Lisbon Municipal flag Municipal coat of arms
Location
- Country	Portugal
- Region	Lisboa
- Subregion	Grande Lisboa
- District or A. The administrative divisions of Portugal are undergoing changes Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Lisboa is one of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal. Prior to 2002 the region was referred as Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon in English) is a Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa region. R.	Lisbon
Mayor (list)	António Costa (elected)
- Party	PS
Area	84. The District of Lisbon ( Portuguese: Lisboa pron liʒ'boɐ is located in the South Central Portugal, the District Capital is This is a list of mayors of Lisbon (Presidente da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, CML literally "President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon António Luís dos Santos da Costa, GCIH (born July 17 1961 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese Lawyer and Politician Political parties in Portugal lists political parties in Portugal. Partido Socialista redirects here For other parties with similar names see Socialist Party. 8 km²
Population
- Total	564,477 (2 million – contiguous urban area)
- Density	6,368/km²
No. of parishes	53
Coordinates	38°42'N 9°11'W
Municipal holiday	Saint Anthony June 13
Website: http://www.cm-lisboa.pt

Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa, IPA: [liʒ'boɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Portugal. "Freguesia" ( pron fɾɛgɨ'ziɐ is the Portuguese term for Civil parish, a secondary Local administrative unit in Portugal Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua, Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. The District of Lisbon ( Portuguese: Lisboa pron liʒ'boɐ is located in the South Central Portugal, the District Capital is Lisboa is one of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal. Prior to 2002 the region was referred as Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Its municipality, which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477^[1] in 84. In Portugal, municipality (município or concelho (meaning "council" is the most stable Subdivision of Portugal since the foundation 8 km² (33 sq mi), while the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in total has around 2. Lisbon Metropolitan Area ( Portuguese: Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, or AML) is a territorial zone that includes 18 municipalities ( Concelhos 8 million inhabitants, and 3. 34 million people live in the broader agglomeration of Lisbon Metropolitan Region (includes cities ranging from Leiria to Setúbal). Leiria (lɐjˈɾiɐ is a city and a municipality in the Centro region, Portugal. Setúbal (sɨˈtubaɫ or) is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 172 ^[2] Due to its economic output, standard of living, and market size, the Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon) subregion is considered the second most important financial and economic center of the Iberian Peninsula. Output in Economics is the total value of all of the goods and services produced in an entity's economy The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon in English) is a Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa region. The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra ^[3] The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average - it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP. Lisboa is one of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal. Prior to 2002 the region was referred as Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in It is also the political center of the country, as seat of government and residence of the Head of State. The Government is one of the four sovereignty organs of the Portuguese Republic. has been a Republic since 1910 the Head of state being the President, whose official title is President of the Portuguese Republic ( Presidente da

Lisbon was under Roman rule from 205 BC; Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, it was captured by Moors in the 8th century. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent In 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city for the Christians and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural center of Portugal. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25 of 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Unlike most capital cities, Lisbon's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form. A statute is a formal written enactment of a Legislative authority that governs a Country, State, City, or County. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is The first Portuguese Constitution was drafted in 1822 Several Revolutions led to the constitutions of 1826, 1838 ( Liberal Wars) 1911 (

Lisbon hosts two agencies of the European Union, namely, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Union's institutions, The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ( EMCDDA) is an Agency of the European Union. The European Maritime Safety Agency ( EMSA) is a European Union agency charged with reducing the risk of maritime accidents, Marine pollution The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), is also headquartered in Lisbon. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron.

The present mayor of Lisbon is António Costa, elected by the Socialist Party. This is a list of mayors of Lisbon (Presidente da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, CML literally "President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon António Luís dos Santos da Costa, GCIH (born July 17 1961 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese Lawyer and Politician Partido Socialista redirects here For other parties with similar names see Socialist Party.

The municipal holiday is June 13, St. Anthony's Day. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua,

Contents 1 Geography and location 1.1 Location 2 History 2.1 Neolithic era to the Roman Empire 2.2 Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest 2.3 Moorish rule 2.4 From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire 2.5 1755 Lisbon earthquake 2.6 19th and 20th centuries 2.7 Contemporary events 3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Culture and sights 6 Economy 7 Transport 8 Education in Lisbon 9 Sports 10 Tourist attractions 10.1 Belém 10.2 Bairro Alto 10.3 Gare do Oriente 10.4 Lisbon Trams and Funiculars 11 Parishes 12 Prominent people born in Lisbon 13 Gallery 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 External links

Geography and location

Location

Lisbon is situated at 38°42' north, 9°5' west, making it the westernmost capital in mainland Europe. It is located in the west of the country, on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the point where the river Tagus flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron.

The city occupies an area of 84. 8 km² (33 sq mi). The city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, are narrowly defined around the historical city perimeter. This gave rise to the existence of several administratively defined cities around Lisbon, such as Amadora, Queluz, Cacém, Odivelas, Loures, Sacavém, Almada, Barreiro, Seixal and Oeiras, which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. Amadora ( pron ɐmɐ'doɾɐ is a City and a municipality in Portugal, in the northwest of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Odivelas ( pron odi'vɛlɐʃ or) is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 26 Loures ( pron 'lo(owɾɨʃ is a city and a municipality to the north of Lisbon. Sacavém - Arabic: شقبان ( pron sɐkɐ'vɐ̃ĩ is a Portuguese city and parish ( Freguesia) Almada - Arabic: حصن المعدن ( pron aɫ'madɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 70 Barreiro ( pron bɐ'ʁɐjɾu is a Municipality and city in Portugal with a total area of 32 Seixal ( pron sɐj'ʃaɫ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 96 Oeiras ( pron o'ɐjɾɐʃ is a civil parish and a municipality in western Lisbon Metropolitan Area.

The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to 10 square kilometres (almost 4 sq mi). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand

History

Main article: History of Lisbon

Neolithic era to the Roman Empire

During the Neolithic the region was inhabited by Iberian-related peoples, who also lived in other regions of Atlantic Europe at the time. This article documents the history of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal since 1260. The Castle of São Jorge ( English: Castle of Saint George; Portuguese pron. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. They built religious monuments called megaliths. Dolmens and menhirs still survive in the countryside around the city. A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, Goindol, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of A menhir is a large upright Standing stone. Menhirs may be found singly as Monoliths or as part of a group of similar stones

The Indo-European Celts invaded after the first millennium BC and intermarried with the Pre-Indo-European population, giving a rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires

Archaeological findings suggest that some Phoenician influence existed in the place since 1200 BC, leading some historians to the theory that a Phoenician trading post might have occupied the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The magnificent harbour provided by the estuary of the river Tagus made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships travelling to the tin islands (modern Isles of Scilly) and Cornwall. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar

The new city might have been named Allis Ubbo or "safe harbor" in Phoenician, according to one of several theories for the origin of its name. Another theory is that it took its name from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.

