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A Linux distribution (also called GNU/Linux distribution) is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like software distributions. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks A Unix-like (sometimes shortened to *nix) Operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system while not necessarily conforming A software distribution, also referred to as a software distro, is a bundle of a specific Software (or a collection of multiple even an entire Operating Such distributions consist of a Linux operating system and a collection of applications. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks The operating system will consist of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU project, with graphics support from the X Window System. Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and The GNU Project is a Free software, Mass collaboration project announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. Graphics (from Greek grc [[wiktγραφικός γραφικός]] see -graphy) are Visual presentations on some surface such as a wall Distributions optimized for size may not contain X, and tend to use more compact alternatives to the GNU utilities such as busybox, uclibc or dietlibc. BusyBox is a Software application which provides many standard Unix tools much like the larger (but more capable GNU Core Utilities. In Computing, uClibc is a small C standard library intended for Embedded Linux systems dietlibc is a C standard library released under the GNU General Public License Version 2 There are currently over three hundred Linux distributions. What do you mean by template here? Most of those are in active development, constantly being revised and improved.

Because most of the kernel and supporting packages are some combination of free software and open source, Linux distributions have taken a wide variety of forms — from fully featured desktop and server operating systems to minimal environments (typically for use in embedded systems, or for booting from a floppy disk). Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified Open source software (OSS began as a marketing campaign for Free software. An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints In Computing, booting ( booting up) is a bootstrapping process that starts Operating systems when the user turns on a Computer system Aside from certain custom software (such as installers and configuration tools) a distribution simply refers to a particular assortment of applications installed on top of a set of libraries married with a version of the kernel, such that its "out-of-the-box" capabilities meets most of the needs of its particular end-user base.

One can distinguish between commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora (Red Hat), SUSE Linux (Novell), Ubuntu (Canonical Ltd.), MontaVista, and Mandriva Linux and community distributions such as Debian, Slackware and Gentoo. The Fedora Operating system is an RPM -based general purpose Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored In Computing, Red Hat Inc ( is a company dedicated to Free and open source software, and a major Linux distribution vendor SUSE (ˈsuːsə German ˈzuːzə is a major retail Operating system, produced worldwide and supported by Novell Inc Novell Inc ( is a global Software Corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software MontaVista Software is a Software developer that develops Embedded Linux system software development tools and related software Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux) is an Operating system created by Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. Slackware is an Operating system created by Patrick Volkerding of Slackware Linux Inc The Gentoo Linux Operating system (ˈdʒɛntuː is a Linux distribution based on the Portage Package management system.

Contents

History

Linux Distro Genesis, timeline representing the development of various Linux distributions.
Linux Distro Genesis, timeline representing the development of various Linux distributions.

Before the first Linux distributions, a would-be Linux user was required to be something of a Unix expert, not only knowing what libraries and executables were needed to successfully get the system to boot and run, but also important details concerning configuration and placement of files in the system. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer

Linux distributions began to appear very soon after the Linux kernel was first used by individuals outside the original Linux programmers. They were more interested in developing the operating system than they were in application programs, the user interface, or convenient packaging. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination

Early distributions included:

SLS was not well-maintained, so Patrick Volkerding released a distribution based on SLS, which he called Slackware; released July 16, 1993. Patrick Volkerding (born 1966 is the founder and maintainer of the Slackware Operating system. Slackware is an Operating system created by Patrick Volkerding of Slackware Linux Inc Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) [1] This is the oldest distribution still in active development.

Users were attracted to Linux distributions as alternatives to the DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems on the PC, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh and proprietary versions of Unix. DOS, short for "Disk Operating System" is a shorthand term for several closely related Operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of Graphical user interface -based Operating systems developed by Apple Inc Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer Most early adopters were familiar with Unix from work or school. They embraced Linux for its stability, low (if any) cost, and for the availability of the source code for most or all of the software included. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable

The distributions were originally simply a convenience, but today they have become the usual choice even for Unix or Linux experts. To date, Linux has proven more popular in the server market, primarily for Web and database servers (see also LAMP), than in the desktop market. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system The Acronym LAMP refers to a Solution stack of software usually Free and open source software, used to run dynamic Web sites or servers

Components

A typical desktop Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries, additional software, documentation, a window system, window manager, and a desktop environment. Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and GNU ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free software. A windowing system (or window system) is a component of a Graphical user interface (GUI and more specifically of a Desktop environment, which supports A window manager is Computer software that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a Windowing system in a Graphical user interface In graphical computing a desktop environment ( DE) commonly refers to a style of Graphical user interface (GUI that is based on the Desktop metaphor which Most of the included software is free software/open-source software which is distributed by its maintainers both as compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing users to modify and compile the original source code if they wish. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified Open source software (OSS began as a marketing campaign for Free software. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another Other software included with some distributions may be proprietary and may not be available in source code form. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable

Many provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems. Self-hosting distributions like Gentoo Linux, T2 and Linux From Scratch provide the source code of all software and include binaries only of a basic kernel, compilation tools, and an installer; the installer compiles all the software for the specific microarchitecture of the user's machine. The term Self-hosting was coined to refer to the use of a Computer program as part of the Toolchain or Operating system that produces new versions of that The Gentoo Linux Operating system (ˈdʒɛntuː is a Linux distribution based on the Portage Package management system. T2 is a flexible Open Source System Development Environment (SDE that facilitates the automated creation of Linux-based systems Linux From Scratch ( LFS) is the name of a book written by Gerard Beekmans and others CPU design is the Design engineering task of creating a Central processing unit (CPU a component of Computer hardware.

Package management

See also: Package management system and Linux package formats

Distributions are normally segmented into packages. A package management system is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing upgrading configuring and removing software packages from a Computer Linux package formats are the different file formats used to package software for various Linux distributions These are the principal kinds of package Each package contains a specific application or service. Examples of packages include a library for handling the PNG image format, a collection of fonts, or a web browser. Portable Network Graphics ( PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs Lossless data compression. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a

The package is typically provided as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages handled by a package management system (PMS) rather than a simple file archiver. A package management system is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing upgrading configuring and removing software packages from a Computer A file archiver is a Computer program that combines a number of files together into one Archive file, or a series of archive files for easier transportation Each package intended for such a PMS contains meta-information such as a package description, version, and "dependencies". In Computer science, coupling or dependency is the degree to which each program module relies on each one of the other modules The package management system can evaluate this meta-information to allow package searches, to perform an automatic upgrade to a newer version, to check that all dependencies of a package are fulfilled and/or to fulfill them automatically.

Although Linux distributions typically contain much more software than proprietary operating systems, it is normal for local administrators to install software not included in the distribution. An example would be a newer version of a software application than that supplied with a distribution, or an alternative to that chosen by the distribution (e. g. , KDE rather than GNOME or vice versa). KDE ( K Desktop Environment) (ˌkeɪdiːˈiː is a Free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use Desktop environment. A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle If the additional software is distributed in source-only form, this approach requires local compilation. However, if additional software is locally added, the 'state' of the local system may fall out of synchronization with the state of the package manager's database. If so, the local administrator will be required to take additional measures to ensure the entire system is kept up to date. The package manager may no longer be able to do so automatically.

Most distributions install packages, including the kernel and other core operating system components, in a predetermined configuration. Few now require or even permit configuration adjustments at first install time. This makes installation less daunting, particularly for new users, but is not always acceptable. For specific requirements, much software must be carefully configured to be useful, to work correctly with other software, or to be secure, and local administrators are often obliged to spend time reviewing and reconfiguring assorted software.

Some distributions go to considerable lengths to specifically adjust and customize most or all of the software included in the distribution. Not all do so. Some distributions provide configuration tools to assist in this process.

By replacing everything provided in a distribution, an administrator may reach a "distribution-less" state: everything was retrieved, compiled, configured, and installed locally. It is possible to build such a system from scratch, avoiding a distribution altogether. One needs a way to generate the first binaries until the system is self-hosting. This can be done via compilation on another system capable of building binaries for the intended target (possibly by cross-compilation). A cross compiler is a Compiler capable of creating Executable code for a platform other than the one on which the compiler is run See for example Linux From Scratch. Linux From Scratch ( LFS) is the name of a book written by Gerard Beekmans and others

Types and trends

Further information: Comparison of Linux distributions

Broadly, Linux distributions may be:

The diversity of Linux distributions is due to technical, organizational, and philosophical variation among vendors and users. The permissive licensing of free software means that any user with sufficient knowledge and interest can customize an existing distribution or design to suit his or her own needs.

Installation-free distributions (Live CDs)

Main articles: Live CD and Live USB

A LiveDistro or Live CD, is a Linux distribution that can be booted from a compact disc or other medium (such as a DVD or USB flash drive) instead of the conventional hard drive. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. A live USB or USB live distro is a USB flash drive or an External hard disk drive containing a full Operating system which can be booted A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device Some minimal distributions such as tomsrtbt can be run directly from as little as one floppy disk without needing to change the hard drive contents. tomsrtbt (pronounced Tom's Root Boot is a very small Linux distribution.

