Islamic studies scholars are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. "Islamic studies" an umbrella term for all Islam-related studies, related to both Islamization of knowledge and an extrinsic study of Islam, and Islamic culture. An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought
The entries in the list are accompanied by their date of birth, branch of Islam, country of birth, field of study, famous works and short description.
Lists
For a list of scholars specialized in:
Muslim scholars
Muslim scholars are either born in a Muslim families, or converted to Islam. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century This is a subarticle of Islamic scholars, List of Muslim scholars and List of historians. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings This is a subarticle to Islamic philosophy and Islamic scholars A Muslim philosopher is a person that professes Islam and engaged in the Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the This is a subarticle to Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic scholars This is a list of important Islamic Jurists ( Faqeeh Science in the Islamic world has played an important role in the History of science. This is a sub-article to Muslim scientists and a parallel article to Islamic astronomy. Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies.
- Abu Bakr, first Muslim Caliph after the prophet
- Umar Bin Khattab, second Muslim Caliph after the prophet
- Uthman Bin Affan, third Muslim Caliph after the prophet
- Ali ibn Abu Talib - 599, fourth Muslim Caliph, cousin and son-in law of the Last Prophet Muhammad
- Husayn ibn Ali - Son of Ali ibn Abi Taalib
- Ibn Abbas - 619, Arab
- Abdullah ibn Masoud - d. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The term Last Prophet is used in religious contexts to refer to the last person through whom God speaks after which there is to be no other IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud ( عبدالله بن مسعود (d 652
- Zayd ibn Thabit - pre-610
- Hassan al-Basri - (642 - 728 or 737)
- Umar Bin Abdul Aziz - (682 - 720)
- Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man - (699 - 767), Compiler of Hadith collection Kitaab-ul-Aathar and founder of Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence
- Malik ibn Anas - (715 - 796), Al-Muwatta
- Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) - (721 - 815), Arab polymath and father of chemistry
- Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (780 - 850) Khwarizmi Persian astronomer and father of algebra
- Abu 'Abd Allah ash-Shafi'i - (767 - 820)
- Ahmad ibn Hanbal - (780 - 855), Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
- Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi - (801 - 873), Arab, multiple fields
- Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-Bukhari ibn ahmed - (810 - 870), Persian, Hadith, Sahih Bukhari Most trusted hadith collector in Islam
- Ibn Hisham - (d. Zayd ibn Thabit (Zaid Ibn Thabit (زيد بن ثابت) was the personal Scribe of Muhammad and an Ansar. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> al-Hasan al-Basri (الحسن البصري (Abu Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan Yasar Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c 682 - February 720 (عمر بن عبد العزيز was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 717 to 720 Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت) better known by The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn 'Amr al-Asbahi ( Arabic مالك بن أنس The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Shafi'i, Arabic Jurist (150 AH/767 AD - 204 AH/820 AD Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: أحمد بن حنبل Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 - Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal is the collection of Hadith collected by the famous Sunni Scholar Ibn Hanbal to whom the Hanbali ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, popularly known as Al-Bukhari ( البخاري) or Imam Bukhari (810-870 was a famous Sunni layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik bin Hisham (أبو محمد عبدالمالك بن هشام or Ibn Hisham 834)
- Abu Dawud as-Sidjistani, (817 - 888) (Basra), Sunan Abu Dawud, Persian, Hadith compiler
- Imam Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj - (821 - 875), Sahih Muslim, , Persian
- Al-Tirmidhi - (824 - 892), Jami at-Tirmidhi
- Ibn Majah - (824 - 887) Persia Sunan ibn Majah
- Ibn Qutaybah - (828-889)
- Al-Nasa'i - (829 - 915) Hadith collection , Persian
- ibn Jarir al-Tabari - (838 - 923), Sunni, Persian, multiple fields, Tarikh al-Tabari/Tafsir al-Tabari
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari - (874 – 936) Arab
- At-Tahawi - (853 - 933) Egypt Aqeedah at-Tahawiyyah
- Abu Mansur Al Maturidi - d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Da'ud or Abu Dawod, full name Abu Da'ud Sulayman ibn Ash`ath Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Abul Husayn Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Qushayri al-Nisapuri ( Arabic: أبو الحسين مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيشابوري (lived c Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Tirmidhī (ترمذی also transliterated as Tirmizi, full name Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Maja, full name Abu `Abdallah Muhammad ibn Yazid Ibn Majah al-Rab`i al-Qazwini The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Qutaybah (828 - 889 CE / 213 - 276 AH was a renowned Islamic scholar from TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Nasā'ī (214 -- 303 AH) full name Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari The commentary on the Qur'an (Arabic Jāmi` al-bayān `an ta'wīl āy al-Qur'ān) popularly Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī ( تفسير الطبري) TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū al-Hasan Alī ibn Ismā'īl al-Ash'arī (874 &ndash 936 (ابو الحسن بن The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad At-Tahaawee, Imaam Abu Ja'far at-Tahaawee or simply Tahawi (843 or 853 to 935 was a famous Sunni Islamic Scholar This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud Abu Mansur al-Samarqandi al-Maturidi al-Hanafi ( Arabic: محمد بن محمد بن محمود أبو منصور الماتريدي السمرقندي 333 AH / 944 CE Persian
- Al-Farabi - (870 - 950), Persian
- Al-Barbahaaree - (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Al-Barbaharee was a Sunni Islamic theologian from Iraq. His books are peppered with stinging remarks that place the Shias Qadaris Mu'tazilis 940) Iraqi scholar, authored The Explanation of the Creed. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.
- al-Tabarani - (875 - 975) al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer
- Hakim al-Nishaburi - (933 - 1012/1014) Persian, Mustadrak al-Hakim
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936-1013), Andalusian Arab physician and father of modern surgery
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) (965-1039), Arab or Persian universal genius, father of optics, pioneer of scientific method, founder of psychophysics and experimental psychology, and the "first scientist"
- Al-Mawardi (972- 1058), Arab
- Ibn Hazm - (994 – 1064), (Cordoba) Andalusian philosopher
- Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi - (1001 - 1072)
- Nizam al-Mulk - (1018 – 1092) Persian Siyasatnama
- Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - (980-1037), Persian universal genius and father of modern medicine and momentum
- Al-Juwayni - (1020 - 1079), Fara'id al-Simtayn
- Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami - d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Qasim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn Al-Tabarani was born sometime in 260 Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer is a known Hadith collection, written by Sunni Islamic scholar Al-Tabarani (or At-Tabarani Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah al-Hakim al-Nishaburi (d layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain or Mustadrak al-Hakim ( Arabic: المستدرك على الصحيحين Al-Mustadrak 'ala al-Sahîhayn) is a five volume TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013 (أبو القاسم بن خلف Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of Psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates or Percepts Experimental psychology approaches Psychology as one of the natural sciences investigates it using the experimental method. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi, known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafii The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Ibn Hazm ( 7 November 994 &ndash 15 August 1064 was an Andalusian - Arab philosopher, litterateur Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002-1071 CE ( 392 AH - 463 AH) ( الخطيب البغدادي) was a Sunni Muslim Scholar For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad. Siyāsatnāma / Siyāsat nāmeh ( Persian: سياست نامه " Book of Government " also known as Siyar al-muluk TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Al-Juwayni was a Sunni Shafi'i Hadith and Kalam Scholar. Name Imam al-Haramayn Dhia' ul-Din Abd al-Malik ibn Fara'id al-Simtayn is a Hadith collection by Al-Juwayni. Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (died 1106 was a Damascene Jurist and Philologist who was the first to preach Jihad against the Crusaders 1106
- Al-Ghazali - (1058-1111) Persian theologian and philosopher
- Ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī al-Samawʾal -(1130-1180) The Good Jew from Morocco
- Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi - (1147-1223) al-Mughni
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, (1149-1209) Persian
- Ali ibn al-Athir - (1160 - 1233), The Complete History
- Mahmud al-Alusi - (1217 - 1270), Ruh al-Ma'ani Tafseer
- Sibt ibn al-Jawzi - d. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox مغربي، السموءل بن يحي، also known as Samau'al al-Maghribi (c Ibn Qudamah ( Arabic أبن قدامة) was a noted Islamic scholar of the Hanbali Madhhab, author of al-Mughni (a well-known Hanbali book TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi ( Arabic / layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al- Din The Complete History - (Arabic الكامل في التاريخ) is a classic Islamic history book written by Ali ibn al-Athir. Mahmud al-Alusi ( 1217 AH - 1270 AH Ruh al-Ma'ani fi Tafseer al-Quran al-'Azim wa al-Sab al-Mathan is a thirty-volume Tafsir of the Qur'an, authored by Mahmud al-Alusi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> for other uses see Ibn al-Jawzi. 1257
- Al-Qurtubi - d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Imam Abu 'Abdullah Al-Qurtubi or Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn 1273 Tafsir al-Qurtubi Andalusian
- Al-Nawawi - (1233-1278) Sharh Sahih Muslim, Riyadh as-Saaliheen, 40 Hadith Nawawi
- Ibn Taymiyyah - (1263-1328) Sunni Islamic (Majmu al-Fatwa al-Kubra)
- Abul Fida Ismail Ibn Hamwi, (1273 -1331), Sunni Shafii (?), Syria, multiple fields, Tarikh Abul Fida
- Al-Dhahabi - (1274-1348) Talkhis al-Mustadrak
- Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah - (1292-1350) Za'ad al-Ma'ad
- al-Haafizh ibn Kathir - (1301-1373) Tafsir ibn Kathir
- Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami - 13??, Majma al-Zawa'id
- Ibn Khaldun - (1332 - 1406), Arab polymath, historian, and father of demography, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology, and social sciences
- al-Hafidh ibn Rajab al-Hanbali - (1335-1392) Damascus
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - (1372-1449) Muhaddith author of al-Fath al-Baari and Bulugh al-Maram
- al-Suyuti - (1445 - 1505), History of the Caliphs
- Ibn Hajar Al-Haythami - (1525 - 1590) Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah
- Shah Waliullah - (1703–1762)
- Maulana Ahmed Rida Khan - (1856-1921)
- Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi - (1863-1943)
- Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab - (1703-1792) Sunni Islamic, Najd, Saudi Arabia (Usul al-Iman)
- Ash-Shawkani - (1760 - 1834)
- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 - 1898) Founder Of Aligargh Muslim University
- Syed Naeemuddin Muradabadi
- Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi -1857 -1911, India, Author of Awn-ul-Mabood Sharh Sunan Abi Dawood
- Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri - (1940 - 1993)
- Rashid Rida - (1865-1935) Syrian
- Abdulhakim Arvasi - (1867 - 1943)
- Syed Abdullah Shah Naqshbandi - 1872-1964 Sunni Muhaddith of Deccan India
- Badiuzzaman Said Nursi - (1877 - 1960), Kurdish Turkish Islamic Scholar
- Muhammad Iqbal - (1877-1938), poet, philosopher and politician, British India Pakistan
- Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di - (1889-1956)
- Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997) - Author of Tadabbur-i-Qur’an
- Khalid Masud (1935–2003) - Author of Hayat e Rasul e Ummi
- Muhammad Metwally Al Shaarawy - (1911-1998)
- Huseyin Hilmi Isik (1911-2001) - Author of Seadet-i Ebediyye or the Endless Bliss
- Syed Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi - (1914 - 1999)
- al-Muhadith Muhammad Nassir ad-Deen Al-Albani - (1914-1999)
- Muhammad Yusuf Khandlawi - (1917 – 1965) India Sunni
- Ahmed Deedat - (1918 - 2005)
- Muhammad Hamidullah - Pakistani Sunni scholar
- Fazlur Rahman - (1919–1988) Islamic Scholar
- Ismail Al-Faruqi - (1921 - 1986), Sunni, Palestina, philosopher
- Ibn Uthaimeen - (1925 - 2001)
- Maulana Shah Ahmad Noorani - (1926 - 2003) , Pakistan
- Yusuf al-Qaradawi - b. Tafsir al-Qurtubi ( تفسير القرطبي) (Arabic Al-Jami li-Ahkam al-Qur'an) is a famous Qur'an Exegesis (Arabic Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Abu Zakaria Mohiuddin Yahya Ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (1234 - 1278 ( Arabic:أبو زكريا يحيى بن شرف النووي popularly known as al-Nawawi, Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections Description Riyadh as-Saaliheen (The Gardens of the Righteous is a collection of Hadith (sayings of Muhammad) and is the most famous book Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Great Compilation of Fatwa (Arabic Majmu al-Fatwa al-Kubra) is a set of volumes on the Islamic religion written by 13th century Abu al-Fida (أبو الفداء or Abul Fida Ismail Hamvi (fully Abu Al-fida' Isma'il Ibn 'ali ibn Mahmud Al-malik Al-mu'ayyad 'imad Ad-din, (also Transliterated Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Concise History of Humanity or Chronicles (Arabic ' Tarikhu 'al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar المختصر في أخبار البشر') or Tarikh Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn `Uthman ibn Qaymaz ibn `Abd Allah Shams al-Din Abu `Abd Allah al-Turkmani al-Diyarbakri al-Fariqi al-Dimashqi al-Dhahabi al-Shafi`i ( Arabic:محمد Talkhis al-Mustadrak is an abridged version of Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, written by Al-Dhahabi Content Hakim al-Nishaburi, is the Not to be confused with the other Islamic scholar Ibn al-Jawzi. Ismail ibn Kathir (ابن كثير (1301&ndash1373 was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, popularly Tafsir ibn Kathir, is a classic Sunni Islam Nur al-Din `Ali ibn Abi Bakr ibn Sulayman Abu al-Hasan al-Haythami (735AH 1335 – 807AH 1404 was a Sunni Shafi`i Islamic scholar. Majma' al-Zawa'id wa Manba' al-Fawa'id is a 10-volume secondary Hadith collection written by Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (735-807 AH/1335-1404 CE Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Zain ad-Din Abu al-Faraj 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Abi al-Barakat Mas'ud as-Sulami al-Baghdadi al-Hanbali, also known as ibn Rajab Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. For other uses see Ibn Hajar. Al-Haafidh Shihabuddin Abu'l-Fadl Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, better known as Ibn Hajar due to a fame of Fath ul-Bari fi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari or Fathul Bari or "Grant of the Creator" is the most valued Sunni commentary of Bulugh al-Maram is the shortened name of the collection of Hadith by al-Hafidh ibn Hajar al-Asqalani entitled Bulugh al-Maram min Adillat al-Ahkam (translation TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Imam Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti (c History of the Caliphs (Arabic Tarikh al-khulafa) is a famous book written by Suyuti, the classic Sunni Scholar, published in English at Oriental For other uses see Ibn Hajar Ibn Hajar al-Haytami al-Makki was a Sunni Muslim Shafi'i scholar born in 909 AH (1503CE Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah is an Islamic book written by the Muslim Scholar Ibn Hajar Al-Haythami. Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: شاہ ولی الله دهلوی) also known as Shah Waliullah of Delhi Ahmad Raza Khan or Ahmed Rida Khan (1856-1921 was a Sunni Muslim scholar and founder of Barelwi School of thought. Hakeem Al-Ummah Mawlana Ashraf Ali Thanwi, also Thanawi or Thanvi HE was one of the most prominent scholars of Deobandi in India hailing intellectually from Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at-Tamimi' (1703&ndash1792 ( Arabic: محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي)was an Islamic scholar born in Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Muhammad ash-Shawkani (1759-1834 CE. The surname "ash-Shawkani" is derived from Hijrah ash-Shawkan which is a town outside San‘a’ Biography Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (also Sayyid Ahmad Khan (سید احمد خان بہا در October 17 1817 – March 27 1898 commonly known as Sir Syed was an Imam Shams-ul-haq Azeemabadi (July 1857 - March 21, 1911) was considered one of the most important Islamic scholars and Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Muhammad Rashid Rida ( September 23, 1865, Syria - August 22, 1935, Egypt) is said to have been "one of the most influential Syrians today are an overall indigenous Levantine people closely related to their immediate neighbours like the Lebanese and (to a lesser extent Jordanians Abdulhakim Arvasi or Sayyid Abdelhaqim-i Arvasi (1865 - 1943 was a Sunni Islamic scholar Abul Hasanat Sayyid Abdullah Shah Naqshbandi Qadiri, popularly known as Hadrat Abdullah Shah Sahib was one of the celeberated scholars of Islam and spiritual reformer Muhaddith is an Islamic title referring to one who profoundly knows and narrates Hadiths the chains of their narration ( asaneed) and the original and famous India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Said Nursî (1878 village of Nurs Bitlis Province – March 23, 1960, Urfa) was an Islamic thinker from Turkey of Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di at-Tamimi (1889 &ndash 1956 C Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997 was an Indian Pakistani exegete of the Qur'an, who became famous for his Urdu exegeses of Qur'an Tadabbur-i-Qur’an Tadabbur-i-Qur'an is a Tafsir (exegeses of the Qur'an by Amin Ahsan Islahi based on the concept of thematic and structural coherence which was originally Allama Khalid Masud ( December 16, 1935 – October 1, 2003) was a Muslim Scholar of Pakistan. Sheikh Muhammad Metwally Al Shaarawy ( Arabic: الشيخ محمد متولى الشعراوى) was an Egyptian Huseyin Hilmi Isik ( March 8 1911 - October 26 2001) was a Turkish, Sunni Islamic Scholar. Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (Ali Miyan ( Raebareli, 1914 - 31 December 1999) He was born in a family of Islamic scholars See Albani for other uses of that name Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Arabic, محمد ناصر الدين Muhammad Yusuf Khandlawi (1917 - 1965 was a Sunni scholar from the village of Kandhla in Uttar Pradesh, India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sheikh Ahmed Hussein Deedat ( July 1, 1918 – August 8, 2005) was a Muslim Author, Lecturer, and Orator Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hamidullah or Muhammad Hameedullah, D Phil, D Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. Isma'il Raji Mahmoud Shohdan al-Faruqi ( Arabic: تقغض ﮔﭽگ ﭙﭐ آؤا ( January 1, 1921 &ndash May 27, 1986) was a Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen al-Wuhaibi al-Tamimi (1925-2001 CE) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of the latter half of the twentieth century Qaide Ahle Sunnat Allama Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi ( October 1, 1926 – December 11, 2003) also known as Noorani Mian Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Yusuf al-Qaradawi ( Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwiy) (born September 9, 1926) is an Egyptian Muslim 1926
- Khurshid Ahmad - b. Khurshīd Ahmad ( Urdu: خورشید احمد, also known as Professor Khurshid) ( March 23, 1932 in Delhi -) is a 1932
- Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif - b. Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif (born in Sumpur Kudus West Sumatra on May 31 1935) is a prominent Indonesian intellectual 1935
- Muhammad Taqi Usmani - b. Justice ( R) Maulana Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ( Uthmani ( Arabic / Urdu: محمد تقی عثمانی 1943
- Nurcholish Madjid - (1939 - 2005)
- Fethullah Gülen - b. Dr Nurcholish Madjid ( March 17, 1939 - August 29, 2005) in his homeland affectionately known as "Cak Nur" was a prominent Indonesian Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April, 1941) modernist Islamic Scholar, writer and leader of the Gülen movement. 1941 Turkish, Islamic Scholar
- Shaykh Abdul Hadi Palazzi - b. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. Sheikh Prof Abdul Hadi Palazzi (شيخ عبد الهادي بالاتسي legally named Massimo Palazzi, is the leader of Italian Muslim Assembly and 1961 Italian, Islamic Scholar Author of The Jewish-Moislem Dialogue and the Question of Jerusalem
- Ahmed Saeed Kazmi - (1894 - 1985)
- Taqiuddin al-Nabhani- (1909 - 1977) Scholar, Thinker, Politician, Founder of Hizb ut-Tahrir
- Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid - b. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (Full transliterated name Sheikh Muhammad Taqiuddin bin Ibrahim bin Mustafah bin Ismail bin Yusuf al-Nabhani; تقي الدين النبهاني Hizb ut-Tahrir (حزب التحرير Party of Liberation is an international Pan-Islamist, Sunni, vanguard political party whose goal is to combine all Muslim Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, in Arabic ar نصر حامد ابو زيد (born July 10 1943 is an Egyptian Qur'anic thinker and one of the leading liberal theologists in 1943,
- Amien Rais - b. Amien Rais (born 26 April 1944 is a prominent Indonesian politician who led and inspired the reform movement that forced the resignation of President Suharto 1944,
- Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri - b. Dr Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri ( Urdu: محمد طاہر القادری) (also known as Quaid-e-Inqalab Quaid-e-Muhterum Shaykh ul Islam and Qibla Hazoor (born 1951
- Louay M. Safi - b. Louay M Safi is a Syrian - American, a recognized scholar of Islam and the Middle East and an advocate of Arab and Muslim American rights 1955,
- Imran Nazar Hosein Author of Jerusalem in the Quran
- Meer Abdullah Harun
- Michael Mumisa
- Imam Tahir Anwar
- Amir Hussain Well known scholar of Islam and comparative religion
- Anwar al-awlaki
- Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di
- Imam Tahir Mahmood al-Kiani
- Rabee Al-Madkhali
- Ibn Rushd
Shi'a Muslim
- See also: List of Ayatollahs
- See also: List of Grand Ayatollahs
- See also: List of Shia scholars
- See also: List of marjas
Shi'a Islamic scholars
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī - (973-1048), Persian universal genius, father of geodesy and Indology, and the "first anthropologist"
- Abu Mekhnaf - (d. Imran Nazar Hosein is a leading International Islamic Philosopher, Scholar and author specialising in World politics, Economy Born in London England Imam Tahir Anwar's family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1983 Anwar al-Awlaki (also spelled Aulaqi) is a Muslim lecturer and teacher from New Mexico. Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di at-Tamimi (1889 &ndash 1956 C Rabee' Ibn Haadee 'Umayr al-Madkhalee (ربيع بن هادي عمير المدخلي is a university professor a well-known Muslim Scholar, and a proponent of Salafism Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European See also Ayatollah List of marjas (Grand Ayatollahs This is a partial list of Ayatollahs a title given to high ranked Twelver Shi'a This article provides the list of marja taqlid (supreme legal authorities since 1900 both current and deceased followed by Usuli Twelver Shi'a Muslims This article provides the list of marja taqlid (supreme legal authorities since 1900 both current and deceased followed by Usuli Twelver Shi'a Muslims layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a 774, 157 AH) Historian, Kufi
- Muhammad Ya'qub Kulainy - (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kulayni Al-Razi (died 329 950), Sufficing fundaments (Usul al-Kafi)
- Mohammad ibn Ali (ibn-e Babuyeh) or (Shaikh Saduq) (d. The Kitab al-Kafi is a Twelver Shia Hadith collection compiled by Mohammad Ya'qub Kulainy. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Shaykh al-Saduq is the title given to Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi 927/928 306-81 A. H. )
- Sheikh al-Mufid
- Al-Sharif al-Radi - (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known Al-Sharif al-Radi, known in Persian as Seyyed Razi, the son of Abu Ahmad al-Naqib, a decent of Prophet Muhammad was born in 970 AD in Baghdad. 970), compiler of the Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha)
- al-Sharif al-Murtada
- Shaikh Tusi - wrote Tahdhibu 'l-Ahkam and al-Istibsar
- Ahmad ibn A'tham- Shia historian
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - (d. The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Al-Istibsar is the fourth important book of Shi'a Islamic Hadith. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad Ahmad ibn A'zham al-Kufi ( أبو محمد أحمد بن أعظم الكوفي 1201), Persia, multiple fields, Zij-i ilkhani, one of the founders of Trigonometry. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Zij-i Ilkhani or Ilkhanic Tables (literal translation "The Ilkhan Stars" after ilkhan Hulagu, who was the patron of the author at that time
- Mulla Sadra - (d. Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c 1571), Shi'a, Persia, philosophy, Transcendent Theosophy, the greatest philosopher Persia has ever produced
- Mir Damad - (16?? or 17??), Shia, Persia, philosophy, Taqwim al-Iman, founder of the Isfahan School
- Allamah al-Majlisi, - (d. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the Mir Damad (ميرداماد (d 1631 or 1632 known also as Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi or Asterabadi was a Iranian philosopher in the Neoplatonizing Islamic Peripatetic The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Muhammad Baqir Majlesi, ( 1616 ad – 1698 ad (In Persian علامه مجلسی variations Majlesi, Majlessi, Majlisi, 1689), Shia twelver, Iran, Oceans of Light (Bihar ul Anwar)
- Morteza Ansari - (~1781-1864) Shia twelver, Iran,
- Mohammad Kazem Khorasani - (1839–1911) Shia twelver, Iran,
- Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi - (1859-1937) Shia twelver, Iran,
- Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi (d. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Oceans of Lights (Arabic Bihar al-Anwar بحار الأنوار) is a comprehensive collection of traditions (ahadith compiled by the Shi'i scholar Mulla Muhammad Baqir known Morteza Ansari (also transliterated Mortaza Ansari and Murtada Aansari) (~1781-1864 was a Shia Jurist who "was generally acknowledged See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mohammad Kazem Khorasani (1839–1911 was a Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian politician philosopher reformer born in Tous See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Grand Ayatollah Hajj Sheikh Abdolkarim Haeri Yazdi ( Persian: عبدالكريم حائري يزدي; Arabic: عبد See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi (1875-1961 ( Persian 1962) Shia twelver, Iran
Shi'a contemporary scholars
- Grand Ayatollah Abdullah Shirazi - (1892-1984), Shia twelver, Iran
- Mohammad Kazem Khorasani (1839–1911) , Shia twelver, Iran
- Mohammed Kazem Yazdi , Shia twelver, Iran
- Allameh Tabatabaei - (1892—1981), Shia twelver, Iran, multiple fields, Tafsir al-Mizan
- Allamah Rasheed Turabi - (1908-1973)
- Allama Talib Jauhri
- Ruhollah Khomeini - (1900-1989), Shia twelver, Iran, the political and spiritual leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr - (1933- ), Shia twelver, Iran, philosophy
- Musa al-Sadr - (1928-1978?), Abducted in 1978
- Morteza Motahhari - (1920-1979) Iran
- Husain Mohammad Jafri - Shia, Pakistan, The Origins and Early Development of Shi`a Islam
- Ali al-Sistani - Shia twelver, Iran-Iraq
- Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i - Shia
- Sayed Muhsin al-Hakim
- Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim
- Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi - (d. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. See also Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi and Ayatollah al-Udhma Muhammad Shirazi. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mohammad Kazem Khorasani (1839–1911 was a Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian politician philosopher reformer born in Tous See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mohammed Kazem Yazdi was prominent Shia Islamic scholar centered in Najaf, most famous for his anti-constitutionalist stand during the Iranian Constitutional See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Al-Mizan fi tafsiri'l-Qur'an, popularly known as Tafsir al-Mizan ( تفسير الميزان)is a remarkable Shi'a Muslim Tafsir (or Allamah Rasheed Turabi was a prominent and distinguished Pakistani Scholar, Religious Leader, Public speaker, Poet Allama Talib Jauhari ( Talib Johri or Talib Jauhry) is a prominent and distinguished Pakistani Islamic scholar, Religious Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language For the Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, see Mūsá al-Kāżim Sayyid Mūsá aṣ-Ṣadr (1928-1978 (السيد موسى TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari (مرتضی مطهری February 3, 1920 Syed Husain Mohammad Jafri, is the Chairman of Islamic Pakistan Study Centre, Aga Khan University of Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini al-Sistani Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Shaykh Ahmad ibn Zayn ad-Dín ibn Ibráhím al-Ahsá'í ( was ( 1753 - 1826) was the founder of a 19th century Shi`i school in the Persian and Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhsin al- Tabataba'i al- Hakim (1889-1970 (أية الله العظمي سيد محسن الطباطبائ الحكيم Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim (سيد محمد باقر الحكيم(b TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi (1875-1961 ( Persian 1962)
- Mohammad Salih al-Mazandarani - Shahr Usul al-Kafi
- Muhammad al-Tijani
- Ali Shariati
- Haji Karim Khan of Kirman [1]
- Sayyid Kazim Rashti
- Professor Abdul Hakeem
- Prof. Sharh Usul al-Kafi is a commentary on Usul al-Kafi by Mohammad Salih al-Mazandarani. Muhammad al-Tijani al-Samawi ( محمد التيجاني السماوي)(born 2 February 1943 in Gafsa, Tunisia) is a Tunisian Ali Shariati ( علی شريعتی) ( November 23, 1933 &ndash 1977 was an Iranian sociologist and Revolutionary, well Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī or Siyyid Káẓim ( (1793-1843 was the son of Sayyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran Abdul Hakeem Buturabi is an influential Twelver Shi'a Scholar from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Waheed Akhtar - (1934-1996)'
- Shaeed Ghulam Hussain Najfi
Sunni Ahl al-Tasawwuf (Sufis)
- Rabi'a al-Adawiya, aka Rabia Basri, 8th century, Basra, Iraq [2]
- Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari, 14th century, Uzbekistan
- Al Khakim At Termizi, 8th century, Uzbekistan
- Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, 12th century, Turkestan. TemplateInfobox Urdu Poets and Muslim scholars --> Syed Waheed Akhtar ( August 12, 1934 — December Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari ( 1318 – 1389) was the founder of what would become one of the largest and most influential Sufi Muslim orders Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Tirmidhī (ترمذی also transliterated as Tirmizi. His full name is Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ali bin Hasan bin Bashir (in some sources it is Bishr Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi (Xoja Ahmad Yassivi also spelled Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, Ahmet Yasevi, Ahmed Yesevi or Ata Yesevi) born in
- Farid al-Din Attar, Persia
- Abusaeid Abolkheir, Persia
- Ibn Arabi , 1165- 1240 CE
- Mahmud Shabestari, Persian (687AH. Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (born 1145-46 in Nishapur &ndash died c The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Abusa'id Abolkhayr or Abū-Sa'īd Abulkhayr (ابوسعید ابوالخیر ( December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049 / The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Sheikh Mahmūd Shabestari (687AH- 720AH ( was a Sufi Muslim. His poem " Golshan-i Rāz "(The Rose Garden of the Secrets is - 720AH. )
- Junayd Baghdadi[Persian]
- Bayazid Bastami, Persia
- Mansur Al-Hallaj, Persia
- Abdul Qadir Gilani - Sunni Hanbali[Persian]