Besides sailing to the North, the Phoenicians might also have taken advantage of a settlement at the mouth of Iberia's largest river to trade with the inland tribes for valuable metals. Other important local products were salt, salted fish, and the Lusitanian horses that were renowned in antiquity. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants j For the Portuguese music theorist please see Vicente Lusitano.

Recently, Phoenician remains from the eighth century BC were found beneath the Mediaeval Sé de Lisboa (Lisbon See), or main Cathedral of the modern city. Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa or Sé de Lisboa is the Cathedral of Lisbon and the oldest church in the city This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Most modern historians^[4], however, consider the idea of a Phoenician foundation of Lisbon as unreal, and instead believe that Lisbon was an ancient autochthonous settlement (what the Romans called an oppidum) that at most, maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, to account for the presence of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Oppidum (plural oppida) is a Latin word meaning the main settlement in any administrative area of Ancient Rome.

The Greeks knew Lisbon as Olissipo and "Olissipona", a name they thought was derived from Ulysses, though this was a folk etymology. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. According to an Ancient Greek myth, the hero founded the city after he left Troy, and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or

If all of Odysseus' travels were in the Atlantic as Cailleux^[5] argued, then this could mean that Odysseus founded the city coming from the north, before trying to round Cape Malea, (which Cailleux located at Cabo de São Vicente), in a southeasterly direction, to reach his homeland of Ithaca, supposedly present Cadiz. Where Troy Once Stood is a book by Iman Wilkens that argues that the city of Troy was located in England and that the Trojan War was fought between groups Cape St Vincent (Cabo de São Vicente 'kabu dɨ sɐ̃ũ vi'sẽtɨ next to the Sagres Point, on the so-called Costa Vicentina (Vincentine Coast is The location of Homer's Ithaca, ie Ithaca as featured in Homer 's Odyssey, is a matter for debate Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight However, the presence of Phoenicians (even if occasional) is thought to predate any Greek presence in the area.

Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in vulgar Latin to Olissipona. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Some of the native gods worshiped in Lisbon were Aracus, Carneus, Bandiarbariaicus and Coniumbricenses. Lusitanian mythology is the Mythology of the Lusitanians, the Indo-European people of western Iberia, in the territory comprising most of modern

Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest

During the Punic wars, after the defeat of Hannibal (whose troops included members of the Conii) the Romans decided to deprive Carthage in its most valuable possession, Hispania (the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula). The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar After the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania, the pacification of the West was led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major ( Latin: P·CORNELIVS·P·F·L·N·SCIPIO·AFRICANVS ¹) (236&ndash183 Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus was a Roman politician and general of the 2nd century BC

He obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest. In return, Olissipo was integrated in the Empire under the name of Felicitas Julia, a Municipium Cives Romanorum. It was granted self-rule over a territory going as far away as 50 kilometres (30 miles), exempted from taxes, and its citizens given the privileges of Roman citizenship.

It was in the newly created province of Lusitania, whose capital was Emerita Augusta. This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Emerita Augusta was the Roman name of the city of Mérida Spain. The attacks by the Lusitanians during the frequent rebellions over the next couple of centuries weakened the city, and a wall was built. The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman

During the time of Augustus the Romans built a great Theatre; the Cassian Baths underneath the current Rua da Prata; Temples to Jupiter, Diana, Cybele, Tethys and Idae Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), besides temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Praça da Figueira; a large Forum and other buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, being associated with wild animals and woodland and also of the Moon. Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in In Classical Greek mythology, Tethys (Greek Τηθύς) daughter of Uranus and Gaia ( Hesiod, Theogony lines Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" The Praça da Figueira ( English: Square of the Fig Tree) is a large square in the centre of Lisbon, in Portugal.

Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the middle Eighteenth century, when the recent discovery of Pompeii made Roman Archeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in

Economically, Olissipo was known for its garum, a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in Amphorae to Rome and other cities. Garum, also called liquamen, An amphora (plural amphorae or amphoras) is a type of Ceramic Vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Wine, salt and its famously fast horses were also exported. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.

The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of piracy and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine, and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of Hispania. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Britannia was the term originally used by the Romans to refer first to the British Isles, and later to the island of Great Britain. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar

The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae. Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Petitions are recorded addressed to the Governor of the province in Emerita and to the Empreror Tiberius, such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman

The Roman Sertorius led a large rebellion against the Dictator Sulla early in the Roman Period. Quintus Sertorius ( 123 BC - 72 BC) was a Roman statesman and general born in Nursia, in Sabine territory around 124 BC Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c

Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (today's Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (now Mérida in Spain). Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese Emerita Augusta was the Roman name of the city of Mérida Spain. This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Its first attested Bishop was St. The Patriarch of Lisbon (Latin Patriarch Ulixbonensis sive Lisbonensis) is an honorary title possessed by the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lisbon. Potamius (c. 356), and there were several martyrs killed by the pagans during the great persecutions; Maxima, Verissimus and Julia are the most significant names. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Saint Maxima of Rome was a slave and friend of Saint Ansanus of Siena.

At the end of the Roman domain, Olissipo was one of the first Christian cities. It suffered invasions from the Sarmatian Alans and the Germanic Vandals, who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with capital in Bracara Augusta (Braga), from 409 to 585, also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese

In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic Visigothic kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

Moorish rule

In approximately 711 Lisbon was taken by the Moors (it was called al-ʾIšbūnah in Arabic الأشبونة), under whose rule the city flourished. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Moors, who were Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East, built many mosques and houses as well as a new city wall, currently named the Cerca Moura. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The city kept a diverse population including Christians, Berbers, Arabs, Jews and Saqalibas. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab

Arabic was forced on the Christians as the official language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Mozarabic was the mother language spoken by the Christian population. Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Islam was the official religion practiced by the Arabs and Muladi (muwallad), the Christians could keep their religion but under Dhimmi status and were required to pay the jizyah. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Muladi (muladí, pl muladíes or muwallad (pl muwalladun or muwalladeen) were Muslims of ethnic The Muladi (muladí, pl muladíes or muwallad (pl muwalladun or muwalladeen) were Muslims of ethnic A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic

The Moorish influence is still present in Alfama, the old part of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Alfama ( pron. aɫ'fɐmɐ is the oldest district of Lisbon, spreading on the slope between the Castle of Lisbon and the Tejo river The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning Many placenames are derived from Arabic; the Alfama, the oldest existing district of Lisbon, for example, is derived from the Arabic "al-hamma". Alfama ( pron. aɫ'fɐmɐ is the oldest district of Lisbon, spreading on the slope between the Castle of Lisbon and the Tejo river

For a brief time during the Taifa period Lisbon was the center town in the Regulo Eslavo of the Taifa of Badajoz and then as an independent Taifa ruled by Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur sons of Sabur al-Jatib(Sabur the Slav), a Slav that had been at the service of al-Hakam II before rulling the Taifa of Badajoz. A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community Al-Hakam II ( al-Ḥakam II ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III; Arabic: الحكم الثاني; January 13 915 - October 16 976

In 1147, as part of the Reconquista, crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal, sieged and reconquered Lisbon. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25 of 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese Lisbon was now back in Christian hands. Its inhabitants were around one hundred fifty-four thousand.