The read-only nature of CDs and DVDs means that user data cannot be stored with the operating system, but must be written to some other device (such as a USB flash drive or an installed hard drive) if any is to be kept. Temporary operating system data is usually kept solely in RAM.

The portablility is advantageous for applications such as demonstrations, borrowing someone else's computer, rescue operations, and as installation media for a standard distribution. Many popular distributions come in both "Live" and conventional forms (the conventional form being a network or removable media image which is intended to be used for installation only). This includes SUSE, Ubuntu, Mepis, and Fedora. SUSE Linux (ˈsuːsə is a major Operating system. The developer rights are owned by Novell Inc Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu MEPIS (pronunciation ˈmɛpɪs refers to a set of Operating systems distributed as Live CDs which can be installed onto a Hard disk. The Fedora Operating system is an RPM -based general purpose Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored Some distributions, such as Knoppix and Dyne:bolic, are designed primarily for Live CD or Live DVD use. Knoppix, or KNOPPIX (nopɪks is a GNU/Linux Operating system based on Debian designed to be run directly from a CD / DVD dynebolic is a Live CD Linux distribution with a focus on Multimedia production and is distributed with a large assortment of applications for audio and

Examples

The logos of various Linux distributions.

Popular distributions

Well-known Linux distributions include:

DistroWatch maintains a popularity ranking of distribution information on its web site, but this is not considered to be a reliable measure of distribution popularity. DistroWatch is a popular Website which provides news popularity rankings and other general information about various Linux distributions as well as other Free

Niche distributions

Jesux[2] was a fake Christianity-inspired distribution that used the Bourne Again Shell by default, provided hex modes in order to avoid typing "666", and allowed the user to optionally restrict logins on the Sabbath. Bash is a Free software Unix shell written for the GNU Project. In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic [3] Another, the Buddhist Yellow Hat GNU/Linux, was an April Fools' Day hoax perpetrated by Richard M. Stallman. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices This article is about the informal holiday For other uses see April Fool. Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16 1953 often abbreviated " rms " is an American software freedom activist [4] More recently, however, two forks of the Ubuntu distribution have made serious attempts at marketing Linux to Christian clergy and organizations: Ichthux, and Ubuntu Christian Edition both bundle Bible-oriented applications and theological dictionaries in their main distributions. Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu The following is a list of Ubuntu -based distributions. Most of them are Linux distributions Official distributions These Ubuntu variants simply

Other distributions are targeted at other specific niches such as the tiny embedded router distribution OpenWrt, the Ubuntu project to create Edubuntu for educational users, and KnoppMyth which wraps Knoppix around MythTV to ease building Linux-powered DVRs. OpenWrt is a Linux -based Firmware program for embedded devices such as Residential gateways Support was originally limited to the Knoppmyth is a Portmanteau word of Knoppix and MythTV. It is a Debian -based operating system using Knoppix configuration scripts and Knoppix, or KNOPPIX (nopɪks is a GNU/Linux Operating system based on Debian designed to be run directly from a CD / DVD MythTV is a free Unix application which turns a computer with the necessary hardware into a network streaming Digital video recorder

Interdistribution issues

The Free Standards Group is an organization formed by major software and hardware vendors that aims to improve interoperability between different distributions. The Free Standards Group was an industry non-profit Consortium chartered to primarily specify and drive the adoption of Open source standards. Among their proposed standards are the Linux Standard Base, which defines a common ABI and packaging system for Linux, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard which recommends a standard filenaming chart, notably the basic directory names found on the root of the tree of any Linux filesystem. The Linux Standard Base, or LSB, is a joint project by several Linux distributions under the organizational structure of the Linux Foundation (merger of In Computer software, an application binary interface ( ABI) describes the low-level interface between an application program and the Operating system The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS defines the main directories and their contents in most Linux -based computer Operating systems It is a formalization and extension Those standards, however, see limited use, even among the distributions developed by members of the organization.

The diversity of Linux distributions means that not all software runs on all distributions, depending on what libraries and other system attributes are required. Packaged software is usually specific to a particular distribution, though cross-installation is sometimes possible on closely related distributions.

Tools for choosing a distribution

There are tools available to help making the decision, such as several different versions of the Linux Distribution Chooser[5][6][7] and the universal package search tool, whohas. [8] There are some easy ways to try out several Linux distributions before deciding on one. Multi Distro is a Live CD that contains nine space-saving distributions. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. [9] Tools are available to make such CDs and DVDs, among them Nautopia. [10]

Virtual machines such as QEMU, VirtualBox and VMware VirtualPC permit booting of Live CD image files without actually burning a CD. QEMU is a processor Emulator that relies on dynamic Binary translation to achieve a reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPU architectures VirtualBox is an X86 virtualization software package originally created by German software company innotek now developed by Sun Microsystems as part VMware Inc ( is a Software developer and a global leader in the Virtualization market Microsoft Virtual PC is a Virtualization suite for Microsoft Windows Operating systems and an Emulation suite for

Details and interest rankings of Linux distributions are available on DistroWatch and a fairly comprehensive list of Live CDs is The Live CD List. DistroWatch is a popular Website which provides news popularity rankings and other general information about various Linux distributions as well as other Free Some websites such as OSDir.com and OSVids.com offer screenshots and videos as a means to getting a first impression of various distributions.

Workspot provides online Linux desktop demos using Virtual Network Computing (VNC). Workspot is a Linux desktop Web Service, that provides Personal computing without computer ownership In computing Virtual Network Computing ( VNC) is a graphical Desktop sharing system which uses the RFB protocol to remotely control another Computer

Advocacy

As part of the free software movement, Linux User Groups (LUGs) still provide the primary face-to-face forum for demonstration of Linux. The free software movement (also known as open source movement, free and open source software movement and abbreviated FSM OSM or FOSSM) is a relatively A Linux User Group or Linux Users' Group ( LUG) is a private generally non-profit or not-for-profit organization that provides support and/or education for Commercial exhibitions also provide Linux demonstrations to potential new users, especially corporate buyers.

Installation

There are many ways to install a Linux distribution:

Anaconda, one of the more popular installers, is used by Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora and other distributions to simplify the installation process. Anaconda is the installer for Red Hat Linux and Fedora. It is written in Python and C, with a graphical frontend using PyGTK and a Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a Linux distribution produced by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market including mainframes. The Fedora Operating system is an RPM -based general purpose Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored

Installation on an existing platform

Some distributions let the user install Linux on top of their current system, such as WinLinux. WinLinux is a Linux distribution which has an installer that runs from inside the Windows operating system Linux is installed to the Windows hard-disk partition, and can be started from inside Windows itself. Similar approaches include coLinux. Cooperative Linux, abbreviated as coLinux, is software which allows Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same

Virtual machines (such as Virtual PC or VMware) also enable Linux to be run inside another OS. In Computer science, a virtual machine (VM is a Software implementation of a machine (computer that executes programs like a real machine Microsoft Virtual PC is a Virtualization suite for Microsoft Windows Operating systems and an Emulation suite for VMware Inc ( is a Software developer and a global leader in the Virtualization market The VM software simulates an isolated environment onto which the Linux system is installed. After everything is done, the virtual machine can be booted just as if it were an independent computer.

Installation through an existing platform

Most recently, a Windows installer for Ubuntu was developed. Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu This allows for one to download and install a Linux distribution without the need for hard drive partitioning or the need for an installation CD, thus allowing for the option to easily dual boot between either operating system on the same hard drive without losing data. This was followed by the release of a Windows installer for Debian. Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. The Windows installer for Debian (known internally as win32-loader) is in the process of being integrated in official Debian CDs/DVDs. .

Proprietary software

Some specific proprietary software products are not available in any form for Linux. This includes many popular computer games, although in recent years some game manufacturers have begun making their software available for Linux. For example, Epic Games sells a Linux version of its Unreal Tournament 2004. Epic Games, also known as Epic and formerly as Epic MegaGames, is a Video game development company based in Cary North Carolina, United Unreal Tournament 2004, also known as UT2K4 and UT2004, is a futuristic First-person shooter computer game This problem is also addressed by emulation and API-translation projects like Wine and Cedega, which make it possible to run non-Linux-based software on Linux systems, either by emulating a proprietary operating system or by translating proprietary API calls (e. An emulator duplicates (provides an emulation of the functions of one System using a different system so that the second system behaves like (and appears to Wine is a free Software application which aims to allow Unix-like computer Operating systems on the X86 architecture to execute Cedega (formerly known as WineX) is TransGaming Technologies ' proprietary fork of Wine (from when the license of Wine g. , calls to Microsoft's Win32 or DirectX APIs) into native Linux API calls. The Windows API, informally WinAPI, is Microsoft's core set of Application programming interfaces (APIs available in the Microsoft Windows Operating Microsoft DirectX is a collection of Application programming interfaces (APIs for handling tasks related to Multimedia, especially Game programming and

OEM contracts

Computer hardware is often sold with the operating system of a software original equipment manufacturer (OEM) already installed. An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product or sells the product of the second company It is uncommon for this operating system to be Linux, even though the portability features of Linux mean that it can be installed on most machines. In the case of IBM PC compatibles the OS is usually Microsoft Windows; in the case of Apple Macintosh computers it has always been a version of Apple's OS, currently Mac OS X; Sun Microsystems sells SPARC hardware with Solaris installed; video game consoles such as the Xbox, PlayStation, and Gamecube each have their own proprietary OS. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services SPARC (from Scalable Processor Architecture is a RISC Microprocessor Instruction set architecture originally Solaris is a Unix -based Operating system introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as the successor to SunOS. The Xbox is a sixth-generation Video game console produced by Microsoft Corporation. The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console The, often abbreviated as GCN, is Nintendo 's fourth home Video game console and is part of the sixth generation console era. That Linux is not installed by default on most computer hardware limits its market share: consumers are unaware that an alternative exists, they must make a conscious effort to use a different operating system, and they must either perform the actual installation themselves, or depend on support from a friend, relative, or computer professional.

However, it is actually possible to buy hardware with Linux already installed. Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Affordy,[11] and System76 all sell general purpose Linux laptops,[12] and custom-order PC manufacturers will also build Linux systems (but possibly with the Windows Key on the keyboard). Lenovo Group Limited (,) is China's largest and the world's fourth largest Personal computer manufacturer after Hewlett-Packard and Dell of the U The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products System76 is a computer hardware manufacturer Their products are all prepackaged with Ubuntu. The Windows key or Windows logo key (in short WinKey, Start key, or rarely Flag key, Go To Key (Canada or Menu Key) is Terra Soft sells Macintosh computers and PlayStation 3 consoles with Yellow Dog Linux installed. Terra Soft Solutions is the Loveland Colorado –based producer of Yellow Dog Linux, cluster construction tools and bioinformatics software Yellow Dog Linux, also YDL, is a free-software, open-source Operating system for the Sony PlayStation 3, PowerPC It is more common to find embedded devices sold with Linux as the default manufacturer-supported OS, including the Linksys NSLU2 NAS device, TiVo's line of personal video recorders, and Linux-based cellphones, PDAs, and portable music players. The NSLU2 (Network Storage Link for USB 20 Disk Drives was a Network-attached storage (NAS device made by Linksys introduced in 2004 and discontinued in 2008 TiVo (pronounced ˈtiːvoʊ is a brand of Digital video recorder (DVR in the United States, Canada, and Australia created by TiVo

Consumers also have the option of obtaining a refund for unused OEM operating system software. The end user license agreement (EULA) for Apple and Microsoft operating systems gives the consumer the opportunity to reject the license and obtain a refund. If requesting a refund directly from the manufacturer fails, it is also possible that a lawsuit in small claims court will work. [13] On February 15, 1999, a group of Linux users in Orange County, California held a "Windows Refund Day" protest in an attempt to pressure Microsoft into issuing them refunds. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. [14] In France, the Linuxfrench and AFUL organizations along with free software activist Roberto Di Cosmo started a "Windows Detax" movement,[15] which led to a 2006 petition against "racketiciels"[16] (translation: Racketwares) and the DGCCRF branch of the French government filing several complaints against bundled software. A racket is an illegal business usually run as part of Organized crime.

References

  1. ^ The Slackware Linux Project: Slackware Release Announcement
  2. ^ Jesux
  3. ^ Jesux hoax uncovered - ZDNet UK
  4. ^ http://www.stallman.org/articles/yellow-hat.html
  5. ^ zegenie Studios Linux Distribution Chooser
  6. ^ (:^tuxs.org) Linux Distribution Chooser
  7. ^ Desktop Linux At Home - Distro Selector
  8. ^ Philipp's Homepage: whohas
  9. ^ Linux.com :: Multi Distro is Linux times 9 on a single CD-R
  10. ^ Linux.com :: Multiple live CDs in one DVD
  11. ^ Affordy - TITAN Computers
  12. ^ Laptops/Notebooks with Linux Preinstalled
  13. ^ Getting a Windows Refund in California Small Claims Court
  14. ^ Windows Refund Day
  15. ^ Detaxe.org (French) Say no to bundled software - Say yes to informed consumers
  16. ^ (fr) Petition against software racketeers

See also

External links

What do you mean by template here? Technical variations of Linux distributions include support for different hardware devices and systems or software package configurations Cygwin (ˈsɪɡwɪn is a collection of tools originally developed by Cygnus Solutions to provide in Microsoft Windows a command line and programming interface familiar The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute among members of the Free and open source software community. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. Mini Linux (or Mini Linux Distribution) is any Linux distribution that fits on Memory card or a small number of Floppy disks usually one or two
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