from 996 His mother was a catalan princess, and as such Prince Henry was born in Barcelona. The so-called second county of Portugal was in fact transmitted personally as a personal feudal property to his wife, Queen Theresa, Countess of Portugal, the Count being consort and Regent of the County, as she married in her childhood to him. King Alfonso VI had personal claims to the dynastic County of Portugal, after the murder of his brother King Garcia I of Galicia and Portugal, as they were both grandsons of a Queen of Leon born into the family of the old Counts of Portucale. One may imagine those rights were given to Queen Theresa, his favourite daughter, when politically marrying her, such a young child.

When Alfonso VI of León gave her the county her husband, Prince Henry, intended to secure peace and order in a difficult region, something that his brother-in-law the Count of Galicia, Raymond (a Burgundian nobleman) had not managed to do. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Raymond of Burgundy ( Spanish and Portuguese: Raimundo) was the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy and was Count of Amous. Henry was a vassal, but soon tried to gain more autonomy for his county and ultimately make it an independent kingdom, a politic his wife, when reigning in adulthood, never abandoned. This would only happen after their death, under their son, Afonso Henriques.

Name Started Ended Alternative names Title
Henry 1093 1112 Henrique (Portuguese) Count of Portugal
Theresa 1112 1126 Teresa
or Tareja (Old Portuguese)		 Countess of Portugal
Regent of the County
but the de facto ruler
and self-styled Queen of Portugal
Afonso 1126 1139 Alphonzo (English),
Alphonse (English),
Afonso Henriques
(Portuguese alternative),
Affonso (Old Portuguese),
Alfonso (Old Portuguese)
or Alphonso
(Old Portuguese)		 Count of Portugal (until 1128/1129) and
the Prince of Portugal (Dux Portucalensis)

House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143-1383

Main article: History of Portugal (1279-1415)

The foundation of the Portuguese Royal House of Burgundy is for some a controversial subject. Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death Queen Theresa of Portugal Countess of Portugal, (Portuguese Rainha Dona Teresa Condessa de Portugal) (sometimes Infanta Teresa of León) (1080 &ndash Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy This article is about the ducal house which ruled Portugal for the comital house which ruled in Castile and León see Anscarids. Some say it started in 1093 with the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal. Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death However, at that time counties and kingdoms in Iberia had the same status. Portugal passed from being a county to a kingdom shortly after the County of Castile did the same. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. The fact did not alter the sovereignty of the principal feudal lords. Almost all of them received and granted allegiance between themselves in several parts of their realms.

In addition, since the sovereignty was with Queen Theresa, one cannot say the House of Burgundy was founded until after her death. Even if she ruled her county styling herself Queen Theresa of Portugal, as it was usual to all sons and daughters of Iberian monarchs to use the titles of their parents in the German/Visigothic manner the House of Burgundy cannot be referred to as a Royal House either:

In fact, his father, the Prince Henry, count consort of Portugal, styled himself in all written documents solely as Count Henry, husband of Queen Theresa, daughter of the Emperor of León. All documents needed her name besides his.

Queen Theresa, starting to reign by herself on the early death of her older husband, styled herself as Queen Theresa of Portugal, daughter of the great Emperor Afonso of León.

In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, by the deposition of Queen Theresa, power was taken by Infante Dom Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler, officially styling himself Prince of Portugal, grandson of Emperor Alfonso VI of León. The Battle of São Mamede ( Batalha de São Mamede in Portuguese; ˈsɐ̃ũ mɐˈmɛð(ɨ took place on June 24 1128 near Guimarães and is considered Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. The Battle of Ourique (oˈɾik(ɨ took place in July 25 (St James day 1139, probably in the Countryside outside the town of Ourique, In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga. Lamego ( pron lɐ'megu is a city and a municipality in Portugal. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese

The year of 1143 is also one of the most supported dates for the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, even if the pope did not immediately recognise his allegiance. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and It was also in that year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and Castile and Leon with Alfonso VII of Castile recognizing Afonso as a king. The Treaty of Zamora ( 1143) recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León and Castile. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King However, as the Church did not recognize Portugal in the dignity of a kingdom with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent

The House of Burgundy corresponds to a complex period in the Portuguese History of implementation of the monarchy and the process of conquest of Moorish lands to the south, which ended in 1249. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. And the implementation of necessary structures, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture, even all that existed in the Portuguese territory a long time ago, and even in a very developed way during the regency of Count Henrique of Burgundy already, who travelled to Rome and Jerusalem, France and other hispanic kingdoms, and was the nephew of the most powerful diplomat of his time, Saint Bernard, leading him to bring the cosmopolite Order of the Temple to his fied when it was just created.

The end of the House of Burgundy began in 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I. Ferdinand I ( Portuguese: Fernando, fɨɾˈnɐ̃du Lisbon, 31 October 1345 &ndash 22 October 1383 in Lisbon sometimes referred to as the Handsome The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. John I ( August 24, 1358 &ndash October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the Although frequently forgotten from the monarchs of the country, she was acclaimed queen of Portugal in 1383 after her father's death, but the possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war and an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis. An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity of a government organization or social order

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor(s)
1 Afonso I 1139 1185 Alphonzo I (English),
Alphonse I (English),
Afonso Henriques
(Portuguese alternative),
Affonso I (Old Portuguese),
 the Conqueror (o Conquistador)
The Founder (o Fundador)
the Great (o Grande)		 son of Henry, Count of Portugal
2 Sancho I 1185 1211 Sanctius I (English) the Populator (o Povoador) son of Afonso I
3 Afonso II 1211 1223 Alphonzo II (English),
Alphonse II (English),
Affonso II (Old Portuguese),
 the Fat (o Gordo) son of Sancho I
4 Sancho II 1223 1247 Sanctius II (English) the Pious (o Capelo)
the Piteous (o Piedoso)		 son of Afonso II
5 Afonso III 1247 1279 Alphonzo III (English),
Alphonse III (English),
Affonso III (Old Portuguese),
 the Bolognian (o Bolonhês) brother of Sancho II
younger son of Afonso II
6 Denis 1279 1325 Dinis (Portuguese) or
Diniz (Old Portuguese)		 the Farmer (o Lavrador)
the Poet-King (o Rei-Poeta)
the Troubadour-King (o Rei-Trovador)		 son of Afonso III
7 Afonso IV 1325 1357 Alphonzo IV (English),
Alphonse IV (English),
Affonso IV (Old Portuguese),
(Old Portuguese)		 the Brave (o Bravo) son of Denis
8 Peter I 1357 1367 Pedro I (Portuguese) the Just (o Justiceiro)
or the Cruel (o Cruel)
the Vengeful (o Vingativo) or
the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love
(o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado)		 son of Afonso IV
9 Ferdinand I 1367 1383 Fernando I (Portuguese) the Handsome (o Formoso)
the Beautiful (o Belo)
the Fickle (o Inconstante)
the Reckless (o Inconsciente)		 son of Peter I
10 Beatrice (disputed) 1383 1385 Beatriz (Portuguese) or Beatrix (English alternative)
Brites (Old Portuguese)		   daughter of Ferdinand I

House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385-ca. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Henry of Burgundy Count of Portugal (1066&ndash1112 was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death Sancho I (ˈsɐʃu nicknamed the Populator ( Portuguese o Povoador) second monarch of Portugal, was born on November 11 1154 Afonso II ( Portuguese ɐˈfõsu English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician Sancho II (ˈsɐ̃ʃu nicknamed "the Pious" ( Portuguese: o Piedoso) and "the Caped" or "the Capuched" (Portuguese o Capelo Afonso III (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; rare English alternatives Alphonzo or Alphonse) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Denis ( Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz, diˈniʃ 9 October 1261 in Lisbon – 7 January, 1325 in Afonso IV (ɐˈfõsu 8 February 1291 &ndash 28 May 1357 called the Brave (o Bravo was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death Peter I ( Portuguese: Pedro, ˈpedɾu 8 April 1320 &ndash 18 January 1367) called the Just (Portuguese Ferdinand I ( Portuguese: Fernando, fɨɾˈnɐ̃du Lisbon, 31 October 1345 &ndash 22 October 1383 in Lisbon sometimes referred to as the Handsome 1580)

Main articles: Portugal in the period of discoveries, Struggle for the throne of Portugal. For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire.