The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history; although it is known through the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, attributed to Osburnus, that there was a bishop in the town that was killed by the crusaders and that the population was praying to the Virgin Mary when afflicted with plague, which indicates that the Mozarab population followed the Mozarabic rite. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” The Mozarabic, Visigothic, or Hispanic Rite is a form of Catholic Worship within the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church and in the Arabic lost its place in everyday life. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Any remaining Muslim population were gradually converted to Roman Catholicism, or expelled, and the mosques were turned into churches. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger (Though in Portuguese historiography this was often mentioned as "turning the mosques back into churches", in fact many of the structures concerned were built as mosques to begin with).

From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire

It received its first Foral in 1179, and became the capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location in the new Portuguese territory. The word Foral derives from the Portuguese word Foro, ultimately from Latin FORVM equivalent to Spanish language Fuero The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by Dinis I of Portugal as Estudo Geral (General Study). A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Denis ( Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz, diˈniʃ 9 October 1261 in Lisbon – 7 January, 1325 in Studium Generale is the old name for a Medieval university which was registered as an institution of international excellence by the Holy Roman Empire. The university was transferred several times to Coimbra, where it was installed definitively in the 16th century (today's University of Coimbra). Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra The University of Coimbra (UC ( Portuguese: Universidade de Coimbra, pron

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the age of discovery left from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries, including Vasco da Gama's departure to India in 1497. The Ribeira Palace ( Portuguese: Paço(s da Ribeira) was Lisbon 's royal palace for over 200 years until it was destroyed by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The 16th century marks the golden age for Lisbon. The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, Brazil, exploring riches like spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500 with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815 when Brazil was elevated This was the time of the exuberant Manueline style, which has left its mark in two 16th century Lisbon monuments, the Belém Tower and the Jerónimos Monastery, both of which were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The Manueline, or Portuguese late Gothic is the sumptuous composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de Belém, pron. 'toɾ(ɨ dɨ bɨ'lɐ̃ĩ is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of See also Monasterio de Jerónimos, Madrid, Spain The Hieronymites Monastery ( Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, pron A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16

Portugal lost its independence to Spain in 1580 after a succession crisis, and the 1640 revolt that restored the Portuguese independence took place in Lisbon (see Philip III of Portugal). Portuguese Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração was the name given after the 19th century by romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Castile Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Ancestry Marriages and descendants John married Mary Anne of Austria, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor in 1708 Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc

1755 Lisbon earthquake

Main article: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several important earthquakes - eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. On 1 November 1755 the city was destroyed by another earthquake, which killed between 60,000 and 90,000 people and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning ^[6] With an estimated population of 275,000, Lisbon was, in 1755, one of the largest cities in Europe. Among several important structures of the city, the Royal Ribeira Palace and the Royal Hospital of All Saints were lost. The Ribeira Palace ( Portuguese: Paço(s da Ribeira) was Lisbon 's royal palace for over 200 years until it was destroyed by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake The Hospital Real de Todos os Santos ( All Saints Royal Hospital) was a major Hospital in Lisbon, Portugal. The event shocked the whole of Europe. Voltaire wrote a long poem, "Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne", shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr, (August 29 1809 &ndash October 7 1894 was a Physician by profession but achieved fame as a Writer; he was one of the best In the town of Cascais, some 30 km west of Lisbon, the waves wrecked several boats and when the water withdrew, large stretches of sea bottom were left uncovered. Cascais ( pron kɐʃ'kajʃ is a coastal town 30 kilometres west of Lisbon, with about 35000 residents in the town In coastal areas such as Peniche, situated about 80 km north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the tsunami. Peniche ( pron pɨ'niʃ(ɨ is a seaside municipality and a city in Portugal, with approximately 28164 inhabitants in the municipality and about 15600 in the city In Setúbal, 30 km south of Lisbon, the water reached the first floor of buildings. Setúbal (sɨˈtubaɫ or) is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 172 The destruction was also great in the Algarve, southern Portugal, where the tsunami dismantled some coastal fortresses and, in the lower levels, razed houses. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. In some places the waves crested at more than 30 m.

Almost all the coastal towns and villages of Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by sandy banks. Faro (ˈfaɾu is a city and municipality in southern Portugal. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. Lagos ( pron 'laguʃ literally "Lakes" is a city and a municipality at the mouth of the river Bensafrim in the southern region of Algarve For many Portuguese coastal regions, the destructive effects of the tsunami were more disastrous than those of the earthquake proper. In southwestern Spain, the tsunami caused damage to Cadiz and Huelva, and the waves penetrated the Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Huelva is a city in southwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous region of Andalusia. The Guadalquivir is the fifth longest River in Spain (after the Tagus, Ebro, Duero and Guadiana) and the longest in Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. In Gibraltar, the sea rose suddenly by about two meters. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar In Ceuta the tsunami was strong, but in the Mediterranean Sea, it decreased rapidly. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which On the other hand, it caused great damage and casualties to the western coast of Morocco, from Tangier, where the waves reached the walled fortifications of the town, to Agadir, where the waters passed over the walls, killing many. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Agadir ( Arabic ~since it is not an Arabic word it is modified as follows أڴادير or أغادير, Berber (Amazigh) is a city in

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal; hence the designation of the lower town as Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline Downtown). Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 1st Count of Oeiras 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, Marquês de Pombal, pron Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 1st Count of Oeiras 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, Marquês de Pombal, pron The Pombaline Lower Town ( Portuguese: Baixa Pombalina, pron. Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish the remains of the earthquake and rebuild the downtown in accordance with modern urban rules.

19th and 20th centuries

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte and Queen Maria I and Prince-Regent João (future John VI) temporarily fled to Brazil. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Considerable property was pillaged by the invaders.