- Najmeddin Kubra, Persia
- Dhul-Nun al-Misri, 9th century, Nubia, Egypt
- Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi - 1207, Persia, founder of the order of the derwishes
- Al-Sakhawi, 831— 902
- Nasreddin - 10?? -13??, Persia
- Ghulam Mustafa Khan Mujaddid of 1400HY 1912-2005,Asia Pakistan
- Ahmed Raza Khan 1856-1920,Asia
- Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri compiler of Hadith book Minhaj us Sawi
- Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah
- Jami - 1414, Persian, multiple fields, Diwanha-i Sehganeh, the greatest Persian poet in the 15th century
- Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
- Muhammad Ilyas - 1885
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi - (1941 – 2001)writer, poet, philosopher & founder of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam Pakistan Sunni
- Qalander Ba Ba Auliya
- Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi
- Justice Shaykh Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari - 1918-1998, Bhera, Pakistan
- Shaykh Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada
- Shaykh Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi England
- Hazrat Shaykhul Hadith Maulana Yusuf ibn Sulayman Motala (1946 - Present) England
Unorthodox scholars
Converts to Islam
- Maulana Ibrahim Ahmad Noonan (Ireland)
- Roger Garaudy
- Jeffrey Lang
- Hamza Yusuf
- Ivan Aguéli - Shaykh Abd al-Hadi Aqhili (1869-1917) Swedish-born wandering Shadhili Sufi. Junayd ibn Muhammad Abu al-Qasim al-Khazzaz al-Baghdadi (830-910 AD was one of the great early mystics or Sufis, of Islam. Bayazid Bastami ( Persian بايزيد بسطامى) also known as Abu Yazid Bistami or Tayfur Abu Yazid al-Bustami, (804-874 CE was a The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Mansur al-Hallaj ( Arabic: منصور الحلاج - Mansūr al-Hallāj - Mansūr-e Hallāj; full name Abū al-Mughīth Husayn Mansūr The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Shaikh Sayyid 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani ( Persian / Urdu: عبد القادرگیلانی) (also spelled Abdelkader Abdul Qadir Abdul Khadir - Jilani Jeelani Jilali Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Dhul-Nun al-Misri (ذو النون المصري born in 796 in Akhmim, Upper Egypt - 859) was an Egyptian Sufi saint The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi (831AH 1428 - 902AH 1497 was a reputable Egyptian Islamic scholar, a Shafi'i Hafiz Nasreddin ( Turkish "Nasreddin Hoca", Persian ملا نصرالدین, Arabic: جحا transl Prof. Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan PhD, DLitt, SI, was a Researcher, Critic, linguist, Author Ahmad Raza Khan or Ahmed Rida Khan (1856-1921 was a Sunni Muslim scholar and founder of Barelwi School of thought. Dr Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri ( Urdu: محمد طاہر القادری) (also known as Quaid-e-Inqalab Quaid-e-Muhterum Shaykh ul Islam and Qibla Hazoor (born Al-Minhaj us-Sawi min-al-Hadith-in-Nabawi is a Hadith compendium compiled by Shaykh ul Islam Dr Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah also known as Hazrat Khatib ul Islam was a Pakistani Islamic religious scholar Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی ( August 18, 1414 &ndash November 19, 1492) was one of the greatest layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Muhsin al Attas (born September 5, 1931) is a prominent contemporary Muslim philosopher and thinker from Maulana Muhammad Ilyas Kandhelvi ( was the founder of the Islamic revivalist movement Tablighi Jamaat. Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi ( Urdu: ریاض احمد گوھر شاہی) (&lrm 25 November, 1941 – 25 November, 2001 A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Abdal-e-Haq Husn-e-Ukhra Syed Muhammad Azeem Barkhiya ( Urdu: سید محمد عظیم برخیا) commonly renowned as Qalander Ba Ba Sufi Master Shaykh Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi ( Urdu: خواجہ شمس الدین عظیمی) is the patriarch of the Sufi Order of Azeemia. Justice Diya al-'Ummah Hadhrat Shaykh Mawlana Mufti Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari ( شیخ محمد کرم شاہ الأزهري) Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada ( شیخ محمد امداد حسین بیرزادہ) born in 1946 in Jhang, Pakistan, is a graduate of DMG Bhera and the Hazrat Allama Pir Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi (born 1967 is a British Muslim scholar principal of the Hijaz College, National Convenor of the Muslim Action England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Shaikhul Hadith Hadhrat Maulana Yusuf ibn Suleman ibn Cassim Motala damat barakaatuhum (b England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Allama Mashriqi ( Urdu: علامہ مشرقی) ( Inayatullah Khan) ( Urdu: عنایت اللہ خان) (born in Amritsar Mohammad Shaikh, the chairman of the International Islamic Propagation Center. Allama Ghulam Ahmad Parwez (also Transliterated in different ways- Parvez Perwaiz Parvaiz etc Roger Garaudy or Ragaa (born July 17, 1913, in Marseille) is a French author philosopher and politician For the Australian musician see Jeff Lang Jeffrey Lang (born January 30, 1954 in Bridgeport Connecticut) is an American Hamza Yusuf Hanson is an Islamic scholar who teaches at the Zaytuna Institute in California, U Ivan Aguéli (born John Gustaf Agelii) ( May 24, 1869 - October 1, 1917) also named Sheikh 'Abd al-Hadi Aqhili ( شيخ
- Sherman Jackson
- Yahya Michot
- Marmaduke Pickthall -1875, England, The meaning of the Holy Qur'an
- Michael Wolfe
- Nuh Keller
- Frithjof Schuon
- M. Sherman A Jackson is an Arthur F Thurnau Professor of Near Eastern Studies Visiting Professor of Law and Professor of Afro-American Studies at the University of Michigan, ( Mohammed) Marmaduke Pickthall (1875– May 19, 1936) was a Western Islamic scholar, noted as a poetic translator of the Qur'an England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The meaning of the Holy/Glorious Qur'an/Koran is an explanatory translation of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, first published in 1930 Michael Wolfe (Born 3 April 1945 United States) is a poet author and the President and Executive Producer of Unity Productions Foundation. Nuh Ha Mim Keller (born 1954 is an American Muslim translator of Islamic books and a specialist in Islamic Law as well as an authorised Sheikh Frithjof Schuon, ( June 18, 1907 &ndash May 5, 1998) was a German philosopher metaphysician and author of numerous books on religion and spirituality Ismail Marcinkowski
- Timothy Winter
- Bilal Philips
- Yusuf Estes
- Imam Zaid Shakir - American
- Thomas McElwain
- Abdul Ahad Davud
- Muhammad Asad (Leopold Weiss born in July 1900 in the city of Lviv, now in Ukraine, died 1992) was a Jew who converted to Islam. Tim (Timothy John Winter (born 1960 aka Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad is a British Muslim thinker professor and translator Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips is a Muslim teacher speaker and author Sheikh Yusuf Estes, PhD (born in 1944 in Ohio) is an American convert to Islam and Director of the "Islamic Mission Foundation International" Imam Zaid Shakir ( Arabic: زيد شاكر, Zaid Shākir) is an African-American Muslim speaker and intellectual in the United The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Thomas McElwain is a Doctor of Philosophy who has lectured at the University of Turku in Finland and was a member of the faculty of the Department of Comparative Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss in July 1900 in what was then Austro-Hungarian Lwów in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Lviv in
- Martin Lings
- Ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī al-Samawʾal
- Ibn Kammuna
- Gibril Haddad
- Ahmad Thomson
- Aisha Masterdon
- Abdalqadir as-Sufi
- Aisha Bewley
- AbdalHaqq Bewley
Controversial
This is a list of scholars of present and past that are not recognized as Muslims by the mainstream but profess to be Muslims as part of groups and small sects that deviate from the mainstream. Martin Lings (Abu Bakr Siraj Ad-Din ( January 24, 1909 – May 12, 2005) was a Sufi and a student and follower of Frithjof Schuon[http مغربي، السموءل بن يحي، also known as Samau'al al-Maghribi (c Said ibn Mansur Ibn Kammuna (d 1284 was a 13th Century Jewish Physician ( ophthalmologist), Philosopher and Dissenter of Islam Dr Gibril Fouad Haddad (born 1960) is an Islamic scholar and translator Ahmad Thomson is a British Barrister and writer and also a member of the Murabitun movement and also a founder of the Association of Muslim Lawyers Abdalqadir as-Sufi (born 1930 Ian Dallas in Ayr Scotland) is a Shaykh of Sunni Tarbiyah (Instruction leader of the Darqawi-Shadhili-Qadiri A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
- Rashad Khalifa - proclaimed himself to be the Messenger of the Covenant of 3:81. Rashad Khalifa ( Arabic: رشاد خليفة; November 19, 1935 &ndash January 31, 1990) was an Egyptian-American
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1835-1908 - proclaimed to be a new prophet after the Prophet Muhammad; also proclaimed to be the Mahdi and the Messiah. Mirza Ghulām Ahmad of Qadian ( ميرزا غلام احمد) ( February 13, 1835 – May 26, 1908 CE Shawal 14 1250 –
Orientalists/Non-Muslims
- => The [t] following a title indicates books translated into English.
Chronological by date of birth
622 to 1800
- Joannis Damasceni (c. Chrysorrhoas redirects here For the river see Barada. Saint John of Damascus ( Arabic: يوحنا الدمشقي 676-749), official of the Caliph at Damascus, later a Syrian monk, Doctor of the Church, his Peri Aireseon [Concerning Heresies] [t], its chapter 100 being "Heresy of the Ishmailites" (attribution questioned). The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل
- Du Huan, captured at 751 Battle of Talas, traveled in Muslim lands for ten years, his Jingxingji [Record of Travels] (c. Du Huan ( fl 8th century was a Chinese Travel writer born in Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty. The Battle of Talas in 751 CE was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty for control The Jingxingji ( was a now lost journey book written by Du Huan shortly after he returned to China in 762 from the Abbasid Caliphate. 770) contains descriptions of Muslim life; book lost, but quoted by his uncle Du You in his Tongdian (766-801), an encyclopedia of China. Du You ( 735–812 Courtesy name Junqing (君卿 was a Chinese scholar, Historian and Prime minister of the Tang Dynasty The Tongdian ( is an important Chinese institutional history and encyclopedia text China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
- Sankara (c. Adi Shankara ( Malayalam: ആദി ശങ്കരന് Devanāgarī: आदि शङ्कर Ādi Śaṅkara, aːd̪i ɕaŋkərə (see below 788-820) a pivotal Hindu reformer and theologian of Advaita Vedanta; the Mohamudgara attributed to him. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation
- Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, probably 8th/9th century Abbasid, pseudonym [Servant of the Messiah. For the Muslim theologian see Abū-Yūsuf Ya’qūb ibn Ishāq al-Kindī Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi ( Arabic,عبد المسيح ابن This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions . . ] of an Arab Christian, author of the Risalah, a dialogue with a Muslim; later translated into Latin by Pedro de Toledo and very influential in Europe. Peter of Toledo was a significant translator into Latin of the Twelfth century.
- Nicetas of Byzantium his 9th century polemic Anatrope tes para tou Arabos. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters . . (P. G. , v. 105) picks at the Qur'an chapter by chapter. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
- Mardan-farukh of Iran, his late 9th century Sikand-Gumanik Vigar [Doubt-Dispelling Treatise] [t] favorably compares his Zoroastrianism, especially its theodicy, with Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, whose doctrines and beliefs are discussed. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Theodicy (θiːˈɒdɪsi (adjectival form theodicean) is a specific branch of Theology and Philosophy that attempts to reconcile the existence of Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
- Petrus Venerabilis (c. Peter the Venerable (about 1092 – December 25, 1156 in Cluny, France) also known as Peter of Montboissier, abbot of 1092-1156), Abbot of Cluny (France), while in Hispania circa 1240, inspired a group led by Robert of Ketton (England), with Herman von Carinthia (Slovenia), Pierre de Poitiers (France), and the mozarab Pedro de Toledo to translate the Qur'an into Latin, hence the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete (1143); it circulated only in manuscript copies until 1543. The Abbot of Cluny was the head of the powerful monastery of Cluny Abbey in medieval France. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Robert of Ketton ( Latin: Robertus Ketenensis) (1110? &ndash 1160? was an English Medieval theologian, astronomer and Arabist. Herman of Carinthia or Herman Dalmatin (also known in Latin as Sclavus Dalmata Secundus was a Philosopher, Astronomer, Astrologer, Mathematician Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Peter of Poitiers (born at Poitiers or in its neighbourhood about 1130 died in Paris in 1215 was a French scholastic theologian The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” Peter of Toledo was a significant translator into Latin of the Twelfth century. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete ( English: "Law of Mahomet the pseudo- Prophet " was the translation of the Qur'an into Latin A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Often only a tinted paraphrase, later George Sales would say it "deserves not the name of translation" because of its inaccuracy. Paraphrase ( IPA: /ˈpærəˌfreɪz/ is restatement of a text or passage using other words
- Raimundo, Arzobispo de Toledo (r. Francis Raymond de Sauvetât, or Raymond of Toledo, was the French Archbishop of Toledo from 1125 to 1152 1125-1152) sponsored uncensored translations, at first by the mozarab Domingo Gundisalvo who rendered into Latin the Spanish made from Arabic by the converso Juan Avendaut; later joined by many European scholars, e. The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” Dominicus Gundissalinus (flourished ca 1150) was Archdeacon of Segovia Spain and a scholastic Philosopher. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form g. , Gerardo da Cremona; from books of al-Andalus, e. Gerard of Cremona ( Italian: Gerardo da Cremona; Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or g. , the pagan Aristotle (centuries earlier translated by Syrian Christians from ancient Greek into Arabic), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd (Averroës); led to controversy & the "baptism" of Aristotle by Tomas d'Aquino. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted
- Mose ben Maimon (1135-1204) major Jewish theologian and talmudist who fled Al-Andalus for Morocco, then Cairo, his Dalalat al-Ha'rin [Guide of the Perplexed] (Fostat 1190) [in Arabic] [t], reconciles the Bible and the Talmud with Aristotle, and so discusses Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and the Muslim Kalam, especially the Mutakallimun, as well as the Mutazili; influenced by Ibn Rushd (Averroës). Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European
- Marco de Toledo (fl. Mark of Toledo (fl 1193-1216 produced one of the earliest translations of the Qur'an into Latin. 1193-1216) Castilla, an improved Latin translation from Arabic of the Qur'an. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
- Francesco d'Assisi (1182-1226), Italian saint, as peaceful missionary to Muslims, preached before Al-Kamil, Kurdish Sultan of Egypt, in 1219 during the fifth crusade; his Regula non bullata (1221) [t], chapter XVI "Those who are going among the Saracens and other unbelievers" counsels not to enter disputes, but rather humility, proclaiming what will please God. For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Al-Kamil (الكامل ( epithet: al-Malik al-Kamel Naser al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammed) (1180-1238 was an Ayyubid Sultan of Kurdish This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam.
- Frederick II (1194-1250), Hohenstaufen Emperor, at whose court in Palermo, Sicily, translations from Arabic into Latin continued. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.
- Ibn Kammuna (c. Said ibn Mansur Ibn Kammuna (d 1284 was a 13th Century Jewish Physician ( ophthalmologist), Philosopher and Dissenter of Islam 1215-c. 1285) Jewish scholar of Bagdad, his fair-minded though controversial Tanqih al-abhat li-l-milal al-talat [Examination of the Inquiries into the Three Faiths] (1280) [in Arabic] [t].
