A list MP is a Member of Parliament (MP) who is elected from a party list rather than from a geographical constituency. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e Their presence in Parliament is owed to the number of votes that their party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This occurs only in countries which have an electoral system based on party-list proportional representation. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e
Different systems
In some countries, such as Israel, all Members of the Knesset (MKs) are list members. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Under this system, seats in the chamber are filled solely in accordance with the share of votes won by each individual party. MKs are appointed from lists of candidates created by each party until the party has reached its allocated number. In other countries, a more complicated system is used. In the method used in Russia and Japan, some seats are filled using party lists, while others are filled by the "traditional" First Past the Post system. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member Under the Additional Member System, or Mixed Member Proportional, the method used in Germany and New Zealand, a merger of party list representation and geographic representation is employed — parties contest geographic seats, but are then "topped up" with MPs from a party list. The Additional Member System (AMS is a branch of Voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Controversies
The existence of list MPs has caused controversy in some countries. It is sometimes complained that because list MPs do not have a geographic electorate, they are not properly accountable to anyone. In addition, the methods used to create party lists are sometimes criticised as undemocratic — in a closed list system, the public have no way of influencing the composition of a party list. Closed list describes the variant of Party-list proportional representation where voters can (effectively only vote for political parties as a whole and thus In this situation, the public cannot support one candidate without also supporting other candidates from the same party. (Supporters of party list proportional representation sometimes retort that the public often have little control over the selection of local candidates, either — if a voter's preferred party selects a poor candidate, the voter is forced to either vote for a candidate they dislike or vote for a party they dislike. Under a party list system, voters can support their preferred party even if they are unwilling to vote for its local candidate. ) An open list system, however, may go some way to addressing this concern. Open list describes any variant of Party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected
There is also debate about the right of a list MP to switch parties. Because list MPs gain their positions by virtue of being on a party list, rather than by winning votes personally, some contend that the party, not the MP, is the rightful "owner" of the seat. In New Zealand, there have been several controversies regarding list MPs who left their parties — Alamein Kopu, elected from the Alliance list, controversially defected and gave her support to the Alliance's enemies, and Donna Awatere Huata, elected from the ACT list, became an independent. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Manu Alamein Kopu (born 1943 is a former New Zealand politician The Alliance, in New Zealand politics, is a Left-wing political party Donna Lynn Awatere Huata (sometimes written Awatere-Huata previously known as Donna Awatere) is a former member of the New Zealand Parliament, and former activist The New Zealand political party ACT New Zealand (commonly known as "Act" and pronounced to rhyme with "fact" though internal image-makers push the phrase In the latter case, Awatere Huata's former party went to the Supreme Court to expel her from Parliament under so-called "party-hopping" legislation. The Supreme Court of New Zealand is the highest court in the land and the Court of last resort in New Zealand, having formally come into existence at the beginning Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing ACT alleged that it was ACT, not Awatere Huata, who was awarded the seat in the last election, and that when Awatere Huata left ACT, she should not have been able to take the seat with her. ACT's view was accepted, and Awatere Huata was expelled.
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