The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal. The House of Aviz (in the current spelling Avis, pron ɐ'viʃ is a dynasty of kings of Portugal.

The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra in April 1385. The Battle of Aljubarrota (alʒuβɐˈʁɔtɐ took place on August 14 1385, between the forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra

This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascension of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta

John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcazarquivir. The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (variant spellings are legion Alcácer-Quivir Al Quasr al-kibr Alcazarquivir Alcassar and so on meaning grand palace in Arabic He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato. Infanta Catarina of Guimarães Duchess of Braganza by mariage ( pron

Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only some historians accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor
11 (10) John I 1385 1433 João I (Portuguese) the Master of Avis (o Mestre de Avis),
the One of Good Memory (o de Boa Memória),
the Good (o Bom)
or the Great (o Grande)		 illegitimate son of Peter I
12 (11) Edward 1433 1438 Duarte (Portuguese) the Eloquent (o Eloquente) or
the Philosopher-King (o Rei-Filósofo)		 son of John I
13 (12) Afonso V 1438 1481 Alphonzo V (English),
Alphonse V (English),
Affonso V (Old Portuguese)		 the African (o Africano) son of Edward
14 (13) John II 1481 1495 João II (Portuguese) the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito)
or the Tyrant (o Tirano)		 son of Afonso V

House of Aviz-Beja

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor(s)
15 (14) Manuel I 1495 1521 Emmanuel I (English),
Manoel I (Old Portuguese)		 the Fortunate (o Venturoso,
o Bem-Aventurado or o Afortunado)		 first cousin and brother-in-law of John II
grandson of Edward
16 (15) John III 1521 1557 João III (Portuguese) the Pious (o Piedoso
or o Pio)		 son of Manuel I
17 (16) Sebastian 1557 1578 Sebastião (Portuguese) the Desired (o Desejado) grandson of John III
18 (17) Cardinal Henry 1578 1580 Henrique (Portuguese) the Chaste (o Casto) or
the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei)		 granduncle of Sebastian
younger son of Manuel I
19 (18) Anthony
(disputed)		 1580 1581 António (Portuguese) the Prior of Crato (o Prior do Crato)
the Determined (o Determinado)
the Fighter (o Lutador)
the Independentist (o Independentista)		 nephew of John III and Cardinal Henry
grandson of Manuel I

Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty, (1580-1640)

The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. Edward ( Portuguese: Duarte duˈaɾt(ɨ Viseu, 31 October 1391 &ndash Tomar, 13 September 1438 Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port John III ( Portuguese: João III ʒuˈɐ̃ũ ( June 7, 1502 &ndash June 11, 1557) nicknamed o Piedoso Sebastian I King of Portugal "the Desired" (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, sɨbɐʃˈtiɐ̃ũ o Desejado; born in Lisbon For the Count of Portugal see Henry Count of Portugal; for the Prince see Henry the Navigator Henry Cardinal-King of Portugal or António Prior of Crato (ɐ̃ˈtɔniu Lisbon, 1531 – Paris, August 26, 1595; sometimes rarely called The Determined, The The Portuguese House of Habsburg commonly known as Philippine Dynasty is the third dynasty of Kings of Portugal named after the three Spanish The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of Tomar. For the Indian surname see Tomara. Tomar ( pron tu'maɾ also known in English as Thomar, is a city of some 20000 and Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.

Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart due to the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip II and Philip III of Portugal did not rule by themselves, and had powerful Castilian validos (Castilian name for favourite prime-ministers).