- Alfonso X el Sabio (1221-1284), Castilla, his royal Scriptorium or Escuela de Traductores continued translations from Arabic (especially Greek scientific works and Islamic) into Latin, which then became widely known in Europe; many translators were Jewish. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, The history of science in Classical Antiquity begins with the search for practical knowledge
- Ramon Marti (d. Ramón Martí was a Thirteenth century Catalan Dominican monk and theologian c. 1286) Castilla, Dominican friar, Summa contra errores Alcoranorum (1260); Pugio fidei adversus mauros et judaeos (c. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Summa and its diminutive summula (plural summae viz summulae) are mainly used in English and other modern langages for texts that 'sum up' knowledge The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 1280); a traditional partisan, he refers to the Qur'an, Hadith, as well as al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European
- Tomás d'Aquino (c. 1225-1274) Italian Dominican, Doctor of the Church ("Angelicus"), his Summa contra Gentiles (c. Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. 1261-64) [t], includes criticism of the Aristotelianism of Ibn Rushd (Averroës); also De Unitate Intellectus Contra Averroistas (Paris 1270) [t]. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
- Bar 'Ebraya [Abu-l-Farag] ((1226-1286), Catholicos of the Syriac Orthodox Church, learned theologian, prolific author, his spiritual treatise in Syriac Kethabha dhe yauna [Book of the Dove], as well as his Ethikon said by Wensinck to show influence by al-Ghazali. Bar-Hebraeus (1226 near Malatya, Sultanate of Rûm (modern Turkey) – 30 July 1286 in Catholicos (plural Catholicoi) is a title used by the Patriarch (head/regional head Bishop) of any of certain Eastern churches The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died
- Ramon Llull [Raimundo Lulio] (1232-1316) Catalan (Majorca) author and theologian, "Doctor Illuminatus", proponent of the "Ars Magna", fluent in Arabic, three times missionary to Tunis; his Llibre del Gentile e dels tres Savis (1274-76) [t], in which one learned in Hellenic philosophy hears three scholars, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, whose views are shared with exquisite courtesy by reasoning over their mutual virtues, rather than by attack and defense. Ramon Llull (1232 &ndash June 29, 1315) (sometimes Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull, in Latin Raimundus or The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Lull infers a heterodox continuum between the natural & the revealed supernatural.
- Riccoldo di Monte Croce (1243-1320) Italian (Firenze) Dominican, a missionary during the 1290s, lived in Bagdad, his Propugnaculum Fidei soon translated into Greek, later into German by Martin Luther; also polemic Contra Legum Serracenorum (Baghdad, c. Riccoldo of Monte di Croce (1242 &ndash 31 October 1320) was an Italian Dominican missionary born in Florence. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. 1290).
- Ramananda (d. Ramananda ( 1400 ?- 1470 ? was a Vaishnava Sant, a Ramayat, a devotee of Lord Ram. 1410) Hindu egalitarian reformer of bhakti movement, origin as Brahmin in sect of Ramanuja; his popular synthesis of both Islamic and Hindu elements led also to inter-religious understanding; the Sant Mat poet Kabir was a disciple. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Ramanuja ( traditionally 1017&ndash1137 also known as Ramanujacharya, was a Theologian, Philosopher, and Scriptural Exegete. Sant Mat was a loosely associated group of teachers that became prominent in the northern part of the Indian sub-continent from about the 13th century Al-Kabir "the Great" is also one of the 99 names of God in Islam
- Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo (d. Ruy González de Clavijo (? - April 2, 1412) Castilian traveler and writer 1412), ambassador of Enrique III of Castilla to Timur at Samarkand, Embajada a Tamor Lán (1582) [t]. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of
- Nicolaus Cusanus (1401-1464) German Cardinal, at cusp of renaissance; following the fall of Constantinople, his De pace fidei (1455) [t] sought common ground among the various religions, presenting fictitious short dialogues involving an Arab, an Indian, a Chaldean, a Jew, a Scythian, a Persian, a Syrian, a Turk, a Tartar, and various Christians; also his Cribratio Alcorani (1460). A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Syrians today are an overall indigenous Levantine people closely related to their immediate neighbours like the Lebanese and (to a lesser extent Jordanians The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
- Nanak (1469-1539) India, influenced by Muslim sufis and Hindu bhakti, became a teacher who traveled far to preach the unity of God; Sikhs revere him as their first Guru; opposed to caste divisions, and opposed to Hindu-Muslim rivalry/conflict. Guru Nanak Dev (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ (गुरु नानक گرونانک Gurū Nānak ( 15 april 1469, Nankana Sahib Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others
- Leo Africanus (circa 1488-1554), originally Muslim of Fez, traveled with his diplomat uncle to Timbuktu; later captured by Christian pirates & sold into slavery; freed by Pope Leo X and baptised; from knowledge of travels wrote Cosmographia Dell'Africa; later returned to Islam. Joannes Leo Africanus was the Latin name of Hasan ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Fasi ( Granada 1488? &ndash 1554? Timbuktu ( Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death
- Enbaqom (fl. 1523-1563) Ethiopia, echage or abbot of Dabra Libanos, originally a trader from Yemen or Iraq; his Anqasa Amin [Gateway of Faith] (c. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Important offices of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church were Patriarch we Re'ese Liqane Papasat - Patriarch and First of the Archbishop See also Debre Libanos (Eritrea for another monastery of the same name Islam came to Yemen around 630 during Muhammad 's lifetime and the rule of the Persian governor Badhan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. 1540), written in Ge'ez, a defense of Christianity contra Islam, citing the Qur'an, addressed to the Muslim invader Ahmad Gran. Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c 1506 - February 21, 1543) ("the Conqueror" was an Imam and General of Adal
- Theodor Bibliander [Buchmann] (1506-1564), Swiss (Zurich) theologian, in 1543 published in Basle various documents (with a preface by Martin Luther), which included the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete of 1143. Theodore (or Theodorus) Bibliander ( 1506 - September 26 1564) Swiss Orientalist publisher and linguist Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer
- Luis de Marmol Carvajal (c. 1520-c. 1600), Spanish soldier in Africa twenty years, captured and enslaved seven years, travels in Guinea, North Africa, Egypt, and perhaps Ethiopia: Descripción general de África (1573, 1599). Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page
- Alonso del Castillo (1520s-c. 1607), Spain, formative work in Arabic archives and inscriptions (his father once a Morisco of Granada). A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain.
- Andre du Ryer (c. André Du Ryer was a French Orientalist who wrote the third western translation of the Qur'an. 1580-c. 1660) France, translation of the Qur'an: L'Alcoran de Mahomet translaté d'arabe en françois (Paris 1647) [t]. L'Alcoran de Mahomet was the third western translation of the Qur'an, preceded by Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete and the translation by Mark of Toledo.
- Alexander Ross (1591-1654), Scotland, chaplain to Charles I, first English translation of the Qur'an from the French of Du Ryer (1649). Alexander Ross (c 1590 - 1654 was a prolific Scottish writer and controversialist The name Charles I may refer to Kings Charlemagne, Charles I Holy Roman Emperor (742-814 Charles I of England,
- Ludovico Marracci (1612-1700) Italian priest, professor of Arabic, Latin translation of the Qur'an, Alcorani textus universus. Louis(or Ludovico Maracci (1612-1700 was an Italian Catholic priest who translated the Qur'an into Latin in 1698 in Padua. . . (Padova 1698), publication delayed by Church censors, in two volumes: Prodromus contains a biography of Mohammad and summary of Islamic doctrine; Refutatio Alcorani contains the Qur'an in Arabic text, with Latin translation, annotated per partisan purposes (cf. Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. , Ottoman military proximity); cited by Edward Gibbon. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. Also, his earlier contributions translating the Bible into Arabic (1671).
- Dara Shikuh (1615-1659), Mughal, elder brother of Aurangzeb; Muslim but included here because of his syncretism in the tradition of his great-grandfather Akbar; his Majma-ul-Bahrain [Mingling of Two Oceans] (1655) [t] finds parallels between Sufism and the monotheistic Vedanta of Hinduism, it was later translated into Sanskrit; also his own translation into Persian of the Upanishads. Dara Shikoh ( Persian: داراشكوه)(March 20 1615 - August 30 1659 was the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings
- Johann Heinrich Hottinger (1620-1667) Swiss philologist, theologian, Historia Orientalis (Tiguri 1651) in Latin. Johann Heinrich Hottinger ( March 10, 1620 - June 5, 1667) was a Swiss philologist and theologian.
- Barthelemy d'Herbelot de Molainville (1625-1695) French philologist, Bibliotheque orientale (1697), based initially on the Turkish scholar Katip Celebi's Kashf al-Zunum which contains over 14,000 alphabetical entries. Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville ( December 14, 1625 &ndash December 8, 1695) French Orientalist, was born at Katip Çelebi, Mustafa bin Abdallah Haji Khalifa or Kalfa, (1609 Istanbul - 1657 Istanbul was an Ottoman scholar
- Henry Stubbe (1632-1676) English author, his An Account of the rise and progress of Mahometanism: with the life of Mahomet and a vindication of him and his religion from the calumnies of the Christians, which evidently lay in manuscript several hundred years until edited by Mahmud Khan Shairani and published (London: Luzac 1911). Henry Stubbe or Stubbes (1632 Partney, Lincolnshire – 1676 Bath) writer and scholar
- Jean Chardin (1643-1713) French merchant, Journal du Voyage. Jean Chardin, born Jean-Baptiste Chardin, also known as Sir John Chardin, ( November 16, 1643 &ndash January 5, 1713 . de Chardin en Perse et aux Indes Orientales (1686, 1711) [t]. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia
- Antoine Galland (1646-1715) France, first in the West to translate the Arabian Nights, Les Mille et Une Nuits (1704-1717). Antoine Galland ( April 4, 1646 &mdash February 17, 1715) was a French Orientalist and Archaeologist, most
- Humphrey Prideaux (1648-1724) Anglican Dean, traditional partisan, The True Nature of Imposture fully display'd in the Life of Mahomet (London 1697), reprint 1798, Fairhaven, Vermont; this work follows earlier polemics, & also refutes European deists. Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724 Doctor of Divinity and scholar belonged to an ancient Cornish family was born at Padstow, and educated at Westminster School A dean, in a church context is a Cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation
- Abraham Hinckelmann (1652-1692), edited an Arabic text of the Qur'an, later published in Hamburg, Germany, in 1694. Abraham Hinckelmann (1652-1692 was a Non-Muslim Islamic scholar who was the first one to print a complete Qur'an in Hamburg Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany
- Henri Comte de Boulainviller (1658-1722) French historian, his Vie de Mahomet (2nd ed. Henri de Boulainvilliers ( October 21, 1658, St Saire, Normandy - January 23, 1722, Paris) was a French , Amsterdam 1731) [t], praises what he saw as the instrumental rationalism of the prophet, portraying Islam in terms of a natural religion.
- Simon Ochley England, Cambridge Univ., his History of the Saracens (1708, 1718) praises Islam at arms length. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam.
- Jean Gagnier (c. 1670-1740) Oxford Univ., De vita et rebus Mohammedis (1723), an annotated Latin translation of chapters on Muhammad in Mukhtasar Ta'rikh a-Bashar by Abu 'l-Fida (1273-1331); also La Vie de Mahomet (Amsterdam 1748), a biography in French. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the
- Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet] (1694-1778) French author, critic, anti-cleric, deist, wealthy speculator; his play Mahomet le prophete ou le fanatisme (1741) [t], invents scurrilous legends & attacks hypocrisy, (also being a hidden attack on the French ancien régime). François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation
- George Sale (1697-1736), English lawyer, using Hinckelmann and Marracci, annotated and translated into English a well regarded The Koran (1734); member of the "Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge", proofread its Arabic New Testament (S. George Sale (1697 Kent, England &ndash1736 London, England was an Orientalist and practicing Solicitor. P. C. K. 1726).
- Miguel Casiri (1710-1780s), Syrian Maronite, Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis (2 volumes, Madrid 1760-1770). Miguel Casiri (1710&ndash1791 was a learned Maronite and Orientalist. Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.
- Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815) Germany, member of royal Danish expedition to Yemen, Beschreibung von Arabien (Kobenhavn 1772); Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Landern (3 volumes, Kobenhavn 1774, 1778, Hamburg 1837). Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17, 1733 &ndash April 26, 1815) was a German Mathematician, Islam came to Yemen around 630 during Muhammad 's lifetime and the rule of the Persian governor Badhan. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city
- Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838) Jewish French, his Grammaire arabe (2v. Antoine Isaac Baron Silvestre de Sacy ( September 21, 1758 &ndash February 21, 1838) was a French linguist and orientalist , 1810); teacher of Champollion who read the Rosetta Stone. Jean-François Champollion ( 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French classical scholar, philologist The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact (حجر رشيد in Arabic which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing
- Jose Antionio Conde (1765-1820) Historia de la dominacion de los arabes en Espana (Madrid 1820-1821), pioneer work now depreciated.
- Washington Irving (1783-1859) U. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th S. A. , author, Minister to Spain 1842-1846, Chronical of the Conquest of Granada (1829); Tales of the Alhambra (1832, 1851) where he lived several years; Mahomet and His Successors (New York: Putnam 1849) a popular, fair-minded biography based on translations from Arabic and on western authors, since edited (Univ. Tales of the Alhambra is a collection of essays verbal sketches, and stories by Washington Irving. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous of Wisconsin 1970).
- Charles Mills (1788-1826) England, History of Mohammedanism (1818). Charles Mills is a Professor at Northwestern University.He earned his Ph
- Garcin de Tassy (1794-1878) France, L'Islamisme d'apre le Coran (Paris 1874), the religion based on a reading of the Qur'an. Joseph Héliodore Sagesse Vertu Garcin de Tassy ( January 25, 1794, Marseille - September 2, 1878) was a French orientalist
- A. P. Caussin de Perceval (1795-1871) Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme (Paris 1847-1849), Arabia before Muhammad. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
1800 to 1900
- Gustav Flugel (1802-1870), Germany, Al-Qoran: Corani textus Arabicus (Leipzig 1834), Arabic text for academics. Gustav Leberecht Flügel ( February 18, 1802 - July 5, 1870) was a German Orientalist. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong
- Gustav Weil (1808-1889) Jewish German, Mohammed der Prophet (Stuttgart 1843); Biblische Legenden der Musel-manner (Frankfort 1845) [t]; Das Leben Mohammeds nach Mohammed ibn Ishak, bearbeitet von Abdel Malik ibn Hischam (Stuttgard 1864). Gustav Weil ( April 25, 1808, Sulzburg, Baden - August 29, 1889, Freiburg -im-Breisgau was a German In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار or simply Ibn TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik bin Hisham (أبو محمد عبدالمالك بن هشام or Ibn Hisham
- John Medows Rodwell (1808-1900), English translation of The Koran, using derived chronological sequence of Suras. For others see Rodwell (disambiguation John Medows Rodwell (1808–1900 was an English Non-Muslim Islamic scholar. The Koran is the name of a Translation of the Qur'an written by John Medows Rodwell. Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded
- Pascual de Gayangos y Arce (1809-1897), Spanish Arabist, studied under de Sacy in Paris; translated al-Maqqari (d. Pascual de Gayangos y Arce ( June 21, 1809 &ndash October 4, 1897) was a Spanish scholar and Orientalist. 1632) into English as History of the Mohammedan Dynasties of Spain (1840, 1843); Tratados de Legislación Musulmana (v. 5, Mem. His. Esp. 1853).