The city felt the full force of the Portuguese liberal upheavals, beginning its tradition of cafés and theatres. In 1879 the Avenida da Liberdade was opened, replacing a previous public garden. Avenida da Liberdade ( Liberty Avenue) is an important avenue in central Lisbon, in Portugal.

Lisbon was the centre of the republican coup of October 5, 1910 which instated the Portuguese Republic. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Previously, it was also the stage of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal (1908). The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica - now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are 3 public universities in the city (University of Lisbon, Technical University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon) and 2 public university institutes (IPL - Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa and ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa) - see list of universities in Portugal. The University of Lisbon ( Universidade de Lisboa, pron. univɨɾsi'dad(ɨ dɨ liʒ'boɐ Latin Universitas Olisiponensis) is a Public The Technical University of Lisbon ( UTL &ndash Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, pron. The New University of Lisbon ( Universidade Nova de Lisboa, pron. The Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon (Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa is one of the biggest state-run Polytechnic institutes in Portugal. ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa ( pron. This is a list of Portuguese institutions providing Higher education.

During World War II Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including S. and a spy nest.

In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the Carnation Revolution maneuvers, the end of the Portuguese Corporative Regime (Estado Novo). The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese

In 1988, a fire near the historical centre of Chiado greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years. Chiado is the name of a square and its surrounding area in the city of Lisbon, in Portugal.

In 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its

Expo '98 was held in Lisbon. Expo '98 (in full 1998 Lisbon World Exposition) was an official specialised World's Fair held in Lisbon, Portugal from May 22 to The timing was intended to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It was considered by the Bureau of International Expositions the best world expo ever. The Bureau of International Expositions ( Bureau International des Expositions in French also known popularly by its acronym the B

Contemporary events

The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalize the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. The Lisbon Strategy, also known as the Lisbon Agenda or Lisbon Process, is an action and Development plan for the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Every March the city hosts the world-famous Lisbon Half Marathon, one of the most attended events of its kind in the world.

It regularly hosts countless other international events including various NATO, European Union and other summits. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

In 2004, Portugal organised the soccer Euro cup, Luz and Alvalade stadiums held some of the games.

Rock in Rio, known for being the biggest pop-rock festival in the world with an attendance that can reach 100 000 people, was held in Lisbon three times (2004, 2006 and 2008) and will continue in the city for some years, hosting concerts of many high profile singers and bands, such as Anastacia, Metallica, Shakira, Guns N' Roses, Roger Waters, Britney Spears, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Amy Winehouse and many more. Rock in Rio, the largest rock festival in the world (15 million people in the first edition 700 thousand in the second about 1 million in the third and in the 3 international editions Anastacia (born Anastacia Lyn Newkirk on September 17 1968 is a Multi-platinum American singer and songwriter Metallica is an American heavy metal band that formed in 1981 in. Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2 1977 known simply as Shakira Guns N' Roses is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1985 George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943 in Great Bookham, Surrey) is an English rock musician Britney Jean Spears (born December 2 1981 is an American recording artist and entertainer Red Hot Chili Peppers are

In January 2006 and 2007, Lisbon was the starting city of the Dakar Rally. The Dakar Rally (or simply " The Dakar " formerly known as "The Paris Dakar" or "Paris to Dakar Rally" and now as "The Lisboa Dakar" is

On the 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World" [3] election, in Luz stadium, with live transmition for millions of people all over the world. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

On the 18 and 19 October 2007 Lisbon held the 2007 EU Summit, where agreement was reached regarding the Union governance model. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on the 13 December 2007. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Climate

Lisbon is one of the mildest European capitals.   Spring is cool to warm (between 6 °C and 28 °C) with sunshine and also some showers. Summer months are mostly sunny, dry, hot with a little breeze with temperatures between 16 °C to 37 °C. Autumn is mild and unsettled with temperatures between 8 °C and 23 °C and winters are typically rainy and cool with some sunny days (temperatures between 3 °C and 18 °C), usually staying at an average of 11 °C. Snowfall is a very rare occurrence — Lisbon briefly witnessed snow on January 29, 2006 and January 28, 2007 thanks to cold waves from the Arctic that affected Europe in those days. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Before 2006, no snowfall had been registered for over forty years, just some sleety days. On average, there are 3300 sunny hours per year and 100 days with rain per year. Lisbon's climate is strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that

Climatic Average

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Temperature min/max (°C)

7/14

9/16

10/18

11/19

13/22

17/27

18/29

18/28

17/26

14/22

10/16

9/14

Chance of rain

43%

26%

26%

35%

31%

17%

7%

11%

22%

38%

40%

40%

Typical Sky

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Sunny

Partly Cloudy

Sunny

Partly Cloudy

Wind

Light

Light

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Fresh

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Demographics

The population of the city proper was 564,477 and the metropolitan area (Lisbon Metropolitan Area) was 2,800,000 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística[4] (National Institute of Statistics). Lisbon Metropolitan Area ( Portuguese: Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, or AML) is a territorial zone that includes 18 municipalities ( Concelhos The Lisbon Metropolitan Area coincides with two NUTS II units, Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon), in the northern bank of the Tagus, and Península de Setúbal (Setúbal Peninsula), to the south, which are the two subregions of Região Lisboa (Lisbon Region). The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon in English) is a Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa region. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. The Península de Setúbal is a NUTS III subdivision of Lisbon Region (NUTS II in Portugal. Lisboa is one of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal. Prior to 2002 the region was referred as Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. The population density of the city itself is 6,658 inhabitants per square kilometer (17,244/sq mi).

Like most big cities, Lisbon is surrounded by many satellite cities. It is estimated that more than one million people enter Lisbon every day from the outskirts. Cascais and Estoril are among the most interesting neighbouring towns for night life. Cascais ( pron kɐʃ'kajʃ is a coastal town 30 kilometres west of Lisbon, with about 35000 residents in the town For the Estoril Circuit used by F1 see Autódromo do Estoril Estoril is a seaside resort and civil parish of the Portuguese Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things Beautiful palaces, landscapes and historical sites can be found in Sintra and Mafra. Sintra ( pron 'sĩtɾɐ is both a town and a municipality in Portugal, located in the district of Lisbon. Mafra ( pron 'mafɾɐ is both a municipality and a town within the district of Lisbon on the Portuguese west coastin Greater Other major municipalities around Lisbon include Amadora, Oeiras, Odivelas, Loures, Vila Franca de Xira and, in the south bank of the Tagus river estuary, Almada, Barreiro and Seixal. Amadora ( pron ɐmɐ'doɾɐ is a City and a municipality in Portugal, in the northwest of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Oeiras ( pron o'ɐjɾɐʃ is a civil parish and a municipality in western Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Odivelas ( pron odi'vɛlɐʃ or) is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 26 Loures ( pron 'lo(owɾɨʃ is a city and a municipality to the north of Lisbon. Vila Franca de Xira ( pron 'vilɐ 'fɾɐ̃kɐ dɨ 'ʃiɾɐ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 317 The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Almada - Arabic: حصن المعدن ( pron aɫ'madɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 70 Barreiro ( pron bɐ'ʁɐjɾu is a Municipality and city in Portugal with a total area of 32 Seixal ( pron sɐj'ʃaɫ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 96