Even if Portugal was ruled apart from the other realms of the Habsburgs in Madrid, by the Council of Portugal, exclusively by Portuguese nobles or by royal family ones, and kept his empire to himself, his own currency, his arms and flag, his taxes at the Castilian borderline, sometimes his own ambassadors, the Portuguese nobles remaining in Portugal feel they lost political and economic strength, differently from those Portuguese nobles staying at the court in Madrid, very rich and powerful. Especially after Castilian military support to Portuguese empire against Dutch occupation in northern Brazil showed to be a failure.

And when the Castilian valido Olivares, following Richelieu model in France, established a plan to unify the administration, military service, and taxes of all distinct monarchies of Philip III in Europe, not respectful of the Dual Monarchy between Lisbon and Madrid, the fact provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known after the 19th century by romantic historians as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: Restauração da Independência). Portuguese Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração was the name given after the 19th century by romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Castile Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. In the 17th century and afterwards, it was simply known as the Acclamation War, as it simply restored in their stolen royal rights the House of Braganza, deposing a tyrant king, and acclaiming (or electing) another more suitable to the country, as it has been done already several times before in Portuguese history. History Dukes Afonso, Count of Barcelos, was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal. The bloodless revolution began joyfully in Lisbon the 1st December 1640, and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies, bringing Portugal to the Thirty Years War scene till peace was finally settled, after twenty eight years of War with Castile in Europe, and with Holland in Asia, America and Africa, in 1668.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor(s)
20 (18 or 19) Philip I 1581 1598 Filipe I (in Portugal)
Felipe II (in Spain)		 the Prudent (o Prudente) grandson of Manuel I
21 (19 or 20) Philip II 1598 1621 Filipe II (in Portugal)
Felipe III (in Spain)		 the Cruel (o Cruel) (in Portugal)
the Pious (el Pio) (in Spain)		 son of Philip I
22 (20 or 21) Philip III 1621 1640 Filipe III (in Portugal)
Felipe IV (in Spain)		 the Oppressor (o Opressor) (in Portugal)
the Great (el Grande) (in Spain)		 son of Philip II

House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty (1640-1910)

Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War

The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by the Regent, Infante Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and offered to his brother Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a natural son of John I. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several History Dukes Afonso, Count of Barcelos, was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal. The Duchy of Bragança, or Braganza, has been the fief of an important Portuguese noble family the House of Braganza, and is one of the most important The Infante Pedro Duke of Coimbra KG (ˈpedɾu English: Peter) (1392 &ndash May 20 1449) was a Portuguese Afonso I Duke of Braganza (1377-1461 pron ɐ'fõsu was the eighth Count of Barcelos and the first Duke of Braganza. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Infanta Catarina, granddaughter of Manuel I and Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza (himself the heir of the dynastic rights of Jaime, Duke of Braganza, acclaimed heir to the throne in 1495 by the Cortes), joined the two houses in 1565. Infanta Catarina of Guimarães Duchess of Braganza by mariage ( pron John I 6th Duke of Braganza KGF (1543 - 1583 was the eldest son of Teodósio I 5th Duke of Braganza. James ( Jaime, in Portuguese was the older son of Ferdinand II 3rd Duke of Braganza (1430-e In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it by military force to Philip I of Habsburg.

In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catarina and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal

The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I. Two years later in 1910 the republican revolution forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal. Duarte Pio Duke of Braganza ( Duarte Pio João Miguel Gabriel Rafael de Bragança; born May 15 1945) duˈaɾtɨ is the 24th Duke of Braganza