- Abraham Geiger (1810-1874) German rabbi and scholar, major founder of Reform Judaism, his Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? (Bonn 1833) [t] restates and updates a perennial thesis (e. Abraham Geiger (1810&ndash1874 was a German Rabbi and scholar who led in the foundation of Reform Judaism, seeking to remove all nationalistic elements Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia g. , cf. L. Marracci). Louis(or Ludovico Maracci (1612-1700 was an Italian Catholic priest who translated the Qur'an into Latin in 1698 in Padua.
- Aloys Sprenger (1813-1893) Austria, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad (2nd edition, 3 volumes, Berlin 1869). Aloys Sprenger (1813 – 1893) was an Austrian orientalist Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
- Carl Paul Caspari (1814-1892) German, Christian convert from Judaism, Norwegian academic, Grammatica Arabica (1844-48), Latin. Carl Paul Caspari ( February 8, 1814 &ndash April 11, 1892) was a Norwegian Neo-Lutheran theologian and academic
- William Muir (1819-1905), Scotland, government official in India, The Life of Mohamet (London, 1861). Sir William Muir, KCSI ( 27 April 1819 – 11 July 1905) was a Scottish Orientalist. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
- Edward Rehatsek (1819-1891) Hungary, later India, first translation of Sirah Rasul Allah into English (deposited, 1898). Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
- Reinhart Dozy (1820-1883) Netherlands, Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'a la Conquete de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides (Leiden, 1861), 4 volumes; Recherches sur l'Histoire et la Littérature de l'Espagne pendant le moyen âge (1881). Reinhart Pieter Anne Dozy (February 1820 &ndash May 1883 was a Dutch Arabic scholar of French ( Huguenot) origin who was born in Leiden. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation.
- Ernest Renan (1823-1892) French, Catholic apostate, Histoire generale et system compare des langues semitiques (Paris 1863). Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native
- Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900) German philologist, comparative religion pioneer, Oxford Univ. For the Danish Colonel Max Müller see Second War of Schleswig. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions professor, editor of 50 volume Sacred Books of the East, volumes 6 and 9 being the Qur'an translated by E. H. Palmer. Edward Henry Palmer ( August 7, 1840 &ndashAugust 1882 was an English orientalist.
- Francisco Javier Simonet (1825-c. 1897) Spanish Arabist, traditional partisan, Leyendas históricas árabes (Madrid 1858); Historia de los mozarabes de Espana (Madrid 1897-1903); controversial views, e. The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” g. , suggesting that one-sided Muslim marriage law caused an insulation in the subject people that over generations fused their religious & lineage identities, consequently focus put on limpio de sangre.
- Ludolf Krehl (1825-1901) Beitrage zur Muhammedanischen Dogmatik (Leipzig 1885).
- Alfred von Kremer (1828-1889) Austria, professor of Arabic at Wien, foreign service to al-Qahirah, Kemet; Geschichte de herrschenden Ideen des Islams (Leipzig 1868); Culturgeschichte Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams (Leipzig 1873) [t]. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong
- Girish Chandra Sen (1836-1910) India, translated Muslim works into Bengali, including the Qur'an (1886); professor of Islam for the Brahmo Samaj, universalist Hindu reform society founded in 1828 by Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833). Girish Chandra Sen (গিরিশ চন্দ্র সেন (1835/36-1910 a Brahmo Samaj missionary was the first person to translate the holy Qur’an India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Brahmo Samaj ( Bengali ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ Bramho Shômaj) is the societal component of Brahmoism. Ram Mohan Roy ( August 14, 1774 – September 27, 1833) was a founder in 1828 (with Dwarkanath Tagore and other Bengali
- Francisco Codera y Zaidin (1836-1917) Tratado numismática arábigo-español (Madrid 1879); founded Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution
- Michael Jan de Geoje (1836-1909) Dutch academic, led the editing of the Arabic text of Ta'rikh al-rasul wa'l muluk [History of Prophets and Kings] of the Persian al-Tabari (d. 923), in 14 volumes (Leiden: Brill 1879-1901).
- Theodor Nöldeke (1836-1930) Germany, well regarded philologist and academic, Das Leben Mohammeds (1863); Zur Grammatik de klassische Arabisch (1896); with F. Theodor Nöldeke ( March 2, 1836 - December 25 1930 German Semitic scholar was born at Harburg, and studied at Göttingen See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Schwally Geschichte des Qorans (Leipzig, 1909-1919, 2 volumes).
- Edward Henry Palmer (1840-1882), English; traveler in Arab lands; called to the bar in 1874; tranlated Qur'an for the S.B.E. (1880); killed in Egypt by desert ambush while with British military patrol. Edward Henry Palmer ( August 7, 1840 &ndashAugust 1882 was an English orientalist. The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious writings edited by Max Müller and published by the Oxford University
- Ignazio Guidi (1844-1935) Italy, L'Arabe anteislamique (Paris 1921). Ignazio Guidi (1844-1935 was an Italian orientalist He became Professor at the University of Rome. The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail
- Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) Germany, Muhammed in Medina (Berlin 1882); Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz (Berlin 1902); his Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (Berlin 1878, 1882) [t] presents studies using the "higher criticism" of the Bible. Julius Wellhausen ( May 17, 1844 - January 7, 1918) was a German biblical scholar and Orientalist.
- William Robertson Smith (1846-1894) Scotland, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (Cambridge 1885); Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), sought to locate ancient Judaism in its historical context; in his Old Testament studies influenced by Wellhausen. William Robertson Smith ( 8 November, 1846 – 31 March, 1894) was a Scottish orientalist, Old Testament scholar Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
- Italo Pizzi (1849-1920) L'Islamismo (Milan 1905). Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.
- Ignaz Goldziher (1850-1921), Hungary, Die Zahiriten (Leipzig 1884); Muhammedanische Studien (2 volumes, Halle 1889-1890) [t] {vol. Ignác (Yitzhaq Yehuda Goldziher ( June 22, 1850 – November 13, 1921) often credited as Ignaz Goldziher was a Hungarian Orientalist Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Zāhirī (ظاهري is a school of thought in Islamic jurisprudence 2 questions hadith}; Vorlesungen uber den Islam (Heidelberg 1910, 1925) [t]; Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung (Leiden 1920); well regarded Jewish scholar, admirer of Islam, e. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic g. , writing that he felt fulfillment when praying with Muslims in a Cairo mosque. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger
- Martijn Theodoor Houtsma (1851-1943) Netherlands, lead editor of Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: E. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands J. Brill 1913-1938), 9 volumes; eclipsed by a new edition (1954-2002) of 11 volumes with index and supplements.
- Julián Ribera y Tarragó (1858-1934) Spain (Valencia), professor of Arabic, studies in mixed culture of al-Andalus (e. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or g. , connections to the troubadours); El Cancionero de Abencuzmán (Madrid 1912); La musica de las Cantigas (Madrid 1922). A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 A cantiga ( cantica, cantar) is a medieval monophonic Song from Spain or Portugal.
- David Samuel Margoliouth (1858-1940), Anglican, his father a Jewish convert, Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (London 1905, 1923); Relations between Arabs and Israelites prior to the Rise of Islam (1924); Table-talk of a Mesopotamian judge (1921, 1922, 2 volumes). David Samuel Margoliouth ( October 17, 1858 in London England, &ndash March 22, 1940) was an Orientalist. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Mohammed and the Rise of Islam is a book about Islam written by David Samuel Margoliouth in 1905 Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding
- William St. Clair Tisdall (1859-1928) Anglican priest, linguist, traditional partisan, The Original Sources of the Quran (S. William St Clair Tisdall (1859-1928 was a British Historian and Philologist who served as the Secretary of the Church of England 's Missionary P. C. K. 1905).
- Edward G. Browne (1862-1926) English, A Literary History of Persia (4 volumes, 1902-1924). Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published
- Henri Lammens (1862-1937) Belgian (Flemish) Jesuit, a modern partisan; Fatima et ls filles de Mahomet (Roma 1912); Le berceau de l'Islam (Roma 1914); L'Islam, croyances et institutions (Beyrouth 1926) [t]; L'Arabe Occidental avant l'Hegire (Beyrouth 1928). Henri Lammens (1862-1937 was a prominent Belgian-born Jesuit and Orientalist. Flemish (Vlaams in Dutch) is a popular informal term to refer to Belgian Dutch ( Belgisch-Nederlands in Dutch Dutch as spoken in Belgium Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2
- Henri Pirenne (1862-1935) Belgian historian, Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris 1937) [t], how the Arab conquests disrupted Mediterranean trade, isolating the European economies which declined. Henri Pirenne ( December 23 1862, Verviers - October 25 1935, Uccle) was a leading Belgian historian The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his
- Maurice Gaudefroy-Desmombynes (1862-1957) France, Le pelerinage a la Mekke (Paris 1923); Le monde musulman et byzantin jusqu'aux croisades (Paris 1931) with S. F. Platonov; Les institutions musulmanes (Paris 1946) [t].
- Duncan Black MacDonald (1863-1943) Scotland; Hartford Seminary in U. Duncan Black MacDonald (1863-1943 was an American Orientalist Hartford Seminary is a theological college in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. S. A. ; Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory (New York 1903); The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam (Chicago 1909).
- Thomas Walker Arnold (1864-1930) England, professor in India associating with Shibli Nomani & Muhammad Iqbal, later at London S.O.A.S.; The Caliphate (Oxford 1924); Painting in Islam. Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1864-1930 was an eminent British Orientalist who taught at MAO College, Aligarh, and Government College Allama Shibli Nu'mani (June 3 1857 - November 18 1914 Azamgarh) was an Indian scholar on Islam. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of A study of the place of pictorial art in Muslim culture (1928); The Preaching of Islam (1929); Legacy of Islam (Oxford 1931) editor with A. Guillaume. Alfred Guillaume was a known Islamic Scholar. Alfred Guillaume translated " Sirat Rasul Allah " and published The Life of Muhammad
- François Nau (1864-1913) Les chrétiens arabes en Mesopotamia et en Syrie au VIIe et VIIIe siècles (Paris 1933). François Nau (b 13 May 1864 at Thil (Lorraine d 2 September 1931 at Paris) was a French Catholic priest mathematician and specialist in Syriac studies
- William Ambrose Shedd (1865-1918) U. S. A. , Prebyterian, Islam and the Oriental Churches: Their historical relations (1904).
- Theodor Juynboll (1866-1948) Handbuch des islamischen Gesetzes (Leipzig: Brill Harrassowitz 1910) on Islamic law.
- Samuel Marinus Zwemer (1867-1952) U. Samuel Marinus Zwemer ( April 12, 1867 - April 2, 1952) nicknamed The Apostle to Islam, was an American Missionary S. A. , Protestant missionary to Islam, later at Princeton Univ., Islam. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. A Challenge to Faith (New York 1907); Law of Apostasy in Islam (1924).
- Leon Ostrorog, Comte (1867-1932) Poland, The Angora Reform (London 1927), on the "Law of Fundamental Organization" (1921) of republican Turkey transferring power from the Sultan to the Assembly; Pour la reforme de la justice ottomane (Paris 1912). Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
- Reynold Nicholson (1868-1945) English, The Mystics of Islam (1914); A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge Univ. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson (or RA Nicholson; born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England on 18 August1868 died on Chester, Cheshire 1930).
- Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956) Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (5 volumes, Weimar and Leiden, 1898-1942), Geschichte der islamischen Volker und Staaten (Munchen 1939) [t]. Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956 German Semiticist, was the foremost orientalist of his generation Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.
- Leone Caetani (1869-1935) Italian nobleman, Annali dell'Islam (10 volumes, 1904-1926) reprint 1972, contains early Arabic sources. Leone Caetani ( September 12 1869 – December 25[[ 935]] Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani) was an Italian scholar
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) spiritual and independence leader in India, opposed caste divisions; prolific writer, teacher of satyagraha worldwide, which influenced Martin Luther King; his letter to Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Sept. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan 11, 1944, stated "My life mission has been Hindu-Muslim unity. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical . . not to be achieved without the foreign ruling power being ousted. " Because of policies favorable to Islam, the mahatma was assassinated by a Hindu ultra-nationalist. Mahatma is Sanskrit for "Great Soul" (महात्मा mahātmā: महा mahā (great + आत्मं or आत्मन Cf. , McDonough, Gandhi's responses to Islam (199x).
- Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944), Catholic priest, professor of Arabic, studied the mutuality of influence between Christian and Islamic spirituality (prompting vigorous response), Algazel (Zaragoza 1901); La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia (Madrid 1923) ["t"] per influence on Dante of mi'raj literature; El Islam cristianizado. Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944 was a Spanish scholar (an Arabist) and a Roman Catholic Priest. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology In Islamic tradition the Isra and Mi'raj (الإسراء والمعراج) are the two parts of a journey that Muhammad took in one night around the year 620 Estudio del sufismo a traves de las obras de Abenarabi de Murcia (Madrid 1931); Huellas del Islam (Madrid 1941) includes comparative articles on Tomas d'Aquino and Juan de las Cruz. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. For another saint who lived around the same time and area see John of Avila.
- De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957) Bristol Univ. Arabic Thought and Its Place in History (1922, 1939); Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (1923); Arabia before Muhammad (1927); How Greek Science passed to the Arabs (1949). the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities
- Georg Graf (1875-1955) Germany, Geschichte der Christlichen Arabischen Literatur (Vatican 1944). Georg Graf (* 15 March 1875 in Munzingen † 18 September 1955 in Dillingen an der Donau) was a German Orientalist.
- Richard Bell (1876-19xy) English, Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment (Edinburgh Univ. 1925). Richard Bell may refer to Richard Bell (artist, Australian Artist Richard Bell (director, Canadian writer and director The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
- Arthur S. Tritton (1881-1973) The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects. A critical study of the Covenant of 'Umar (Oxford 1930). Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great
- Alphonse Mingana (1881-1937) Assyrian Christian (Iraq), former priest, religious historian, collected early Syriac and Arabic documents and books into the "Mingana Collection". Alphonse Mingana (born as Hurmiz Mingana, 1878 Sharansh village near Zakho, Ottoman Empire (present day Iraq) - died 3 December The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (الكنيسة الكلدانية) is an Eastern particular church of the See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language
- Arent Jan Wensinck (1882-1939) Dutch, Mohammed en de Joden te Medina (Amsterdam 1908) [t]; La pensee de Ghazzali (Paris 1940); Handworterbuch des Islam (1941) [t] with J. H. Kramers; from Syriac, Bar Hebraeus's Book of the Dove (Leyden 1919). Bar-Hebraeus (1226 near Malatya, Sultanate of Rûm (modern Turkey) – 30 July 1286 in
- Louis Massignon (1883-1962) France, influenced Catholic-Islamic understanding per the Nostra Aetate of Vatican II (1962-1965); a married priest (Orthodox [Arabic rite]), Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane (Paris 1922, 2nd ed. Life Louis Massignon was born in Nogent-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne near Paris. Nostra Aetate is the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. 1954) [t]; Passion de Husayn Ibn Mansur Hallaj (Paris 1973) [t]. Mansur al-Hallaj ( Arabic: منصور الحلاج - Mansūr al-Hallāj - Mansūr-e Hallāj; full name Abū al-Mughīth Husayn Mansūr
- Nicolas P. Aghnides (1883-19xx) Mohammedan Theories of Finance (Columbia Univ. 1916). Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.