Lisbon is ranked number 1 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by Expresso. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population ^[7]

Demographic evolution of Lisbon (1801 – 2004)
1801	1849	1900	1930	1960	1981	1991	2001	2004
203. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 999	174. 668	350. 919	591. 939	801. 155	807. 937	663. 394	564. 657	529. 485

Culture and sights

The heart of the city is the Baixa (Downtown) or city centre; this area of the city is being considered for UNESCO World Heritage Site status. The Vasco da Gama Tower ( Portuguese: Torre Vasco da Gama, pron. The Pombaline Lower Town ( Portuguese: Baixa Pombalina, pron. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Baixa is organised in a grid system and a network of squares built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which levelled a great portion of the medieval city. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning The Castle of São Jorge and the Lisbon Cathedral are located on one of the seven hills of Lisbon, to the east of the Baixa. The Castle of São Jorge ( English: Castle of Saint George; Portuguese pron. Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa or Sé de Lisboa is the Cathedral of Lisbon and the oldest church in the city The oldest district of the city is Alfama, close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes. Alfama ( pron. aɫ'fɐmɐ is the oldest district of Lisbon, spreading on the slope between the Castle of Lisbon and the Tejo river

Other monuments include: the Castle of São Jorge, atop the tallest hill of the central city, Praça do Comércio (Commerce Square) with the beautiful façade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha nearby, Rossio Square, Restauradores Square, Elevador de Santa Justa, an elevator (lift) in Gothic revival style, built around 1900 to connect the Baixa and Bairro Alto, the richly-decorated Church of São Roque, the Baroque and Neoclassical Estrela Basilica, the Manueline Jerónimos Monastery, Belém Tower, Padrão dos Descobrimentos (Monument of the Discoveries),Monastery of São Vicente de Fora and Carmo Convent. The Castle of São Jorge ( English: Castle of Saint George; Portuguese pron. The Praça do Comércio ( pron. 'pɾasɐ du ku'mɛɾsiu Commerce Square) is located in the city of Lisbon, Portugal. The Igreja of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha ( pron. i'greʒɐ dɨ 'nɔsɐ sɨ'ɲoɾɐ dɐ kõsei'sɐ̃ũ 'vɛʎɐ Old Church of Our Lady of the Conception The Rossio is the popular name of the Pedro IV Square ( Portuguese: Praça de D Restauradores Square (Praça dos Restauradores is a public square in the city of Lisbon, Portugal. The Santa Justa Lift ( Portuguese: Elevador de Santa Justa, pron. An elevator or lift is a Transport device used to move people or goods vertically from one floor to another The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The Estrela Basilica (Basílica da Estrela is a Basilica in Lisbon, Portugal, built by order of Queen Mary I of Portugal, as a fulfilled promise See also Monasterio de Jerónimos, Madrid, Spain The Hieronymites Monastery ( Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, pron Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de Belém, pron. 'toɾ(ɨ dɨ bɨ'lɐ̃ĩ is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of Padrão dos Descobrimentos ( pron. pɐ'dɾɐ̃ũ duʃ dɨʃkubɾi'mẽtuʃ lit The Church or Monastery of São Vicente de Fora; meaning "Monastery of St The Carmo Convent ( Convento da Ordem do Carmo) is a monument located in the city of Lisbon, in Portugal.

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Traditional Portuguese, Modern and Post-Modern constructions can be found all over the city. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. The Manueline, or Portuguese late Gothic is the sumptuous composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism The city is also crossed by great boulevards and monuments along these main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade (Liberty Avenue), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Republic Avenue). Avenida da Liberdade ( Liberty Avenue) is an important avenue in central Lisbon, in Portugal.

The most famous museums in Lisbon are the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art), the Museu do Azulejo (Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics), the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art), the Lisbon Oceanarium (Oceanário de Lisboa, the largest in Europe), the Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda (National Museum of Costume and Fashion), the Berardo Collection Museum (Modern Art) at the Belém Cultural Center, the Museu Nacional dos Coches (National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world) and the Museu da Farmácia (Pharmacy Museum). The Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga ( pron. mu'zeu nɐsiu'naɫ dɨ 'aɾt(ɨ ɐ̃'tigɐ that is located in Lisbon is the most important art museum in Portugal A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. Museu Calouste Gulbenkian (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum is a museum in Lisbon, Portugal, containing an impressive collection of ancient (and some modern art The Oceanarium in Lisbon, Portugal ( Portuguese: Oceanário de Lisboa, pron. The Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda is located in Lisbon, Portugal. The Belém Cultural Center ( CCB - Centro Cultural de Belém), located in the Belém quarter of Lisbon, is the largest building with cultural The National Coach Museum (Museu Nacional dos Coches is located in the Belém district of Lisbon, in Portugal.

Lisbon's opera house, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. The Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, pron. ti'atɾu nɐsiu'naɫ dɨ sɐ̃ũ 'kaɾluʃ is an Opera house in Lisbon, Portugal. Other important theatres and musical houses are the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and the Gulbenkian Foundation. The Belém Cultural Center ( CCB - Centro Cultural de Belém), located in the Belém quarter of Lisbon, is the largest building with cultural The National Theatre D Maria II ( Teatro Nacional D Maria II) is a theatre in Lisbon, Portugal. The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian is a Portuguese Private foundation of public utility whose statutory aims are in the

The monument to Christ the King (Cristo Rei) stands on the left side of the river, in Almada. Almada - Arabic: حصن المعدن ( pron aɫ'madɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 70 With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as thanks for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Every June there are 5 days of popular street celebrations in memory of a saint born in Lisbon – Anthony of Lisbon (or Santo António). Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor, simpler people. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals Although Lisbon’s patron saint is Saint Vincent, whose remains are in the Lisbon Cathedral, there are no festivities associated with him. Saint Vincent of Saragossa also known as Vincent of Huesca, is the Patron saint of Lisbon. Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa or Sé de Lisboa is the Cathedral of Lisbon and the oldest church in the city

Parque Eduardo VII is the second largest park of the city after Parque Florestal de Monsanto, prolonging the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade). Avenida da Liberdade ( Liberty Avenue) is an important avenue in central Lisbon, in Portugal. Originally named Parque da Liberdade, was after renamed Park Edward VII of England who visited Lisbon in 1903, it includes a large variety of plants in a winter garden (Estufa Fria).