House of Braganza

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor(s)
23 (21 or 22) John IV 1640 1656 João IV (Portuguese) the Restoring King (o Restaurador)
the Fortunate (o Afortunado)		 great-great-grandson of Manuel I
24 (22 or 23) Afonso VI 1656 1667 Afonso VI (Portuguese),
Alphonse VI (English),
Affonso VI (Old Portuguese)		 the Victorious (o Vitorioso) son of John IV
25 (23 or 24) Peter II 1667 1706 Pedro II (Portuguese) the Pacific (o Pacífico) brother of Afonso VI
younger son of John IV
26 (24 or 25) John V 1706 1750 João V (Portuguese) the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo)
the Magnific (o Magnífico)
the Portuguese Sun-King
(o Rei-Sol Português)		 son of Peter II
27 (25 or 26) Joseph I 1750 1777 José I (Portuguese) the Reformer (o Reformador) son of John V
28 (26 or 27) Maria I
with Peter III		 1777 1816 Mary I (English alternative)
and Pedro III (Portuguese)		 the Pious (a Piedosa or a Pia)
the Mad (a Louca)
 Maria I: daughter of Joseph I
Peter III: son of John V
29 (27 or 28) John VI 1816 1826 João VI (Portuguese) the Clement (o Clemente) son of Peter III and Maria I
30 (28 or 29) Pedro IV 1826 1826 Peter IV (English)
or Pedro I (in Brazil)		 the Soldier-King (o Rei-Soldado)
the Emperor-King (o Rei-Imperador)
the Liberator (o Libertador)		 son of John VI
31 (29 or 30) Maria II 1826 1828 Mary II (English alternative) the Educator (a Educadora)
the Good-Mother (a Boa-Mãe)
32 (30 or 31) Miguel (disputed) 1828 1834 Michael (English) the Traditionalist (o Tradicionalista),
the Usurper (o Usurpador)
or the Absolutist (o Absolutista)
the Absolut-King (o Rei Absoluto)		 brother of Peter IV
younger son of John VI
- Maria II with
Ferdinand II
(from 1836)		 1834 1853 Mary II (English alternative),
and Fernando II (Portuguese)		 the Educator (a Educadora) Maria II: daughter of Peter IV

House of Braganza-Wettin (Saxe-Coburg & Gotha)

Main article: Portugal in the 19th century

With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued in Portugal, as in this country is familiar with family names being passed by female lines. Marriages and descendants John married Luisa de Guzman, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzman, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Ancestors Ancestry Marriages and descendants Peter married first to his sister-in-law Marie-Françoise of Savoy in 1666 who gave him a daughter Ancestry Marriages and descendants John married Mary Anne of Austria, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1708 Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death Pedro III (ˈpedɾu or Peter III ( July 5 1717 &ndash May 25 1786) became King of the Kingdom of Portugal and John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Miguel I ( Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( October 29 1816 - December 15 1885) named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry The surname Braganza continued to be present in all royals, and the Royal House was still known in Portugal as the House of Braganza. However, some foreign historians consider the existence of a House of Braganza-Wettin or House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha.

# Name Started Ended Alternative names Epithet(s) Relationship with predecessor(s)
33 (31 or 32) Pedro V 1853 1861 Peter V (English) the Hopeful (o Esperançoso)
the Loved One (o Bem-Amado)
the Much Loved (o Muito Amado)		 son of Ferdinand II and Maria II
34 (32 or 33) Luís I 1861 1889 Louis (English),
Luiz (Old Portuguese)		 the Popular (o Popular)
the Good (o Bom)		 brother of Pedro V
son of Ferdinand II and Maria II
35 (33 or 34) Carlos I 1889 1908 Charles (English) the Martyred (o Martirizado)
or the Diplomat (o Diplomata)
the Martyr (o Mártir)
the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo)		 son of Luís I
36 (34 or 35) Manuel II 1908 1910 Emmanuel II (English),
Manoel II (Old Portuguese)		 the Patriot (o Patriota)
the Unfortunate (o Desventurado)
the Scholar (o Estudioso) or
the Missed King (o Rei-Saudade)		 son of Carlos I

The chronology of the heads of state of Portugal continues on Presidents of Portugal. Ancestors Ancestors Marriages and descendants Louis married Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port Saudade (singular or saudades (plural (sawˈdade in Galician sawˈdadɨ in European Portuguese and or in Brazilian Portuguese) is a Galician Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 Heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5 1910 revolution

Style

During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:

Time Style Used by Reason
1140–1189 By the Grace of God, King of the Portuguese
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalensium)		 Afonso I, Sancho I
1189–1191 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Silves
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalliæ et Silbis)		 Sancho I Conquest of Silves (1189)
1191–1248 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ)		 Sancho I, Afonso II, Sancho II Loss of Silves to the Almohads (1191)
1248–1249 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Count of Boulogne
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Comes Boloniæ)		 Afonso III Afonso, married to Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne-sur-Mer, succeeds his brother Sancho on the Portuguese throne (January 1248)
1249–1253 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, Count of Boulogne
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii & Comes Boloniæ)		 Afonso III Conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Algarve (Al'Garb Al'Andalus) (1249)
1253–1369 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve
(Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii)		 Afonso III, Denis, Afonso IV, Peter I, Ferdinand I Afonso III repudiates Matilda and relinquishes his title of Count (1253)
1369–1371 By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras and Lord of Molina Ferdinand I Ferndinand I of Portugal is a pretender to the Castilian Crown, being a legitimate great-grandson of Sancho IV of Castile (1369)
1371–1383 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve Ferdinand I Renunciation of Castilian titles after the Peace of Alcoutim (1371)
1383–1385 By the Grace of God, King and Queen of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras and Lord and Lady of Biscay Beatrice & John I of Castile Beatrice of Portugal is a pretender to the Portuguese throne (1383)
1385–1415 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve John I Renunciation of Castilian titles after the defeat of John I of Castile at the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385)
1415–1458 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta John I, Edward I, Afonso V Conquest of Ceuta (1415)
1458–1471 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta and Alcácer in Africa Afonso V Conquest of El Ksar as-Saghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458)
1471–1475 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves[1], of either side of the sea in Africa Afonso V Conquest of Asilah and Tangiers (1471) and elevation of the Portuguese lordship in northern Africa to the condition of Kingdom of the Algarve Beyond the Sea
1475–1479 By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Jaén, Murcia, the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Gibraltar, Algeciras, and Lord of Biscay and Molina Afonso V Pretension of Afonso V to the Castilian Crown, due to his marriage with Juana, la Beltraneja (1475)
1479–1485 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa Afonso V, John II Renunciation of the Castilian titles after the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479)
1485–1499 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, and Lord of Guinea John II, Manuel I Erection of Lordship of Guinea, with the Portuguese colonies on the Gulf of Guinea (1485)
1499–1580 By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Sancho I (ˈsɐʃu nicknamed the Populator ( Portuguese o Povoador) second monarch of Portugal, was born on November 11 1154 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Silves ( pron 'siɫvɨʃ is a town and a municipality in the Algarve, southern Portugal. Sancho I (ˈsɐʃu nicknamed the Populator ( Portuguese o Povoador) second monarch of Portugal, was born on November 11 1154 Silves ( pron 'siɫvɨʃ is a town and a municipality in the Algarve, southern Portugal. Sancho I (ˈsɐʃu nicknamed the Populator ( Portuguese o Povoador) second monarch of Portugal, was born on November 11 1154 Afonso II ( Portuguese ɐˈfõsu English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician Sancho II (ˈsɐ̃ʃu nicknamed "the Pious" ( Portuguese: o Piedoso) and "the Caped" or "the Capuched" (Portuguese o Capelo The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The county of Boulogne (Dutch Bonen) was a historical region in the Low Countries. Afonso III (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; rare English alternatives Alphonzo or Alphonse) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Mahaut or Matilda II of Boulogne (aka Mathilde, Maud de Dammartin) was sovereign Countess of Boulogne from 1216 to ca Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Afonso III (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; rare English alternatives Alphonzo or Alphonse) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Afonso III (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; rare English alternatives Alphonzo or Alphonse) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Denis ( Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz, diˈniʃ 9 October 1261 in Lisbon – 7 January, 1325 in Afonso IV (ɐˈfõsu 8 February 1291 &ndash 28 May 1357 called the Brave (o Bravo was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death Peter I ( Portuguese: Pedro, ˈpedɾu 8 April 1320 &ndash 18 January 1367) called the Just (Portuguese Ferdinand I ( Portuguese: Fernando, fɨɾˈnɐ̃du Lisbon, 31 October 1345 &ndash 22 October 1383 in Lisbon sometimes referred to as the Handsome Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Jaén (جيان: Jayyān is a city in south-central Spain, the name is probably derived from the Arabic word Jayyan (crossroads of caravans The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Algeciras - Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest urban area on the Bay of Gibraltar Molina is a Spanish and Italian Surname. It may refer to A Alfonso of Molina (1203&ndash1272 second son of King Ferdinand I ( Portuguese: Fernando, fɨɾˈnɐ̃du Lisbon, 31 October 1345 &ndash 22 October 1383 in Lisbon sometimes referred to as the Handsome Sancho IV the Brave (1257 or 1258 &ndash 25 April 1295, Toledo) was the King of Castile and León from 1284 to his death Ferdinand I ( Portuguese: Fernando, fɨɾˈnɐ̃du Lisbon, 31 October 1345 &ndash 22 October 1383 in Lisbon sometimes referred to as the Handsome Population Of the 1133444 people who live in Biscay about 35% live in the capital Bilbao and 88% in its metropolitan area. John I ( August 24, 1358 &ndash October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the John I ( August 24, 1358 &ndash October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the The Battle of Aljubarrota (alʒuβɐˈʁɔtɐ took place on August 14 1385, between the forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Edward ( Portuguese: Duarte duˈaɾt(ɨ Viseu, 31 October 1391 &ndash Tomar, 13 September 1438 Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Alcácer Ceguer is the Portuguese name for a Stronghold in Morocco also known as Al Qsar as-Seghir ( Arabic: القصر الصغير Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Alcácer Ceguer is the Portuguese name for a Stronghold in Morocco also known as Al Qsar as-Seghir ( Arabic: القصر الصغير Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Asilah or Arzila (أصيلة، أرزيلة is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 50 km from Tangier. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Algeciras - Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest urban area on the Bay of Gibraltar Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Juana of Castile, known also as la Beltraneja (1462 &ndash 1530 was a princess of Castile Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) was signed on September 4, 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port The Gulf of Guinea is the part of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Africa. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Manuel I, John III, Sebastian, Henry, António, Prior of Crato After the return of Vasco da Gama from India, in 1499, the royal style is changed once more to the become the most magnificent
1580–1640 By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Aragon, Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern & Western Indies, the Islands & Mainland of the Ocean sea, Count of Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and Molina, Duke of Athens and Neopatria, Count of Roussillon, Cerdagne, Margrave of Oristano and Goceano, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant and Milan, Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, etc. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port John III ( Portuguese: João III ʒuˈɐ̃ũ ( June 7, 1502 &ndash June 11, 1557) nicknamed o Piedoso Sebastian I King of Portugal "the Desired" (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, sɨbɐʃˈtiɐ̃ũ o Desejado; born in Lisbon For the Count of Portugal see Henry Count of Portugal; for the Prince see Henry the Navigator Henry Cardinal-King of Portugal or António Prior of Crato (ɐ̃ˈtɔniu Lisbon, 1531 – Paris, August 26, 1595; sometimes rarely called The Determined, The Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade, The Duchy of Neopatria or Neopatras was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the This is a list of the counts of Roussillon, in Catalan Rosselló. Cerdanya (Ceritania Cerdagne Cerdaña is a small region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain and which is historically one of the Oristano (Aristanis is a town and commune in Sardinia, Italy, the capital of the Province of Oristano. This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria. Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which The Duchy of Brabant was formally erected in 1183/1184 The title " Duke of Brabant " was created by the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in favor of The following is a list of rulers of Milan from the 13th century to 1859 when Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of The County of Flanders was a historical region in the Low Countries. Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Philip I, Philip II, Philip III During the Philippine dynasty, the style of the Spanish Crown is merged with that of Portugal
1640–1815 By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to John IV, Afonso VI, Peter II, João V, Joseph I, Maria I (with Peter III) After the Restoration (1640), return to the old style adopted by Manuel I
1815–1825 By the Grace of God, King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. Marriages and descendants John married Luisa de Guzman, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzman, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Ancestors Ancestry Marriages and descendants Peter married first to his sister-in-law Marie-Françoise of Savoy in 1666 who gave him a daughter Ancestry Marriages and descendants John married Mary Anne of Austria, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1708 Ancestors Marriages and descendants Joseph married Marianne Victoria of Borbón, daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese of Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death Pedro III (ˈpedɾu or Peter III ( July 5 1717 &ndash May 25 1786) became King of the Kingdom of Portugal and Portuguese Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração was the name given after the 19th century by romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Castile |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Maria I, John VI Elevation of Brazil as a kingdom inside the Portuguese Empire, thus making a United Kingdom (1815)
1825–1826 By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port The United Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and the Algarves was a monarchy consisting of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve. John VI, Pedro IV, Miguel I, Maria II (with Ferdinand II), Pedro V, Luís I, Carlos I, Manuel II After the recognition of the independence of Brazil by John VI (1825), return to the old style
1826 By the Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Miguel I ( Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( October 29 1816 - December 15 1885) named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry Ancestors Ancestors Marriages and descendants Louis married Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port Pedro IV After the death of his father, Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, inherits the Portuguese throne, thus making a change once more in the royal title, until his abdication (1826)
1826–1910 By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Maria II, Miguel I, Maria II (with Ferdinand II), Pedro V, Luís I, Carlos I, Manuel II After the abdication of Peter in favour of his daughter, return to the old style, until the collapse of the monarchy with the Portuguese First Republic (1910)

The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:

Time
1139–c. Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Miguel I ( Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Maria II ( April 4, 1819 &ndash November 15, 1853) was Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1853 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( October 29 1816 - December 15 1885) named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry Ancestors Ancestors Marriages and descendants Louis married Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy 1433 Mercy (HM-YM)
c. Mercy ( Middle English, from Anglo-French merci, from Medieval Latin merced-, merces, from Latin, "price 1433–1577 Highness (HH-YH)
1577–1578 Majesty (HM-YM)
1578–1580 Highness (HH-YH)
1580–1748 Majesty (HM-YM)
1748–1825 Most Faithful Majesty (HFM-YFM)
1825–1826 Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty (HI&RFM-YI&RFM)
1826–1910 Most Faithful Majesty (HFM-YFM)

Notes

  1. ^ Note that when refering to the Algarves, in the plural, the title refers not only to the Algarve, but also to the Portuguese possessions in North Africa (Ceuta, Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir), Arzila (Asilah), Tangier, Mazagan (El Jadida), Ouadane, Safim (Safi), Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir), Mogador (Essaouira), Aguz (Souira Guedima) and Azamor (Azemmour)), thus adding the descriptive "of either side of the sea in Africa". Highness, often used with a personal possessive pronoun ( His/Her/Your/Their Highness(es, the first two abbreviated HH is an attribute referring to the rank of the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. Highness, often used with a personal possessive pronoun ( His/Her/Your/Their Highness(es, the first two abbreviated HH is an attribute referring to the rank of the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. The sobriquet Most faithful king ( Rex Fidelissimus) was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch The sobriquet Most faithful king ( Rex Fidelissimus) was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch The sobriquet Most faithful king ( Rex Fidelissimus) was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Alcácer Ceguer is the Portuguese name for a Stronghold in Morocco also known as Al Qsar as-Seghir ( Arabic: القصر الصغير Asilah or Arzila (أصيلة، أرزيلة is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 50 km from Tangier. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish El Jadida (الجديدة is a port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, in the province of El Jadida. Ouadane ( Arabic: وادان is a town in northwestern Mauritania, lying on the Adrar Plateau, northeast of Chinguetti. Safi (Safi آسفي is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. Agadir ( Arabic ~since it is not an Arabic word it is modified as follows أڴادير or أغادير, Berber (Amazigh) is a city in Essaouira (الصويرة eṣ-ṣauīrah formerly known as Mogador, its older name is a City / Wilaya and tourist resort in the western Moroccan Souira Guedima, formerly known as Aguz, is a Moroccan town 36 km south of Safi, at the mouth of the Tensift River on the Atlantic seacoast Azemmour or Azamor (أزمور from Berber azemmur, ie " The Olives " is a Moroccan city on the left bank of the

See also

Sources

External links

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