- Margaret Smith (1884-1970) Rabi'a the mystic and her fellow saints in Islam (Cambridge Univ. 1928); Studies in Early Mysticism in the Near and Middle East (1931) development of early Christian mysticism, of Islamic re Sufism, and a comparison. Margaret Smith may refer to Margaret Smith Court known as Margaret Court (born 1942 Australian tennis player Margaret Chase Smith Rābiʻa al-ʻAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya ( Arabic: رابعة العدوية القيسية or simply Rabiʿa al-Basri (717–801 C The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the
- Seymour Gonne Vesey-Fitzgerald (1884-19xx), Muhammadan Law, an abridgement, according to its various schools (Oxford Univ. 1931); The Iraq Treaty, 1930 (London 1932). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.
- Tor Andrae (1885-1947) Sweden, comparative religion, Univ.of Uppsala; Mohammed Sein Leben und Sein Glaube (Goettingen 1932) [t]; I myrtentradgarden: Studier i tidig islamisk mystik (1947) [t]. Tor Julius Efraim Andræ ( 9 July 1885 - 24 February 1947) was a Swedish scholar of Comparative religion and Bishop of Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions Uppsala University ( Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a world-class research University in Uppsala, Sweden. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
- Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978) Lebanon, formative re Arabic studies in the U. Philip Khuri Hitti (1886 - 1978 born in Shimlan, Ottoman Syria (now Lebanon) was a scholar of Islam and introduced the field of Arab culture Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية S. A. , Origins of the Islamic State (Columbia Univ. 1916) annotated translation of Kitab Futuh Al-Buldan of al-Baladhuri; History of Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine (1957). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri Arabic (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.
- Okawa Shumei (1886-1957) Japanese author; tried for war crimes after World War II; translated the Qur'an into Japanese (1950). was a Japanese Nationalist, Pan-Asian writer and Islamic scholar
- Giorgio Levi della Vida (1886-1967) Jewish Italian, professor of semitic languages, Storia e religione nell'Oriente semitico (Roma 1924); Les Sémites et leur rôle das l'histoire religieuse (Paris 1938); anti-Fascist Italian politician in 1920s. Giorgio Levi Della Vida ( August 22, 1886, Venice - December 25, 1967, Rome) was an Italian Jewish The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology
- Gonzangue Ryckmans (1887-1969) Belgium, Catholic priest, Louvain professor, epigraphy of pre-Islamic South Arabia; Les Religions Arabes preislamiques (Louvain 1951). The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Catholic University of Leuven, or Louvain, was the largest oldest and most prominent university in Belgium. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved
- Harry Austryn Wolfson (1887-1974) U. Harry Austryn Wolfson ( November 2, 1887 – September 20, 1974) was a scholar philosopher S. A. , Harvard Univ. , Philo. Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (1947); The Philosophy of the Kalam (1976); Repercussions of the Kalam in Jewish Philosophy (1979). Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology
- Ángel González Palencia (1889-1949) Spanish Arabist, História de la España musulmana (Barcelona 1925, 3rd ed 1932); História de la literatura arábigo-española (Barcelona 1928, 1945); Moros y cristianos in España medieval. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Estudios históricos-literarios (1945).
- Arthur Jeffery (1892-1959) American University at Cairo 1921-1938, Materials for the history of the text of the Quran (Leiden 1937-1951); Foreign Vocabulary in the Quran (Baroda 1938); A Reader on Islam (1962). Arthur Jeffery ( 18 October 1892 in Melbourne – 2 August 1959 in South Milford Nova Scotia Canada was a Protestant Australian Professor
- Barend ter Haar (1892-1941) Dutch, Beginselen en Stelsel van het Adatrecht (Groningen Batavia 1939) [t], on Adat law in Indonesia. Alesis Digital Audio Tape or ADAT, first introduced in 1991 was used for simultaneously recording eight tracks of Digital audio at The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
- Willi Heffening (1894-19xx) Germany, Das islamische fremdenrecht zu den islamisch-fränkischen staatsverträgen. Eine rechtshistorischen studie zum fiqh (Hanover 1925). Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen
- E. A. Belyaev (1895-1964) Russia (USSR), Araby, Islam i arabskii Khalifat (Moskva, 2nd ed 1966) [t]. E A Belyaev (1895-1964] was an Islamic scholar and a prominent Soviet Islamist and member of the Institute of Asian Peoples of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of
- Henri Terrasse (1895-1971) French Arabist, Histoire du Maroc (2 volumes, Casablanca 1949-1950) [t]; Islam d'Espagne (Paris 1958). Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا
- José López Ortiz (1898-1992) Spain, Arabist with interest in legal history; article on fatwas of Granada; Los Jurisconsultos Musulmanes (El Escorial, 1930); Derecho musulman (Barcelona, 1932); a Catholic priest, later made Bishop. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight
- Enrico Cerulli (1898-1988) Italy, Documenti arabi per la storia nell' Etiopia (Roma 1931); two works re Dante and Islam per M. Asín: Il "Libro della scala" e la question delle fonti arabo-spagnole della Divina commedia (Vatican 1949), Nuove ricerche sul "Libro della Scala" e la conoscenza dell'Islam in Occidente (Vatican 1972). Enrico Cerulli ( February 15 1898 - September 19 1988) was an Italian scholar of Ethiopian studies NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944 was a Spanish scholar (an Arabist) and a Roman Catholic Priest. In Islamic tradition the Isra and Mi'raj (الإسراء والمعراج) are the two parts of a journey that Muhammad took in one night around the year 620 The Divine Comedy
1900 to 1950
- Josef Schacht (1902-1969) France (Alsace), Islamic legal history, Der Islam (Tübingen 1931); Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford 1950) influential work, a legal historical critique (following, e. Joseph Schacht, born in Ratibor, 15 March 1902, died in Englewood, 1 August 1969, was a British-German professor of Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern g. , Goldziher) re the early oral transmission of Hadith & founding jurists; Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford 1964); Legacy of Islam (2nd ed. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the , Oxford 1974) edited with C. E. Bosworth.
- J. Spencer Trimingham (1904-wxyz) English; Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford 1952), a history and current sociology; Sufi Orders in Islam (Oxford 1971); Christianity among the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Times (Beirut 1990). J Spencer Trimingham was a noted 20th century scholar on Islam in Africa. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail
- Erwin Rosenthal (1904-wxyz) German Jewish, Political Thought in Medieval Islam (1958); Judaism and Islam (1961).
- Arthur John Arberry (1905-1969) English, The Koran Interpreted (1955), a translation that attempts to capture the medium of the original Arabic; various other translations; Sufism. Arthur John Arberry ( Portsmouth, May 12 1905 &ndash Cambridge, October 2 1969) was a respected and most prolific scholar An Account of the Mystics of Islam (1950).
- Emilio Garcia Gomez (1905-1995) Spain, Arabist, poet; Poemas arabigoandaluces (Madrid 1940); Poesia arabigoandaluza (Madrid 1952); his theories, e. Emilio García Gómez ( 4 June 1905 &ndash 31 May 1995) was a Spanish Arabist literary historian and critic whose talent as a poet Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or g. , on origins of the muwashshahat (popular medieval strophic verse); his admired translations from Arabic.
- Henri Laoust (1905-wxyz) France, Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Taki-d-Din Ahmad Taimiya, cononiste 'anbalite (Le Caire 1939); Le traite de droit public d'Ibn Taimiya [al-Siyasah al-Shariyah] (Beirut 1948); Le politique de Gazali (Paris 1970). Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt.
- Geo Widengren (1907-wxyz) Sweden, comparative religion; Muhammad, The Apostle of God, and His Ascension (Uppsala 1955). Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of
- Frithjof Schuon (1907-1998) German Swiss; of Traditionalist School (sophia perennis or "western" sufi), its co-founder with Rene Guenon and Ananda Coomaraswamy, influenced Seyyed Hossein Nasr; De l'unite transcendante des religions (Paris 1948) [t]; Comprendre l'Islam (Paris 1961) [t]; Regards sur le Mondes Anciens (Paris 1967) [t]. Frithjof Schuon, ( June 18, 1907 &ndash May 5, 1998) was a German philosopher metaphysician and author of numerous books on religion and spirituality The Traditionalist School of thought also known as Integral Traditionalism (in the sense of Integralism) or Perennialism (in the sense of Perennial Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy (ஆனந்த குமாரசுவாமி 22 August, 1877, Colombo - 9 September, 1947, TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian
- Henry Corbin (1907-1978) France, former Catholic, associated with Eranos Institute (inspired by Carl Jung), an academic re history of religions, idiosyncratic, long a resident of Tehran; Les Motifs zoroastriens dans la philosophie de Suhrawardi (Tehran 1948); Avicenne et la recit vissionaire (Tehran 1954) [t]; L'imagination creatrice dans le soufisme d'Ibn 'Arabi (Zurich 1955-56, Paris 1958) [t]; Terre celeste et corps de resurrection: de l'Iran mazdeen a l'Iran shi'ite (Paris 1960) [t]. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at For the town in Armenia see Yeranos. Eranos is an intellectual discussion group dedicated to the study of Spirituality which has met The History of religions ( Religiongeschichteschule, school of religious history was a 19th century German school of thought which was the first to systematically Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator
- Titus Burckhardt (1908-1984) German Swiss, early contact with Traditionalist School and Rene Guenon; Du Soufisme (Lyon 1951) [t]; Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien (Munchen 1970) [t]; great nephew of Jacob Burckhardt. Titus Burckhardt, a German Swiss was born in Florence Italy in 1908 and died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1984 The Traditionalist School of thought also known as Integral Traditionalism (in the sense of Integralism) or Perennialism (in the sense of Perennial René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland &ndash August 8, 1897, Basel was a Swiss
- Abraham Katsh (1908-1998) U. S. A. , Jewish academic, Judaism in Islam. Biblical and Talmudic backgrounds of the Koran and its Commentators, Sura I & II (New York 1954), reprinted 1962 as Judaism and the Koran. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded
- William Montgomery Watt (1909-2006) Scottish Episcopal priest, Arabist, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford 1953), Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956); with P. William Montgomery Watt ( 14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was an Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba is a Christian denomination in Scotland and a member of the Anglican Communion, although it Muhammad at Mecca is a book about the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's life in Mecca written by the non- Muslim Islamic scholar Muhammad at Medina is a book about Islam written by the Non-Muslim Islamic scholar William Montgomery Watt. Cachia A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh 1965); Formative Period of Islamic Thought (1998). Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow.
- Martin Lings (1909-2005) Sufi scholar, Muhammed. Martin Lings (Abu Bakr Siraj Ad-Din ( January 24, 1909 – May 12, 2005) was a Sufi and a student and follower of Frithjof Schuon[http His life based on the earliest sources (1983); Secret of Shakespeare (1984).
- Józef Bielawski (1910-1997) Uniwersytet Warszawski, former Polish diplomat to Turkey; Historia lieratury arabskiej: zarys (Wroclaw 1968); translation of Qur'an into Polish (Warszawa 1986), improving on that of J. This article is about Józef Bielawski an arabist See Józef Bielawski for other persons called Józef Bielawski. University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. M. T. Buczacki (1858).
- Jacques Berque (1910 Algeria - 1995 France), pied-noir scholar who early favored Maghribi independence, he retained his ties to Africa; on Moroccan Berber ethnology: Les structures sociales du Haut Atlas (1955); on Arab renaissance: Les Arabes d'hier a demain (1960) [t]. Jacques Augustin Berque ( June 4, 1910 - June 27, 1995 was a French Islamic scholar and sociologist. Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley.
- Giulio Basetti-Sani (1912-wxyz) Italy, Mohammed et Saint François (Ottawa 1959); Per un dialogo cristiano-musulmano (Milano 1969).
- George Hourani (1913-1984) Lebanese English, Averroes. George Fadlo Hourani ( June 3, 1913 - September 19, 1984) was a British philosopher and classicist of Lebanese descent Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy (London 1961) annotated translation of Kitab fasl al maqal of Ibn Rushd; Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics (Cambridge Univ. 1985); Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and medieval times (Princeton Univ. 1951, 1995); brother of Albert Hourani. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey.
- Uriel Heyd [Heydt] (1913-1968) Jewish German, moved to Israel in 1934, Studies in old Ottoman criminal Law (Oxford 1973).
- Robert Charles Zaehner (1913-1974) religious studies at Oxford, The Comparison of Religions (London 1958); Hindu and Muslim Mysticism (London 1960); Concordant Discord: The Interdependence of Faiths (Oxford 1970). Robert Charles Zaehner (1913 - 1974 was a British academic who specialised in Eastern religions. Religious studies, or Religious education, is the academic field of multi-disciplinary Secular study of religious beliefs behaviors and institutions The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the
- Franz Rosenthal (1914-wxyz) Fortleben der Antike im Islam (Zurich 1965); Muslim intellectual and social history (Variorum 1990). Franz Rosenthal ( August 31, 1914 – April 8, 2003) was the Louis M
- Toshihiko Izutsu (1914-1993) Japan, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur'an (1959, 1966); Sufism and Taoism (Berkeley 1984). Toshihiko Izutsu (井筒俊彦 4 May 1914 &ndash 1 July 1993) was a university professor and author of many books on Islam and other Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Tao ( 道, Pinyin Dào) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more generally in ancient Chinese philosophy Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States.
- Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov (1914-1999) USSR/Russia, historian, linguistics, Semitokhamitskie iazyki [Semito-Hamitic languages] (Moskva 1965) [t]; Afraziiskie iazyki [Afrasian languages] (Moskva 1988) [t]; both on history and description of Afroasiatic languages. Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov (И́горь Миха́йлович Дья́конов was a Russian Historian, linguist, and Translator and a renowned Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a Language family with about 375 languages ( SIL estimate and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa
- Joseph Greenberg (1915-2001) U. Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28 1915 – May 7 2001 was a prominent and controversial linguist and Africanist anthropologist known for his work in both typology S. A. , Stanford Univ., linguistic anthropology; in historical linguistics use of his mass lexical comparison to establish language families; Languages of Africa (1966) coined "Afroasiatic" to replace "Hamito-Semitic" for it includes as equal branches Ancient Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Cushitic, as well as Semitic; also his recent book on Eurasiatic; cf. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Linguistic anthropology is that branch of Anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems linking the analysis of Semiotic Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Mass lexical comparison or mass comparison is a highly controversial method developed by the well-known linguist Joseph Greenberg to find genetic relationships among List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a Language family with about 375 languages ( SIL estimate and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Eurasiatic is a hypothetical macro-family proposed by Joseph Greenberg that groups together several language families of Europe Asia and North America Nostratic. The Nostratic languages constitute a proposed Language family that according to its proponents includes a high proportion of the language families of Europe
- Albert Hourani (1915-1993) Lebanese English, Minorities in the Arab World (Oxford 1947); Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939 (1962) on the Arab nahda [revival]; Political Society in Lebanon (MIT 1986); A History of the Arab Peoples (1991, Harvard 2002). Albert Habib Hourani (ألبرت حبيب حوراني March 31, 1915 &ndash January 17, 1993) was one of the most prominent scholars of Several Arab political parties and movements have been named "al-Nahda" For the Tunisian political party see Renaissance Party; for the
- Maxime Rodinson (1915-2004) Jewish French Marxist, Mahomet (Paris 1961) [t] as understood with empathy by an atheist; Islam et capitalisme (Paris 1966) [t]; Israel et le refus arabe (Paris 1968). Maxime Rodinson ( 26 January 1915 &ndash 23 May 2004) was a French Marxist Historian, Sociologist and Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Atheism Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where
- Bernard Lewis (1916->) Jewish English, prolific author, lately a modern partisan insider, Arabs in History (1950); Muslim Discovery of Europe (1982, 2001); What went Wrong? The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (2002). Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American
- George Makdisi (1920-2002) U. S. A. , Islamic studies, Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West (Edinburgh Univ. 1981); Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West (Edinburgh Univ. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal 1990).
- Marshall Hodgson (1922-1968) U. Marshall Goodwin Simms Hodgson (1922–1968 was an Islamic Studies academic and a world historian at the University of Chicago. S. A. , professor, Quaker, The Venture of Islam (3 volumes, Univ. of Chicago [1958], 1961, 1974); The Order of the Assassins (The Hague: Mouton 1955); Rethinking World History. Essays on Europe, Islam. . . (Cambridge Univ. 1993).
- Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003) Germany, studied Sufi texts in Turkey, Die Bildersprache Dschelaladdin Rumi (Walldorf 1949); Mevlana Celalettin Rumi'nin sark ve garpta tesirleri (Ankara 1963); Mystical Dimensions of Islam (Univ. Annemarie Schimmel, SI, HI, ( April 7, 1922 &ndash January 26, 2003) was a well known and very influential German Walldorf is a Town in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis of Baden-Württemberg in Germany with a population of 14685 inhabitants Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. of N. Carolina 1975).
- Sabatino Moscati (1922->) Italy, Semitic studies, Le antiche civilita semitiche (Milano 1958) [t]; I Fenici e Cartagine (Torino 1972). The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Torin's Passage is a graphic Adventure game developed and released by Sierra On-Line, designed by Al Lowe.
- Bogumil Witalis Andrzejewski (1922-1994), Poland, linguistics at S.O.A.S. in London; Islamic literature in Somalia (Indiana Univ. 1983); formulator of Latin alphabet for Somali; also work in Oromo, another East Cushitic language, of the Afroasiatic language family. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of Indiana University is the flagship campus of the Indiana University system. Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Oromo, also known as Afaan borana Oromoo, Oromiffa(a ( Ethiopic: ኦሮሚኛ and sometimes in other languages by variant spellings of these names The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a Language family with about 375 languages ( SIL estimate and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa
- Donald Leslie (1922-) Australia, Islamic Literature in China, late Ming and early Ch'ing (1981); Islam in Traditional China (1986). Donald James Leslie, ( April 13[[ 911]] Danville Illinois - September 2[[ 004]] Altadena California) created and manufactured the Leslie
- Speros Vryonis (1928->) U. S. A. , U. C. L. A. , The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Univ. California 1971); Studies on Byzantium, Seljuks and Ottomans (Malibu 1981). This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Malibu is an incorporated city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States.
- John Wansbrough (1928-2002) U. John Edward Wansbrough ( February 19, 1928 &ndash June 10, 2002) was an American historian who taught at the University of London S. A. , Islamic studies at S.O.A.S., a major reinterpretation of origins, utilizing Wellhausen higher criticism applied to Islam, Quranic Studies (Oxford 1977), Sectarian Milieu (Oxford 1978), books which sparked a traditionalist reaction. This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of Julius Wellhausen ( May 17, 1844 - January 7, 1918) was a German biblical scholar and Orientalist.
- Noel J. Coulson (1928-1986) U. K. , Islamic law at S.O.A.S., History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh Univ. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of 1964); Conflict and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence (Univ.of Chicago 1969); Succession in the Muslim Family (Cambridge Univ. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. 1971); Commercial Law in the Gulf States: The Islamic Legal Tradition (Graham & Trotman 1984).
- James Norman Dalrymple Anderson (1908-1994) U. Sir James Norman Dalrymple Anderson (1908-1994 was the head of the Department of Law School of Oriental and African Studies, London 1953-71 Professor of Oriental K. , Islamic law at S.O.A.S., Islamic Law in Africa (H. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of M. S. O. , 1954); Islamic Law in the Modern World (New York University, 1959); Law Reform in the Muslim World (Athlone, 1976).
- J. Hoeberichts (1929->) Netherlands, Franciscus en de Islam (Assen: Van Gorcum 199x) [t].
- Wilferd Madelung (1930->) Germany, The Succession to Muhammad (Cambridge Univ. Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. The Succession to Muhammad is a book written by Wilferd Madelung and released by the Cambridge University Press in 1997 1997); studies on the Shia.
- Jacob Neusner (1932->) U. Jacob Neusner (born July 28, 1932, Hartford, Connecticut) is an academic scholar of Judaism who lives in Rhinebeck, S. A. , Jewish theologian, Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam (1999) with T. Sonn; Judaism and Islam in Practice (1999) editor, with T. Sonn & J. E. Brockopp; Three Faiths, One God (2003) with B. Chilton & W. Graham.
- Edward W. Said (1935-2003) Palestine, Christian, academic, Columbia Univ. Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September , modern partisan; Orientalism (New York 1978), a work often cited & easy to exaggerate; collaborations with Christopher Hitchens (1988), Noam Chomsky (1999), John K. Cooley (2002). Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political John Kent Cooley ( November 25, 1927 - August 6, 2008) was an American journalist and author who specialized in Terrorism and the
- William Chittick (c. William C Chittick is a leading translator and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts 193x->) U. S. A. , collaborations with Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Allameh Tabatabaei in Iran; A Shi'ite Anthology (SUNY 1981); Sufi Path of Love (SUNY 1983) text and commentary on Rumi; Sufi Path of Knowledge (SUNY 1989) on Ibn Arabi; Imaginal Worlds. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Ibn al-'Arabi and the Problem of Religious Diversity (SUNY 1994); spouse of S. Murata.
- Sachiko Murata (c. Sachiko Murata (born 1943) is a Professor of Religion and Asian studies at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. 193x->), Japan, Tao of Islam. A sourcebook on gender relationships in Islamic thought (SUNY 1992); Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light (SUNY 2000) with her translations from Chinese, and those from Persian by W. Chittick, her spouse.
- Robert Simon (1939->) Hungary, Meccan Trade and Islam. Problems of origin and structure (Budapest 1989); Qur'an translation (1987).
- John L. Esposito (1940->) U. John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University S. A. , Islam. The Straight Path (Oxford 1988); editor-in-chief Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (4 volumes, 1995); Islam and Civil Society (European Univ. Inst. 2000).
- Mark R. Cohen (1943->) Princeton Univ., Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt (1980); Under Crescent & Cross (1994). Mark R Cohen (born 1943 is a Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey.
- Gerald R. Hawting (1944->) with Wansbrough at S. Gerald R Hawting (born 1944 is a noted British Orientalist scholar of Islam. O. A. S. , The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 (1986, 2000); The Idea of Idolatry and the Rise of Islam: From polemic to history (Cambridge Univ. Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. 1999).
- Karen Armstrong (1944->) English author, former nun; Muhammad, a Biography of the Prophet (San Francisco, 1993); Jerusalem: one city, three faiths (1997); A History of God (New York, 1999). Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on Comparative religion, who first rose to prominence with A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics
- Patricia Crone (1945->) Denmark, professor in England & U. Patricia Crone, PhD, (born 1945 Denmark) is a Scholar, Author and historian of early Islamic history working at the S. A. , a modern partisan, God's Rule. Islam and Government (New York 2004); Roman, Provincial, and Islamic Law (Cambridge Univ. 1987); with M. Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge Univ. Michael Cook is an English Historian and scholar of Islamic history. Hagarism The Making of the Islamic World (1977 is a controversial book on the early history of Islam written by the historians Patricia Crone and 1977) following Wansbrough, sets forth the thesis (previously marginal, seldom explicit) that a multivalent sect of Judaic dissenters predated Muhammad and contributed to the Qur'an; not reprinted, Hagarism is largely rejected though cited.
- Norman Calder (1950-1998) Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence (Oxford 1993), reasoned analysis of early Islamic legal texts following Wansbrough (1928-2002), Schacht (1902-1969), Goldziher (1850-1921).
Chronological by date of publication
- Austin Kennett England, Bedouin Justice. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously Law and Custom among the Egyptian Bedouin (Cambridge Univ. 1925).
- David Santillana Italy, Instituzioni di Diritto musulmano, malichita (Roma 1926, 1938), 2 volumes, on Islamic law, Maliki school. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam
- Chin Chi-t'ang China, Chung-kuo hui-chiao shih yen-chiu [Chinese Islam. . . ] (1935).
- Gerald de Gaury English soldier, Rulers of Mecca (New York, c. Gerald de Gaury MC (1897 - 1984 was a British military officer Arabist, Explorer, Historian and Diplomat. 1950).
- Evariste Levi-Provençal France, Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane, 711-1031 (3 volumes, Paris-Leiden 1950-1953). Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or
- Jacques Ryckmans Belgium, Louvain professor, L'institution monarchique en Arabie meridionale avant l'Islam (1951); Textes du Yemen antique (1994); nephew of Gonzangue Ryckmans. Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail The ancient history of Yemen ( South Arabia) is especially important because Yemen is one of the oldest centers of Civilization in the Near East
- Miguel Cruz Hernandez, Univ.of Salamanca, Filosofia hispano-musulmana (Madrid 1957), 2 volumes. The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, is the oldest university in Spain (the older
- Alfred Guillaume England, Life of Muhammad (Oxford 1955) annotated translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, an early "biography" of the prophet (as transmitted by Ibn Hisham); Legacy of Islam (Oxford 1931) co-editor with T. W. Arnold. Alfred Guillaume was a known Islamic Scholar. Alfred Guillaume translated " Sirat Rasul Allah " and published The Life of Muhammad TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار or simply Ibn TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik bin Hisham (أبو محمد عبدالمالك بن هشام or Ibn Hisham Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1864-1930 was an eminent British Orientalist who taught at MAO College, Aligarh, and Government College
- Kenneth Craig U. S. A. , The Call of the Minaret (Oxford 1956; 2nd, Orbis 1985); The Arab Christian (Westminster/John Knox 1991).
- Joseph Chelhod Introduction a la Sociologie de l'Islam. De l'animisme a l'universalisme (Paris 1958).
- Olaf Caroe a former governor of the area, The Pathans. Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe ICS KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981 was an administrator in British India. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called 550 B. C. - A. D. 1957 (London 1958).
- Fredrik Barth Political Leadership among the Swat Pathans (Univ. Fredrik Barth (born 1928 is a Norwegian social anthropologist who has published several ethnographic books with a clear formalistic view of London 1959).
- Norman Daniel Islam and the West. The making of an image (Edinburgh Univ. 1960).
- Leonard Binder Univ. Leonard Binder is a professor of Political science and the director of the Near East Center at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA of Chicago, Religion and Politics in Pakistan (Univ. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and of California 1961).
- Jean Jacques Waardenburg L'Islam dans le miroir de l'occident (Paris 1962), re Goldziher, Hurgronje, Becker, Macdonald, Massignon.
- Morris S. Seale Muslim Theology. A Study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers (London: Luzac 1964). The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church
- Geoffrey Parrinder comparative religion, Methodist minister, Jesus in the Qur'an (London 1965), reprint Oneworld 1995. Geoffrey Parrinder ( April 10 1910 – June 16 2005) was a professor of comparative religion at King's College London, Methodist
- Francis E. Peters U. Francis Edward Peters was a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies History and Religion at New York University until 2008 S. A. , former Jesuit; Aristotle Arabus (Leiden: Brill 1968); Jerusalem and Mecca (NYU 1986); Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (SUNY 1994); Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (Ashgate 1999). The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail
- James T. Monroe U. James T Monroe is an American scholar He is Emeritus professor of Arabic and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, focusing S. A. , Univ.of California at Berkeley; Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship (Leiden: E. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. J. Brill 1970); Hispano-Arabic Poetry (Univ. of Calif. 1974, reprint Gorgias 2004); Ten Hispano-Arabic Strophic Songs co-author with B. M. Liu (U. C. 1989).
- Abraham L. Udovitch U. S. A. , Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam (Princeton Univ. 1970).
- Cristobal Cuevas El pensaminto del Islam. Contenido e Historia. Influencia en la Mistica espanola (Madrid 1972).
- Nilo Geagea Lebanese priest, Maria nel messagio coranico (Roma 1973) [t], study of texts and of a meeting point between religions.
- Victor Segesvary Swiss, L'Islam et la Reforme (Univ.de Genève 1973). The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The University of Geneva (Université de Genève is a university in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Federico Corriente Spain, Las mu'allaqat: antologia y panorama de arabia preislamica (Madrid: Instituto hispano-arabe de cultura 1974), annotated translation of well-know collection of popular poetry in Arabia prior to Muhammad. The Mu'allaqāt ( Arabic معلقات /al-muʕallaqaːt/ is the title of a group of seven long Arabic poems or qasida (singular qaṣīda
- Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, Hebrew Univ.of Jerusalem, her Studies in Al-Ghazzali (Jerusalem 1975); Intertwined Worlds. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism (Princeton Univ. 1992); Islam-Yahadut: Yahadut-Islam (Tel Aviv 2003).
- Ehsan Yar-Shater, Bahá'í of Iranian Jewish family, editor of encyclopedia Danishnamah-i Iran va Islam (10 volumes, Teheran 1976-1982); editor of History of al-Tabari [re the Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk] (39 volumes, SUNY c1985-c1999); editor of Encyclopaedia Iranica (Costa Mesa: Mazda 1992->); History of Medicine in Iran (New York 2004). Ehsan Yarshater ( born April 3, 1920, Hamadan, Iran) is the director of The Center for Iranian Studies and Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Costa Mesa is a Suburban city in Orange County California, United States. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
- Michael Cook English, Studies in the Origins of Early Islamic Culture and Tradition (2004); also co-author with P. Crone (1977). Michael Cook is an English Historian and scholar of Islamic history. Patricia Crone, PhD, (born 1945 Denmark) is a Scholar, Author and historian of early Islamic history working at the
- Bat Ye'or (Gisele Orebi Littman), British author, Jewish refugee (in 1958 thousands expelled by Egypt as reprisal for Lavon Affair); her Hebrew pen name "Daughter of the Nile"; modern partisan; Le Dhimmi (Genève 1980) [t]; Les Chretientes d'Orient entre Jihad et Dhimmitude (Paris 1991) [t]; Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis (2006). Bat Ye'or (בת יאור meaning "daughter of the Nile " a Pseudonym of Gisèle Littman, The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military The Dhimmi Jews and Christians Under Islam is a book by Historian and expert on Islamic culture Bat Ye'or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam From Jihad to Dhimmitude is a book by Historian and expert on Islamic culture Bat Ye'or Eurabia The Euro-Arab Axis is a book by Bat Ye'or, British author
- Joseph Cuoq France, L'Islam en Ethiopie des origines au XVIe siecle (Paris 1981); Islamisation de la Nubie Chretienne (Paris 1986).
- G. W. Bowersock U. S. A. , Princeton Univ. , Roman Arabia (Harvard Univ. 1983).