Lisbon is home every year to the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival is one of the most important European forums of international LGBT Film / Video. ^[8]

Economy

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average - it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP. Lisboa is one of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal. Prior to 2002 the region was referred as Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the tertiary sector. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa subregion, specially in the Oeiras municipality. Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon in English) is a Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa region. Oeiras ( pron o'ɐjɾɐʃ is a civil parish and a municipality in western Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Lisbon Metropolitan Area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo). Lisbon Metropolitan Area ( Portuguese: Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, or AML) is a territorial zone that includes 18 municipalities ( Concelhos

The country's chief seaport and featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets within the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings, are also developing as an important financial center and a dynamic technological hub.

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. A newspaper of record is a colloquialism that generally refers to a Newspaper that meets at least one of two criteria high standards of Journalism, the

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, part of the pan-European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges. Euronext Lisbon is a Stock exchange in Lisbon, Portugal. It belongs to the NYSE Euronext group the first global stock exchange A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock Euronext NV is a pan- European Stock exchange based in Paris and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. NYSE Euronext Inc (formerly NYSE Group Inc and Euronext NV) is a Euro - American for-profit corporation that operates multiple

Transport

Lisbon's public transport network is extremely far-reaching and reliable and has its Metro as its main artery, connecting the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. The Lisbon Metro (Metropolitano de Lisboa is the metro (subway system that provides Lisbon, Portugal with Mass-transit services Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. Bus, funicular and tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. Carris ( Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa) is a Public transportation company in Lisbon, Portugal.

A traditional public transport in Lisbon is the tram. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Originally introduced in the 19th century, the trams were originally imported from the U.S. and called americanos. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The original trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum) (Carris). Other than the modern line 15, the Lisbon tram system still employs small (four wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early part of the twentieth century. These are effective on the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.

There are other commuter bus services from the city: Vimeca ([5]), Rodoviaria de Lisboa ([6]), Transportes Sul do Tejo ([7]), Boa Viagem ([8]), Barraqueiro ([9]) are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.

There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Cascais, Sintra and Azambuja lines as well as a fourth line to Setúbal crossing the Tagus river over the 25 de Abril Bridge. Cascais ( pron kɐʃ'kajʃ is a coastal town 30 kilometres west of Lisbon, with about 35000 residents in the town Sintra ( pron 'sĩtɾɐ is both a town and a municipality in Portugal, located in the district of Lisbon. Azambuja ( pron ɐzɐ̃'buʒɐ is a Portuguese municipality in the District of Lisbon, in the historical region of Ribatejo (the Setúbal (sɨˈtubaɫ or) is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 172 The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. The 25 de Abril Bridge (translation 25th of April Bridge in Portuguese Ponte 25 de Abril, pron. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente and Cais do Sodré. Santa Apolónia is the oldest railway terminus in Lisbon, Portugal. The Rossio Railway Station ( Portuguese: Estação de Caminhos de Ferro do Rossio) is a Railway station in Lisbon, Portugal Gare do Oriente ( pron. gaɾ(ɨ du oɾi'ẽt(ɨ is one of the main transport hubs in Lisbon, Portugal. Cais do Sodré is the railway station in Lisbon, Portugal, serving westbound suburban route to Cascais resort

The city does not offer a light rail service (tram line 15, although running with new and faster trams does not fall onto this category), but there are plans to build some lines with this service around the city (but not into the city itself). For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems.

The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

• The 25 de Abril Bridge, inaugurated (as Ponte Salazar) on August 6 1966, and later renamed after the date of the Carnation Revolution, was the longest suspension bridge in Europe and although made by the same engineers as the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, it is not, as thought by some, a replica (the Golden Gate Bridge does not have X braces). The 25 de Abril Bridge (translation 25th of April Bridge in Portuguese Ponte 25 de Abril, pron. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension Bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city
• The Vasco da Gama Bridge, inaugurated on May 1998 is, at 17. The Vasco da Gama Bridge (Portuguese Ponte Vasco da Gama, pron. 2 km (10. 7 mi), the longest bridge in Europe.

Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The main company is Transtejo ([10]), which operates from different points in the city to Cacilhas, Seixal, Montijo, Porto Brandão and Trafaria and the other company is Soflusa ([11]), operating one only line to Barreiro. Cacilhas is a Portuguese town located in the municipality of Almada. Seixal ( pron sɐj'ʃaɫ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 96 Montijo ( pron mõ'tiʒu is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 348 Porto Brandão is a locality in the parish of Caparica, the municipality of Almada and the district of Setubal, Portugal. Trafaria is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Almada. Barreiro ( pron bɐ'ʁɐjɾu is a Municipality and city in Portugal with a total area of 32

Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL.

The Portela Airport is located within the city limits. Portela Airport, also known as Lisbon Airport, is located within the city of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. TAP and Portugalia have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America. Portugália ( Companhia Portuguesa de Transportes Aereos SA) is a Regional airline based in Lisbon, Portugal, a subsidiary of TAP Portugal

Education in Lisbon

The city has several private and public secondary schools, primary schools as well as kindergartens. The New University of Lisbon ( Universidade Nova de Lisboa, pron. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes See also Primary education A primary school (from French école primaire) is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling In Greater Lisbon area there are also international schools such as Saint Julian's School, the Carlucci American International School of Lisbon, St Dominic's International School, Deutsche Schule Lissabon, and Lycée Francais Charles Lepierre. Saint Julian's is a private English language school in Carcavelos, Portugal, 19 minutes by train from Lisbon. The Carlucci American International School of Lisbon (CAISL is a non-profit non-denominational co-educational day school that offers an American program of study to approximately 550 students

There are 3 major public universities in Lisbon: the University of Lisbon (Lisbon's oldest higher education institution), the Technical University of Lisbon and the New University of Lisbon, providing degrees in all academic disciplines. A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. The University of Lisbon ( Universidade de Lisboa, pron. univɨɾsi'dad(ɨ dɨ liʒ'boɐ Latin Universitas Olisiponensis) is a Public The Technical University of Lisbon ( UTL &ndash Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, pron. The New University of Lisbon ( Universidade Nova de Lisboa, pron. There is also two state-run university-institutes: the Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon and the ISCTE. The Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon (Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa is one of the biggest state-run Polytechnic institutes in Portugal. ISCTE - Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa ( pron.

