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For other uses, see Lindisfarne (disambiguation).
Lindisfarne (Northumberland)
Lindisfarne
Map of the UK showing the location of Lindisfarne at 55. 679°N, 1. 808°W (grid reference NU125421)
Lindisfarne Castle
Lindisfarne Castle

Lindisfarne (grid reference NU125421, 55°40′40″N, 1°47′42″W), (variant spelling, Lindesfarne), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude Lindisfarne Castle is a 16th-century Castle located on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England, much altered The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude A tidal island is a piece of land that is connected to the mainland by a natural or man-made Causeway that is exposed at low Tide and submerged at high tide England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It is now known as Holy Island (especially in the north-east).

A causeway connects the island to the mainland of Northumberland, though it is flooded twice a day by tides – something well described by Sir Walter Scott:

For with the flow and ebb, its style
Varies from continent to isle;
Dry shood o'er sands, twice every day,
The pilgrims to the shrine find way;
Twice every day the waves efface
Of staves and sandelled feet the trace. In modern usage a causeway is a road or railway elevated by a bank usually across a broad Body of water or Wetland. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout

According to the 2001 census it had a usual population of 162. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001

Contents

Nature reserve

Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Species for which the reserve is important include Pale-bellied Brent Goose, Wigeon, Teal, Pintail, Merlin, Dunlin, Bar-tailed Godwit and many others. The Brent Goose ( Branta bernicla) a Goose of the Genus Branta, is known in North America as Brant. Widgeon redirects here For the aircraft see Grumman Widgeon Wigeon are Dabbling ducks in the genus Anas. The Common Teal / Eurasian Teal or simply Teal ( Anas crecca) is a common and widespread Duck which breeds in the northernmost The Pintail or Northern Pintail ( Anas acuta) is a widely-occurring Duck which breeds in the northern areas of Europe, Asia and The Merlin ( Falco columbarius) is a smallish Falcon that breeds in northern North America, Europe and Asia. The Dunlin, Calidris alpina, is a small Wader, sometimes separated with the other " Stints quot in Erolia. The Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica, is a large Wader in the family Scolopacidae, which breeds on Arctic coasts and tundra The situation on the east coast also makes it a good place for observing migrating birds arriving from the east, including large numbers of Redwing and Fieldfare, and also scarcer Siberian birds including regular annual Yellow-browed Warblers. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability The Redwing ( Turdus iliacus) is a Bird in the thrush family Turdidae native to Europe and Asia, slightly smaller than the related The Fieldfare ( Turdus pilaris) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The Yellow-browed Warbler or Inornate Warbler, ( Phylloscopus inornatus) is a Leaf warbler which breeds in Asia east from the Urals to Rare species such as Radde's Warbler, Dusky Warbler and Red-flanked Bluetail have all occurred on Holy Island. Radde's Warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi, is a Leaf warbler which breeds in Siberia. The Dusky Warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus, is a Leaf warbler which breeds in east Asia. The Red-flanked Bluetail ( Tarsiger cyanurus) is a small Passerine Bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae but Altogether, a total of almost 300 species have been recorded on the Island and adjacent reserve. With the large number and variety of birds present, the area is very popular with bird watchers, particularly in the Autumn and Winter. Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of Birds with the naked eye or through a visual enhancement device like Binoculars. Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.

History

Aidan of Lindisfarne, from the Lindisfarne Gospels
Aidan of Lindisfarne, from the Lindisfarne Gospels

The name Lindisfarne means "Land's Corner. " Corner like the Horns of Switzerland, the Gorns of Russia, and the Bournes of France.

The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish born Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald around AD 635. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world " Augustine was the Apostle of Kent but Aidan was the Apostle of the English Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland that has an important place in the history of Christianity in Scotland and is renowned for its tranquility Oswald (c 604 &ndash August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death and is now venerated as a Christian Saint. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island. Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west For the Dungeons & Dragons deity see Saint Cuthbert (Dungeons & Dragons St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (c The word abbot, meaning Father, is a title given to the head of a Monastery in various traditions including Christianity. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.

At some point in the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels, an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, was made probably at Lindisfarne and the artist was possibly Eadfrith, who later became Bishop of Lindisfarne. The Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated Latin manuscript of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Eadfrith of Lindisfarne (died 721 also known as Saint Eadfrith was Bishop of Lindisfarne, probably from 698 onwards Sometime in the second half of the tenth century a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon (Old English) gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Gospels were illustrated in an insular style containing a fusion of Celtic, Germanic and Roman elements; they were probably originally covered with a fine metal case made by a hermit called Billfrith. Insular script was a medieval script system used in Ireland and Britain (Latin insula, "island" A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic"

In A. D. 793 (796 per some authorities), a Viking raid on Lindisfarne caused much consternation throughout the Christian west, and is now often taken as the beginning of the Viking Age. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records:

In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the Future, often signifying the advent of change There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. The dragon is a Legendary creature of which some interpretation or depiction appears in almost every culture worldwide These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne.