- Claude Cahen France, Introduction a l'histoire du monde musulman medieval, VIIe-XVIe siecle (Paris 1983). Claude Cahen (1909 - 1991 was a French Orientalist. He specialized in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages, Muslim sources about the
- Irfan Shahid, Georgetown Univ., Dumbarton Oaks; Byzantium and the Arabs (1984-1995) 3 volume series; pre-Islamic regional relations. Georgetown University is a Jesuit Private university located in Georgetown Washington D Dumbarton Oaks is a 19th century Federal-style Mansion with famous gardens in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail
- Luce López-Baralt Puerto Rico, her San Juan de la Cruz y el Islam (Colegio de Mexico, Univ.de Puerto Rico 1985; Madrid 1990); Huellas del Islam en la literatura espanola (Madrid 1985, 1989) [t]; influenced by Miguel Asin Palacios. Luce López-Baralt is a professor of Spanish and Comparative Literature at the Universidad de Puerto Rico. For another saint who lived around the same time and area see John of Avila. El Colegio de México (commonly known as Colmex, English: The College of Mexico is a prestigious Mexican institute of Higher education, Founded in 1903 the University of Puerto Rico ( Universidad de Puerto Rico in Spanish, UPR) is the oldest and largest University system in Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944 was a Spanish scholar (an Arabist) and a Roman Catholic Priest.
- George E. Irani Lebanon, U. S. A. , The Papacy and the Middle East. The Role of the Holy See in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1962-1984 (Univ.of Notre Dame 1986), e. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in g. , the effect of Vatican II on Church policy. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.
- David Stephen Powers Studies in Qur'an and Hadith. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The Formation of the Islamic Law of Inheritance (Univ. of California 1986).
- David B. Burrell U. S. A. , Knowing the Unknowable God: Ibn-Sina, Maimonides, Aquinas (Univ. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and of Notre Dame 1986).
- Maria Rosa Menocal U. María Rosa Menocal is a scholar of Medieval culture and history S. A. , her The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History (Univ.of Pennsylvania 1987). The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Richard E. Rubenstein U. Richard E Rubenstein (born February 24, 1938) is an Author and University Professor of Conflict Resolution and Public Affairs at George Mason University S. A. , professor of conflict resolution, Alchemists of Revolution. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Terrorists in the modern world (New York 1987); Aristotle's Children. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. How Christians, Muslims, & Jews rediscovered ancient wisdom & illuminated the Dark Ages (Orlando 2003).
- Masataka Takeshita Japan, Ibn 'Arabi's Theory of the Perfect Man and its Place in the History of Islamic Thought (Tokyo 1987). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an
- Heribert Busse, Univ.of Kiel, Theologischen Beziehungen des Islams zu Judentum und Christentum (Darmstadt 1988) [t], which discusses Muhammad, as well as the narratives found in the Qur'an about the Old Testament and the New Testament. The University of Kiel ( German Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, CAU) is a University in the city of Kiel, Germany The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
- R. Stephen Humphreys U. S. A. , Islamic History: a framework for inquiry (Minneapolis 1988); Tradition and innovation in the study of Islamic history. The evolution of North Armerican scholarship since 1960 (Tokyo 1998). officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.
- Jean-Francois Breton, L'Arabie heureuse au temps de la reine de Saba: Viii-I siecles avant J. The history of Yemen is especially important because Yemen is one of the oldest centers of Civilization in the Near East. The Queen of Sheba (ንግሥተ ሳባ, 'מלכת שבא, ملكة سبأ) was the woman who ruled the ancient kingdom of Sheba and is referred to in Habeshan -C. (Paris 1988) [t].
- Claude Addas France, her Ibn 'Arabi ou La quete du Soufre Rouge (Paris: Editions Gallimard 1989) [t].
- Julian Baldick, University of London, Mystical Islam (1989); Black God. The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. Afroasiatic roots of Jewish, Christian, & Muslim religions (1998). The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a Language family with about 375 languages ( SIL estimate and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa
- Harald Motzki Germany, Die Anfange der islamischen Jurisprudenz (Stuttgart 1991) [t], by his review of early legal texts, provides a moderate challenge to Schacht's criticism of Hadith & the origins of Islamic law. Harald Motzki is a Non-Muslim Islamic scholar who has written on the Science of hadith. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic
- Neal Robinson academic, Christ in Islam and Christianity (SUNY 1991), study of Islamic commentaries and interpretations.
- Jacob Lassner, Northwestern Univ.; Demonizing the Queen of Sheba. Jacob Lassner (PhD Yale 1963 is the Philip M & Ethel Klutznick Professor of Jewish civilization at Northwestern University. Boundaries of gender and culture in postbiblical Judaism and medieval Islam (Univ. of Chicago 1993).
- Carl Ernst Islamic studies, Univ. Carl W Ernst (b 1950 is the Kenan Distinguished Professor of Islamic studies at the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill of N. Carolina, Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center (1993); Shambala Guide to Sufism (1997); Following Muhammad. Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world (2003).
- Haim Gerber Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, State, Society and Law in Islam. Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective (SUNY 1994). The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
- Daniel Martin Varisco U. S. A. , Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan (Univ. of Washington 1994).
- Brannon M. Wheeler (1965->) U. S. A. , Applying the Canon in Islam. The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Hanafi Scholarship (SUNY 1996). The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs
- G. H. A. Juynboll Dutch, Studies on the Origin and Uses of Islamic Hadith ("Variorum" 1996). Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic
- Malika Zeghal western academic, Institut d'Etudes Politiques (Paris), Gardiens de l'Islam. Malika Zeghal (b 1965) is an associate professor of the anthropology and Sociology of religion in the University of Chicago Divinity School. Institut d'études politiques ( English: Institutes of Political Studies, or IEPs are nine publicly owned institutions of higher learning in France Les oulemas d'al-Azhar dans l'Egypte contemporaine (Paris 1996); Les islamistes morocains: le defi a la monarchie (Paris 2005); currently at Univ. of Chicago.
- Robert G. Hoyland Oxford Univ. Robert G Hoyland is a scholar and historian of the Middle East. , Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. Seeing Islam As Others Saw It A Survey and Evaluation of Christian Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam from the Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam series A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on early Islam (1997). Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
- Fred M. Donner U. Fred McGraw Donner is an Islamic scholar and the Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago. S. A. , Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writings (1998).
- Christopher Melchert U. Christopher Melchert is an American Non-Muslim Islamic scholar, specialising in Islamic movements and institutions ninth to tenth centuries C S. A. , The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law (New York: Brill 1999); Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (2006), re Hanbali. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: أحمد بن حنبل Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 - Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being
- Christoph Luxenberg (perhaps a pseudonym), Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran: Ein Beitrag zur Entschlüssenlung de Koransprache (Berlin 2000, 2007), employs historic Aramaic to elucidate the Arabic texts. Christoph Luxenberg is a German scholar and professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran English Edition of 2007 ( Die syro-aramäische Lesart des Koran Ein Beitrag Aramaic is a Semitic language with Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
- Herbert Berg, Univ.of N.Carolina, Philosophy & Religion, The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam. Herbert Berg may refer to Herbert Berg (bobsleigh, West German bobsledder who competed in the late 1970s Herbert Berg (religion, religious The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC, North Carolina, or simply Carolina) is a public, Coeducational Research Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy The Debate over authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period (Routledge/Curzon 2000).
- Kim Hodong Korea, Holy War in China. Kim Hodong (김호동 Hanja: 金浩東 often written in English-language literature as Hodong Kim) (born 1954 is a Korean historian professor at Seoul National The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877 (Stanford Univ. 2004). Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in
- Knut S. Vikor, Univ.of Bergen, Norway; Between God and the Sultan. The University of Bergen ( Universitetet i Bergen) is located in Bergen, Norway. A History of Islamic Law (Oxford Univ. 2005), a fruitful synthesis of much resent scholarship; Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge (1995).
- John K. Cooley U. John Kent Cooley ( November 25, 1927 - August 6, 2008) was an American journalist and author who specialized in Terrorism and the S. A. journalist, long time coverage of Arab world, An Alliance against Babylon (Univ. of Michigan 2006); Unholy Wars. Unholy Wars Afghanistan America and International Terrorism is a book by John K Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (2001); Baal, Christ, and Mohammed. Religion and Revolution in North Africa (1965); collaboration with E. W. Said (2002). Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September
- Benjamin Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law. Harun-Al-Rashid's Codification Project (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 2007) restates early Islamic legal history in terms of literature inspired by the State, including reception of Roman law, rise of legal theory, and the subsequent triumph of a vigorous opposition led by orthodox jurists; Islamisches Recht in Theorie und Praxis - Analyse einiger kaufrechtlicher Fatwas von Taqi'd-Din Ahmad b. Taymiyya (Berlin: K. Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Uṣūl al-fiqh ( is a term which literally translates to the roots of the law and refers to the study of the origins sources and practice of Islamic jurisprudence Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Schwarz 1996).
Other and Incomplete listings
- Andrew Rippin
- Herbert Berg
- Malise Ruthven
- Richard Landes
- Michael Lecker
- N. Andrew Rippin, FRSC is Professor of History and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Herbert Berg may refer to Herbert Berg (bobsleigh, West German bobsledder who competed in the late 1970s Herbert Berg (religion, religious Dr The Honourable Malise Ruthven (born 1942) is a Scottish writer and historian who focuses his work on religion Fundamentalism, and especially Islamic Richard A Landes is an American Historian and author specializing in Millennialism. Eisenstadt
- Juan Cole
- Martin Kramer (1954->) Israel, modern partisan, Wash. Inst. for Near East Policy, Shalem Center, Harvard Univ.
- Cornell Fleischer - United States, Kanuni Suleyman Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago. Martin Seth Kramer (b 1954 Washington DC) is an American scholar of the Middle East at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (TWI known informally as WINEP is a Washington DC-based Think tank which concerns itself with U The Shalem Center is an Academic Research institute in Jerusalem established in 1994 with the goal of developing the ideas needed to guide and sustain the Cornell Fleischer is the Kanuni Suleyman Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies at the University of Chicago. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
- Franklin Lewis - United States, Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Dept. Franklin D Lewis is an Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization, University of Chicago.
- A. Holly Shissler - United States, author, professor of Ottoman & Early Turkish Republican History, Department of Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations, University of Chicago. Ada Holly Shissler is an Associate Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish History in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
- John Woods, United States, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago. John Woods may refer to John Woods (Islamic Scholar, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History University of Chicago John Woods (New The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago.
- Mircea Eliade
- Wilfred Thesiger (1910-2003) England, born and home in Ethiopia; Arabian Sands (New York 1959), on late 1940s explorations of the "empty quarter" the Ar-Rab' Al-Khali; The Marsh Arabs (London 1964), on the rural people of southern Iraq. Mircea Eliade ( – April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion fiction writer philosopher and professor at the University of Chicago Sir Wilfred Patrick Thesiger, CBE, DSO, ( 3 June, 1910 &ndash August 24, 2003) was a British explorer The Rub' al Khali ( Arabic: الربع الخالي which translates as Empty Quarter in English, is one of the largest sand Deserts in the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.
- Richard Burton (1821-1890) England, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Mecca (2 vol. Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 &ndash 5 August 1984 was a Welsh multiple award-winning Actor. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored , 1855).
- Akbar [Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar] (1542-1605) Mughul emperor, founder of a court religion, Din-i-Ilahi, derived from Islam and Hinduism. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Dīn-i Ilāhī (دین الهی "Divine Faith" was a syncretic religious doctrine propounded by the Mughal emperor Jalālu d-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar
- Ram Mohan Roy [Raja Ram Mohun Roy] (1772–1833), India (Kolkata, Bengal), early journalist, influential religious and social reformer, founder of Brahmo Samaj, his Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin [Gift of the Unitarians] (1803-1804), a book in Persian on, e. Ram Mohan Roy ( August 14, 1774 – September 27, 1833) was a founder in 1828 (with Dwarkanath Tagore and other Bengali Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Brahmo Samaj ( Bengali ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ Bramho Shômaj) is the societal component of Brahmoism. g. , the unity of religions.
- Báb [Sayyid Ali Muhammad] (1819-1850) Iran, proclaimed prophethood, started a new religion and stated he abrogated Islam
- Elijah Muhammad [Elijah Poole] (1897-1975) Started the Nation of Islam movement and proclaimed prophethood
- Salah S. Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad ( ( October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole, October 7 1897 - February 25 1975) is notable for his leadership of the Black Muslims The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Ali, Comparative Cultural and Islamic Studies, Mosul Univ. , and H. I. A. Univ. College, Kristiansand, Norway.
- Dr. Ian K. A. Howard
- H. A. R. Gibb
- Betty Kelen - Muhammad, The Messenger of God
- Srđa Trifković, American historian, journalist and political analyst, the author of the bestselling The Sword of the Prophet, [4] a study of the teaching and history of Islam
- Daniel Pipes, American historian and counter-terrorism analyst who specializes in the Middle East. Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb ( 2 January 1895 &ndash 22 October 1971) also commonly referred to as "H Betty Kelen (died October 31, 2006) was an Author and editor for a United Nations organization Muhammad The Messenger of God (ISBN 0-06-250886-5 is a book about Islam written by Betty Kelen. Srđa Trifković (also Srdja Trifković; Serbian Cyrillic: Срђа Трифковић and as author Serge Trifkovic) (born July 19 The Sword of the Prophet The politically incorrect guide to Islam History Theology Impact on the World (2002 Regina Orthodox Press) is a book by Daniel Pipes (born September 9 1949 is a American historian and political commentator who particularly focuses on the Middle East and Islam. He has written or co-written 18 books
See also
Salah S. This page is a list of lists of Muslims in various professions and fields Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several The Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Fataawa (in Arabic al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah lil-Buhooth al-'Ilmiyyah wal-Iftaa) is an Islamic organization in Mullah ( ملا) is a Muslim learned in Islamic theology and sacred law See also Da'i The following is a list of famous Da'ee s ie Muslim missionaries or preachers Western Muslims are Muslims who reside in the West. Ever since the rise of Islam, Muslims have lived in parts of the West alongside Jews and The following is a list of notable people who converted to Islam from a different These are articles that list people of a particular Religious or Political belief. This is a list of scientists and scholars from the Arab World and Islamic Spain ( Al-Andalus) that lived from antiquity up until the beginning Classical (pre-modern Era The following is a non-comprehensive list of Iranian scientists and engineers that lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar A Muslim Soldier is a Muslim who has engaged in War, or is trained in the Art of war. This article provides the list of marja taqlid (supreme legal authorities since 1900 both current and deceased followed by Usuli Twelver Shi'a Muslims See also Ayatollah List of marjas (Grand Ayatollahs This is a partial list of Ayatollahs a title given to high ranked Twelver Shi'a Muslims writer and poets are some among the Muslim professions. This is a subarticle to Muslim, Artists and Islamic art. A Muslim artists is a Muslim that is or was engaged in Painting This is a subarticle to Muslim scholar A Muslim comparative religionist is a Muslim scholar engaged in Islamic Comparative religion studies A Muslim Soldier is a Muslim who has engaged in War, or is trained in the Art of war. This is an incomplete list of Muslim Dynasties Muslim Dynasties Abbadid Abbasid Aceh Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف This is a sub-article to Muslim scientists and a parallel article to Islamic medicine. This is an alphabetical list of topics related to Islam, the History of Islam, Islamic culture, and the present-day Muslim world intended to provide inspiration for Ali: Scholar in Comparative Cultural and Islamic Studies, Mosul University and HIA University College in Kristiansand, Norway
External links
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