Major private institutions of higher education include the Portuguese Catholic University, as well as the Moderna University, the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, the Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa. The Catholic University of Portugal ( Universidade Católica Portuguesa, pron. Moderna University ( Universidade Moderna) was a Portuguese Private university headquartered in Lisbon, with departments in Setúbal The Lusíada University ( Universidade Lusíada, pron. univɨɾsi'dad(ɨ lu'ziɐdɐ is a Portuguese Private university. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias ( Lusophone University of Humanities and Tecnologies is a portuguese private University, and the main institution Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (UAL Autonomous University of Lisbon is a private University located in Lisbon, the Capital of Portugal.

Sports

The Lisbon sports clubs Sport Lisboa e Benfica (commonly "Benfica") and Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly "Sporting"), have many sports teams in the highest Portuguese divisions and European competitions. Sporting Clube de Portugal ( pron 'spɔɾtĩg 'klub(ɨ dɨ puɾtu'gaɫ referred to coloquially as Sporting, Sporting CP or erroneously Sporting A sports club, athletics club or sports association is an eclectic institution oriented to multiple Sports which fields many Teams and in several Sport Lisboa e Benfica (spɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i bɐ̃ĩˈfikɐ commonly referred to as simply Benfica, S Sporting Clube de Portugal ( pron 'spɔɾtĩg 'klub(ɨ dɨ puɾtu'gaɫ referred to coloquially as Sporting, Sporting CP or erroneously Sporting Belenenses, another important club with a great tradition in Portuguese sport, is also from the Portuguese capital. Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, usually known simply as Belenenses ( pron

Football is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Major football clubs include SL Benfica, with its home 65,000 seat stadium the UEFA 5-Star Stadium Estádio da Luz (named after the area in which the stadium is situated (Luz) and not, as is popularly believed, 'Stadium of Light'). Sport Lisboa e Benfica (spɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i bɐ̃ĩˈfikɐ commonly referred to as simply Benfica, S The Estádio da Luz ( pron ɨʃ'tadiu dɐ luʃ officially named the Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica and commonly mistranslated as Stadium of Light Benfica has won the UEFA Champions League twice and has appeared in the final seven times. See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners The UEFA Champions League, which evolved from the European Champion Clubs' Cup is a seasonal club Sporting Clube de Portugal is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat Estádio José de Alvalade stadium. Sporting Clube de Portugal ( pron 'spɔɾtĩg 'klub(ɨ dɨ puɾtu'gaɫ referred to coloquially as Sporting, Sporting CP or erroneously Sporting Estádio José Alvalade is a football stadium in Lisbon, Portugal, home of Sporting, one of the country's biggest clubs It has won the UEFA Cup Winners Cup once and was the UEFA Cup finalist in the 2004-05 season. The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA. Former players from this team include Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo. Luís Filipe Madeira Caeiro Figo, (born 4 November 1972 in Almada, Portugal) is a professional Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, OIH (kɾɨʃˈtiɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu born 5 February 1985 in Funchal, Madeira) is a Portuguese footballer Belenenses is the third most important football team in the city, having Estádio do Restelo as its home stadium in the Belém neighbourhood of Lisbon. Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, usually known simply as Belenenses ( pron Estadio do Restelo is a multi-use Stadium in Lisbon, Portugal. Santa Maria de Belém, or just Belém, pron. ˈsɐ̃tɐ mɐˈɾiɐ dɨ bɨˈlɐ̃ĩ is a Parish of Lisbon, Portugal, located Belenenses holds the distinction of being the first club, other than perennial winners Sporting, Benfica and Porto, to win the Portuguese League, taking the trophy in the 1945-46 season. Futebol Clube do Porto ( pron futɨ'bɔɫ 'klub(ɨ du 'poɾtu - short FC Porto or FCP - is a Portuguese Sports club best known

Other sports, such as indoor football, handball, basketball and roller hockey are also popular. This article discusses indoor variations of American football for indoor versions of association football (soccer see Futsal and Indoor soccer and for the Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Roller hockey is a form of Hockey played on a dry surface using skates with wheels

There are many other sport facilities in Lisbon, ranging from athletics to sailing to golf to mountain-biking. Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Mountain biking entails the Sport of riding Bicycles off-road often over rough terrain whether riding specially equipped Mountain bikes or hybrid road bikes

Tourist attractions

Belém

Main article: Belém

Along the Rio Tejo (Tagus River), is the historic neighborhood of Belém. Santa Maria de Belém, or just Belém, pron. ˈsɐ̃tɐ mɐˈɾiɐ dɨ bɨˈlɐ̃ĩ is a Parish of Lisbon, Portugal, located Its prime attraction is the grand Mosteiro dos Jeronimos. Construction started in 1501, and took 70 years to complete. During its construction, the monastery cost an equivalent of 70 kg (154 lb) of gold each year. Most of the construction costs were financed through the spice trade. It is a prime example of what is called Manueline architecture, with inspiration brought back from the explorations, as well as being influenced by the Gothic and Renaissance periods. Nearby is the Belem Tower. Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de Belém, pron. 'toɾ(ɨ dɨ bɨ'lɐ̃ĩ is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of

Bairro Alto

Main article: Bairro Alto

Bairro Alto (literally upper quarter in Portuguese) is an area of central Lisbon. Bairro Alto (literally upper quarter in Portuguese) is an area of central Lisbon, Portugal. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. It functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district. Today, the Bairro Alto is the heart of Lisbon's youth and of the Portuguese capital's nightlife. Lisbon's Punk, Gay, Metal, Goth, Hip Hop and Reggae scenes, all have the Bairro as their home, due to the number of clubs and bars dedicated to each of them. The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The goth subculture is a contemporary Subculture found in many countries Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s The fado, Portugal's national song, still survives in the new Lisbon's nightlife. FADO - False and Authentic Documents Online A computerised image-archiving system to help combat illegal immigration and organised crime ACT Council Joint Action 98/700/JHA The crowd is a mix of local and tourist, straight and gay, and almost anything else imagined.

Gare do Oriente

Main article: Gare do Oriente

Gare do Oriente (Orient Station) is one of the main transportation hubs of Lisbon, for trains, metro, buses and taxis. Gare do Oriente ( pron. gaɾ(ɨ du oɾi'ẽt(ɨ is one of the main transport hubs in Lisbon, Portugal. Its glass and steel columns are reminiscent of palms, making the whole structure fascinating to look at (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia (Spain). Santiago Calatrava Valls (born July 28, 1951) is an internationally recognized and award-winning Valencian Spanish Architect, Cross through the shopping mall just across the street and you're in Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations), site of the 1998 World Expo.