Alcuin, an English monk of that period, noted:

Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c . . . The heathens poured out the blood of saints around the altar, and trampled on the bodies of saints in the temple of God, like dung in the streets.

Eventually the monks fled the island (taking with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at the Cathedral in Durham). The Cathedral Church of Christ Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England Durham (ˈdʌrəm in RP, locally ˈdʏrəm is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham, England The bishopric was transferred to Durham in AD 1000. The Lindisfarne Gospels now reside in the British Library in London, somewhat to the annoyance of some Northumbrians. The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its suppression in 1536 under Henry VIII. A priory is a House of men or women under religious vows headed by a Prior or prioress The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of

Present day

The island is within the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Northumberland Coast is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB covering 39 miles of coastline from Berwick-Upon-Tweed to the River Coquet The monastery is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. English Heritage is a Non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government ( Department for Culture Media and Sport) with a broad remit of The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.

Lindisfarne also has the small Lindisfarne Castle, based on a Tudor fort, which was refurbished in the Arts and Crafts style by Sir Edwin Lutyens for the editor of Country Life, Edward Hudson. Lindisfarne Castle is a 16th-century Castle located on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England, much altered The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 See also Edward Hudson (magazine owner. Edward Hudson (1743 – 4 October, 1821) was born in Castlemartyr, Lutyens also designed the island's Celtic-cross war-memorial on the Heugh. One of the most celebrated gardeners of modern times, Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) visited in 1906, accompanied by a raven and a bag of bull’s eyes. Gertrude Jekyll ( November 29, 1843 – December 8, 1932) (surname pronounced /ˈdʒiˌkəl/) was an influential British garden She laid out a tiny garden just north of the castle in 1911. It is mostly stone-paved and the plants grow up through the paving. The castle, garden and nearby limekilns are in the care of the National Trust and open to visitors. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. A lime kiln is a Kiln used to produce quicklime by the Calcination of Limestone ( Calcium carbonate) The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales

Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island. Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and Thomas Girtin ( 18 February 1775 – 9 November 1802) was an English painter and Etcher, who played a key role

Lindisfarne had a large lime burning industry and the kilns are among the most complex in Northumberland. A lime kiln is a Kiln used to produce quicklime by the Calcination of Limestone ( Calcium carbonate) There are still some traces of the jetties by which the coal was imported and the lime exported close by at the foot of the crags. Lime was quarried on the Island and the remains of the wagon way between the quarries and the kilns makes for a pleasant and easy walk. This quarrying flourished in the mid-19th century during the Industrial Revolution when over 100 men were thus employed. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Crinoid columnals extracted from the quarried stone and threaded into necklaces or rosaries became known as St Cuthbert's beads. Crinoids, also known as sea lilies or feather-stars, are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata St Cuthbert's beads (or Cuddy's beads) are circular Columnals of Carboniferous Crinoids which were strung together as a Necklace

Holy Island was considered part of the Islandshire unit along with several mainland parishes. Islandshire was a region in England, centred around Lindisfarne or Holy Island including many villages on the mainland This came under the jurisdiction of the County Palatine of Durham until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1788.

Lindisfarne was mainly a fishing community for many years, with farming and the production of lime also of some importance.

Recently Lindisfarne has become the centre for the revival of Celtic Christianity in the North of England; a former minister of the church there, David Adam, is a well-known author of Celtic Christian books and prayers. Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval David Adam was born in Alnwick, Northumberland. When he left school at 15 he went to work underground in the coal mines for three years before training Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval Following from this, Lindisfarne has become a popular retreat centre, as well as holiday destination. The term retreat has several related meanings all of which have in common the notion of safety or temporarily removing oneself from one's usual environment in order to become immersed

The Holy Island of Lindisfarne is well known for mead. Mead (ˈmiːd is a fermented Alcoholic beverage made of Honey, Water, and Yeast. In the mediæval days when monks inhabited the island, it was thought that if the soul was in God's keeping, the body must be fortified with Lindisfarne Mead. The monks have long vanished, and the mead's recipe remains a secret of the family which still produces it. Lindisfarne mead is produced at St Aidan's Winery, and sold throughout the UK and elsewhere.

Holy Island was featured on the television programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the North. Seven Natural Wonders was a Television series that aired on BBC Two from 3 May to 20 June 2005. The Lindisfarne Gospels have also featured on television among the top few Treasures of Britain. The Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated Latin manuscript of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John It also features in a new ITV Tyne Tees programme Diary of an Island which started on 19 April 2007 and on a DVDof the same name. Tyne Tees Television is the ITV television contractor for North East England.

Lindisfarne seen from the mainland
Lindisfarne seen from the mainland

Tourism

Tourists crossing Pilgrim's Way
Tourists crossing Pilgrim's Way

Tourism grew steadily throughout the twentieth century, and it is now a popular place with visitors — sometimes a little too popular, as space and facilities are limited. By staying on the island while the tide cuts it off (time permitting) the non-resident visitor can experience the island in a much quieter mood, as most day visitors leave when the tide is rising again. It is possible, weather and tide permitting, to walk at low tide across the sands following the older crossing line known as the Pilgrims' Way and marked with posts: it also has refuge boxes for the careless walker, in the same way as the road has a refuge box for those who have left their crossing too late.

A popular delicacy on the island is crab sandwiches, which are sold to tourists at many shops and cafés. Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy A sandwich is a food item made of two or more slices of Bread with one or more layers of a filling

Safety

Visitors wishing to walk between the mainland and the island are urged to keep to the marked path, check tide times and weather carefully, and seek local advice if in doubt. Visitors driving should pay close attention to the timetables prominently displayed at both ends of the causeway and where the Holy Island road leaves the A1 Great North Road at Beal. The causeway is generally open from about 3 hours after high tide until 2 hours before the next high tide, but there is no substitute for checking the timetables for a specific date, and the period of closure may extend during stormy weather.

Lindisfarne in culture

In 1972, poet William Irwin Thompson named his Lindisfarne Association after the monastery on the island. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Irwin Thompson (born July 16, 1938) is known primarily as a social philosopher and cultural critic, but has recently been writing mostly Lindisfarne Association is a group of intellectuals of diverse interests organized by cultural historian William Irwin Thompson for the "study and realization

The Lindisfarne Community is a network of people, communities, churches and groups committed to the idea of "New Monasticism" . New Monasticism, or Neomonasticism, is a modern day iteration of a long tradition of Christian monasticism that has recently developed within certain Christian communities

On film

Lindisfarne (particularly the castle) is the setting of the Roman Polanski film Cul-de-Sac (1966) with Donald Pleasence and Lionel Stander, shot entirely on location there. for other uses see Cul-de-sac (disambiguation Cul-de-Sac is a 1966 British Psychological thriller directed by the Donald Henry Pleasence, OBE, (5 October 1919 – 2 February 1995 was an English stage and film actor. Lionel Jay Stander ( January 11, 1908 – November 30, 1994) was an American Actor in movies radio theater and television The island is semi-fictionalised into "Lindisfarne Island" and the castle is "Rob Roy". There is no village. The tide rises round a car which is stuck on the causeway; also featured are the characteristic sheds made from local fishing boats, inverted and cut in half. These may still be seen on the island.

In novels

Lindisfarne is referred to as The Holy Isle in Nancy Farmer's book "The Sea of Trolls," which also references the Norse invasion of Lindisfarne. Nancy Farmer may refer to Nancy Farmer (politician, former State Treasurer of Missouri Nancy Farmer (author, three-time winner of

Lindisfarne plays a role in The Consciousness Plague, a 2002 science fiction/mystery novel by Paul Levinson. Dr Phil D’Amato is a fictional NYPD Forensic Detective who has a penchant for strange cases Paul Levinson (born 1947 is an American Author and Professor of Communications and Media studies at Fordham University

Lindisfare is where the main character of Harry goes to on pilgrimage in the book "Kingdom by the Sea" by Robert Westall.

It is also mentioned in passing in "Spirits White As Lightning", part of the Bedlam's Bard fantasy series by Mercedes Lackey & Rosemary Edghill.

It also plays an important role in Bernard Cornwell's "Saxon Tales".

Lindisfarne plays a key role in "Conqueror", the second book of the Time's Tapestry series by Stephen Baxter. Stephen Baxter (born 13 November 1957 is a British Hard science fiction Author.

A thinly-disguised version of Lindisfarne is the setting for the Lyndesfarne Bridge quartet of modern fantasy novels by Trevor Hopkins.

The novel "Wolfskin" by Juliet Marillier takes place partially in a slightly altered version of ancient Lindisfarne.

Lindisfarne is know as Holy Island and The New Beginning in "Brother in the Land" by Robert Swindells, 1984. Brother in the Land is a 1984 novel by Robert E "Bob" Swindells.

A novel called "Dragon Under the Hill" was first published by Hutchinson & Co. in 1972 by the ex newsreader Gordon Honeycombe. The ISBN is 0 09 113030 1

In music

External links

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