Lisbon Trams and Funiculars

Transportation in Lisbon is more charming than in most cities. Much is owed to its geography; much of Lisbon has been built on its seven hills. City of Seven Hills usually refers to Rome. There are many other cities claimed to be built on seven hills Amman, Jordan No visit to Lisbon is complete without riding the 1930s trams. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train The greatest attractions, though, are the funiculars, of which there are three. A funicular, also known as a funicular railway, incline, inclined railway, inclined plane, or cliff railway, is a type of self-contained These are Elevador da Glória, Elevador da Bica, and Elevador da Lavra. Perhaps the most picturesque is the Elevador da Bica, which passes through a charming residential neighborhood just below Bairro Alto. ^[9]. ^[10]

Parishes

There are 53 freguesias (civil parishes) in Lisbon:

Ajuda (formerly Nossa Senhora da Ajuda) Alcântara Alto do Pina Alvalade Ameixoeira (formerly Funchal) Anjos Beato Benfica Campo Grande Campolide Carnide Castelo Charneca Coração de Jesus (formerly Camões) Encarnação Graça Lapa Lumiar

Madalena Mártires Marvila Mercês Nossa Senhora de Fátima Pena Penha de França Prazeres Sacramento Santa Catarina Santa Engrácia (formerly Monte Pedral) Santa Isabel Santa Justa Santa Maria de Belém Olivais (formerly Santa Maria dos Olivais) Santiago Santo Condestável Santo Estêvão

Santos-o-Velho São Cristóvão e São Lourenço (formerly São Lourenço) São Domingos de Benfica São Francisco Xavier São João São João de Brito São João de Deus São Jorge de Arroios São José São Mamede São Miguel São Nicolau São Paulo (formerly Marquês de Pombal) São Sebastião da Pedreira São Vicente de Fora (formerly Escolas Gerais) Sé Socorro

Furthermore, and more commonly referred to by its inhabitants, Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as Amoreiras, Bairro Alto, Bica, Alfama, Mouraria, Avenidas Novas, Intendente, Chelas and Lapa. Alcântara ( pron. aɫˈkɐ̃tɐɾɐ is a civil parish ( Freguesia) of the city of Lisbon Portugal. "Freguesia" ( pron fɾɛgɨ'ziɐ is the Portuguese term for Civil parish, a secondary Local administrative unit in Portugal A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Ajuda ( pron. ɐˈʒudɐ is a Portuguese parish ( Freguesia) in the municipality of Lisbon with and 17961 inhabitants Alcântara ( pron. aɫˈkɐ̃tɐɾɐ is a civil parish ( Freguesia) of the city of Lisbon Portugal. Alto do Pina ( pron. ˈaɫtu du ˈpinɐ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Alvalade ( pron. aɫvɐˈladɨ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Ameixoeira ( pron. ɐmɐiʃuˈɐiɾɐ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Benfica ( pron. bɐ̃ĩˈfikɐ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Lumiar ( pron. lumiˈaɾ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Mártires ( pron. ˈmaɾtiɾɨʃ is a Portuguese civil parish in the city and municipality of Lisbon with 0 Santa Justa ( pron. ˈsɐ̃tɐ ˈʒuʃtɐ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. Santa Maria de Belém, or just Belém, pron. ˈsɐ̃tɐ mɐˈɾiɐ dɨ bɨˈlɐ̃ĩ is a Parish of Lisbon, Portugal, located São Domingos de Benfica ( pron. sɐ̃ũ duˈmĩguʃ dɨ bɐ̃ĩˈfikɐ is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Lisbon. São Nicolau ( pron. sɐ̃ũ nikuˈlau is a Portuguese parish of the municipality of Lisbon.

Prominent people born in Lisbon

• Saint Anthony of Lisbon (1195-1231)
• Pope John XXI, born Pedro Julião (1215-1277)
• Francisco de Almeida, (1450-1510) Portuguese admiral, the first Viceroy of Portuguese India. Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua, Pope John (numbering Pope John XXI (1215 – May 20, 1277) born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus) a Portuguese also Dom Francisco de Almeida (fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku dɨ aɫˈmɐiðɐ also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" (born c
• Antonio Vieira (1608-1697), Jesuit
• Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705), queen consort of King Charles II of England
• Richard William Church (1815-1890)
• Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), poet / writer
• Amália Rodrigues (1920-1999), fado / singer
• Mário Cesariny (1923-2006), poet
• Alexandre O'Neill (1924-1986), poet / writer
• Mário Soares (born 1924), politician, former President and Prime-Minister
• Paula Rego (born 1935), painter, illustrator and printmaker
• Jorge Sampaio (born 1939), politician, former Mayor of Lisbon and President
• António Guterres (born 1949), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, former Prime-Minister
• José Manuel Durão Barroso (born 1956), President of the European Commission, former Prime-Minister

Gallery

Belém Tower	Baixa and Lisbon Castle	Edward VII Park	25 April Bridge
Teatro Nacional D. Maria II	Restauradores Square	Carmo Convent	Portuguese pavement
Águas Livres Aqueduct	Rossio Square	Assembly of the Republic	Lisbon Oceanarium
Parque das Nações	Gare do Oriente	Aerial view	Jerónimos Monastery
Alfama	Avenida da Liberdade	Camões Square	Augusta Street
Lisbon Tram	Chiado Square	Conceição Church

Sister cities

The following places are sister cities to Lisbon:

• Jersey City, United States
• Paris, France
• Budapest, Hungary (1992)
• Zagreb, Croatia (1977)
• Madrid, Spain (1979)
• Nicosia, Cyprus
• Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Macau, People's Republic of China
• Athens, Greece
• Montreal , Canada

Within the context of development cooperation, Lisbon is also linked to:

• Belo Horizonte, Brazil
• Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
• Brasilia, Brazil
• Cacheu, Guinea-Bissau
• Luanda, Angola
• Malacca, Malaysia (1984)
• Maputo, Mozambique
• Praia, Cape Verde
• Rabat, Morocco'
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1980)
• São Paulo, Brazil
• São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe

See also

• Flag of Lisbon
• Coat of arms of Lisbon

References

External links

• Câmara Municipal de Lisboa - Official page of the city
• Lisbon travel guide from Wikitravel
• Visit Portugal: Lisbon Past and Present - Official page by the Government of Portugal
• Associação de Turismo de Lisboa - Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
• OTLIS - Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
• Portal das Nações Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon

Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic