Lincoln
Type	Division
Founded	1917
Headquarters	Dearborn, Michigan, USA
Area served	North America
Key people	Henry M. Leland, founder of the Lincoln Motor Company
Industry	Automobile
Products	luxury vehicles
Parent	Ford Motor Company
Website	www.lincoln.com

Lincoln is an American luxury car manufacturer, operated under the Ford Motor Company. A division of a business entity is a portion of that business that operates under a different name Dearborn is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is located in the Detroit metropolitan area and Wayne County, and is the tenth largest The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Henry Martyn Leland ( 16 February, 1843 - 26 March, 1932) (born Barton Vermont, died Detroit Michigan) was a machinist For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury &mdash that which is beyond strict necessity &mdash in exchange for increased cost to the buyer A holding company is a company that owns part all or a majority of other companies' outstanding Stock. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury &mdash that which is beyond strict necessity &mdash in exchange for increased cost to the buyer Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Founded in 1917 by Henry M. Leland and acquired by Ford in 1922, Lincoln has been manufacturing vehicles intended for the upscale markets since the 1920s. Henry Martyn Leland ( 16 February, 1843 - 26 March, 1932) (born Barton Vermont, died Detroit Michigan) was a machinist Leland named the brand after his longtime hero Abraham Lincoln, for whom he had voted in the first presidential elections for which he was eligible ^[1]. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Elections for President and Vice President of the United States are

Contents 1 History 2 Presidential cars 3 Lincoln automobiles 3.1 Current and near future models 3.2 Recent models 3.3 Historical 3.4 Concept cars 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History

The company was founded in August 1917 by Henry M. Leland, one of the founders of Cadillac (originally the Henry Ford Company). Henry Martyn Leland ( 16 February, 1843 - 26 March, 1932) (born Barton Vermont, died Detroit Michigan) was a machinist Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors. The Henry Ford Company was the second company for Henry Ford, founded November 3 1901 He left the Cadillac division of General Motors during World War I and formed the Lincoln Motor Company to build Liberty aircraft engines with his son Wilfred. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All See also Liberty L-8 for the eight-cylinder prototype & Lincoln Liberty engine WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft After the war, the company's factories were retooled to manufacture luxury automobiles.

The company encountered severe financial troubles during the transition, coupled with body styling that wasn't comparable to other luxury makers, and after having produced only 150 cars in 1922, was forced into bankruptcy and sold for USD$8,000,000 to the Ford Motor Company on February 4 1922, which went to pay off some of the creditors. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following The purchase of Lincoln was a personal triumph for Henry Ford, who had been forced out of his second (after Detroit Automobile Company) company by a group of investors led by Leland. The Detroit Automobile Company (DAC was an early American automobile manufacturer founded on August 5, 1899, in Detroit, Michigan Ford's company, renamed Cadillac in 1902 and purchased by rival General Motors in 1909, was Lincoln's chief competitor. Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Lincoln quickly became one of America's top selling luxury brands alongside Cadillac and Packard. Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors. Packard was an American luxury Automobile marque built by the Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit Michigan, and later by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation Ford made no immediate change, either in the chassis or the V-8 L-head engine which was rated 36. A flathead engine or sidevalve engine (sometimes called a flatty) is an Internal combustion engine with valves placed in the engine block 4 SAE and produced 90 bhp at 2,800 RPM. An unusual feature of this power unit was the 60 degree separation of the cylinder blocks that helped to cut down on synchronous vibration found with similar engines with 90 degree separation produced at the time. After the Ford takeover, bodywork changes and reduced prices increased sales to 5,512 vehicles from March to December of 1922.

In 1923, several body styles were introduced, that included two- and three-window, four door sedans and a phaeton that accommodated four passengers. In Greek mythology, Phaëton or Phaethon (ˈfeɪətn or /ˈfeɪəθən/ (Φαέθων "shining" was the son of Helios ( Phoebus They also offered a two passenger roadster and a seven passenger touring sedan and limousine, which was sold for $5,200. A sedan, limo, cabriolet and town car were also offered by coachbuilders Fleetwood, and a second cabriolet was offered by coachbuilder Brunn. Fleetwood Metal Body was an Automobile Coachbuilder purchased by Fisher Body and integrated into General Motors. Prices for the vehicles built by these coachbuilders went for as much as $7,200, and despite the limited market appeal, Lincoln sales rose about 45 percent to produce 7,875 cars and the company was operating at a profit by the end of 1923.

1924 saw the introduction of large touring sedans used by police departments around the country. They were known as Police Flyers, which were equipped with four wheel brakes, two years before they were introduced on private sale vehicles. These specially equipped vehicles, with bullet proof windshields measuring 7/8 of an inch thick and spot lights mounted on the ends of the windshield, also came with an automatic windshield wiper for the driver and a hand operated wiper for the front passenger. Police whistles were coupled to the exhaust system and gun racks were also fitted to these vehicles.

Optional equipment wasn't necessarily an issue with Lincolns sold during the 1920's, however, customers who wanted special items were accommodated. A nickel plated radiator shell could be installed for $25, varnished natural wood wheels were $15, or Rudge-Whitworth center-lock wire wheels for another $100. Rudge Whitworth Cycles was a British Bicycle and Motorcycle manufacturer that resulted from the merger of two bicycle manufacturers in 1894 one of which Disteel steel disc wheels were also available for $60. Disteel brand pressed- Steel Automobile Wheels were manufactured by the Detroit Pressed Steel Company, and were introduced in 1917 as an alternative Lincoln chose not to make yearly model changes, used as a marketing tool of the time, designed to lure new customers. Lincoln customers of the time were known to purchase more than one Lincoln with different bodywork, so changing the vehicle yearly was not done to accommodate their customer base. ^[2] In 1927, Lincoln adopted the greyhound as their emblem, which was later replaced with diamond that is currently in use. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in

In 1932, Lincoln introduced the V12-powered KB. V12 redirects here For the V12 Training program see V-12 Navy College Training Program. The same year, Eugene T. "Bob" Gregorie (1908-2002), at the styling studio created by Edsel Ford, began designing what became the Continental, eventually the most important car made by Lincoln. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Edsel Bryant Ford ( November 6, 1893 &ndash May 26, 1943) son of Henry Ford, was born in Detroit. The Lincoln Continental, an automobile produced by the Lincoln division of Ford Motor Company, began for the 1939 model year It started as a one-off project car for Edsel, who wanted a European-style car unlike the boxier designs his father's company produced, to drive around on vacations in Florida.

The Zephyr gave Gregorie his chance. There have been two automobile lines from Ford's Lincoln division named Zephyr. Introduced for the 1936 model year, the sportier Zephyr featured a 4. There have been two automobile lines from Ford's Lincoln division named Zephyr. 4 liter (267in³) V12, and was so successful it almost became a brand name, rather than just a model. Ford Motor Company 's Lincoln division produced two other L-head V12 engines from 1932 but required a more compact unit for their new streamlined Lincoln-Zephyr Its first year increased Lincoln sales almost nine-fold^[3]. Gregorie simply sectioned a 1938 Zephyr Coupé 10cm (4"), allowing most of the existing dies and tooling to be retained (a trick that would be repeated in the 1953 Buick Skylark), adding the hallmark vertically-mounted spare tire. Chopped and channeled is a description of a form of car customization in the " kustom kulture " of Hot-rodding Both procedures are often combined but can The Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. This became the Continental, eventually the most important car made by Lincoln; by the time it ended production in 1948, 5322 were built, almost entirely by hand. The Lincoln Continental, an automobile produced by the Lincoln division of Ford Motor Company, began for the 1939 model year The Zephyr, on which it was based, stopped production in early 1942 when Ford converted to war work, and was not revived. ^[4] The Continental's spare tire mount was so distinctive, those who work on custom cars still call adding a similar mount a "Continental kit". A custom car is a passenger vehicle that has been modified in either of the following two ways A Continental tire is an upright external mounted spare Tire behind an Automobile 's trunk compartment

The Continental Mark II revived the concept. It was produced by the short-lived Continental division from April 1955 to July 1956 before it was returned to the Lincoln marque. The Mark II had a basic list price of $10,000, the same as a Rolls-Royce that year. A Rolls-Royce car may refer to vehicles produced by Rolls-Royce Limited (1906-1973 Rolls-Royce Motors (1973-2003 which was owned The Edsel division merged with Lincoln-Mercury in January 1958 to form the Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln division until the Edsel was discontinued in 1960. The Edsel was a marquee division of Ford Motor Company during the 1958 1959 and 1960 model years

The Continental became Lincoln's flagship model until 1981 when the Town Car, previously the Continental's top trim level, became its own model and took over that role. The Lincoln Town Car is a Full-size, Rear-wheel drive luxury sedan sold by Ford's upscale Lincoln brand

As recently as 1998 Lincoln was the best-selling luxury brand in the United States, helped by the massive success of the Navigator SUV, and a redesign of the Town Car as well as the Continental. The Lincoln Navigator is a Full-size luxury SUV produced by Ford Motor Company for its luxury division Lincoln. A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis The company was also part of the Premier Automotive Group from 1998 to 2002, but was pulled out due to Ford's new marketing strategy to separate its "import" brands from its domestic marques. The Premier Automotive Group (PAG is a group within the Ford Motor Company that oversees the Business operations of Volvo. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. In recent years, however, the company has fallen behind Japanese, European, and American competitors for a lack of new models. The company is working to remedy this, however, and is sharing parts and platforms with other Ford divisions worldwide in an attempt to bring more new models to market faster. The company promises five new models in the four years 2004-2008, and has already begun with the new 2006 Mark LT pickup, Zephyr (upgraded and renamed Lincoln MKZ for the 2007 model year) and the MKX Crossover SUV. There have been two automobile lines from Ford's Lincoln division named Zephyr.

Lincoln vehicles are currently officially available in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, China, South Korea, and the Middle East. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

Presidential cars

Lincoln had a long history of providing official state limousines for the U.S. President. The Presidential State Car is the Official state car used by the President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The first car specially built for Presidential use was the 1939 Lincoln V12 convertible called the "Sunshine Special" used by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It remained in use until 1950.

A 1950 Lincoln Cosmopolitan called the "Bubble Top" was used by Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and once by Johnson. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of It was retired in 1965.

The Kennedy car was a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, custom built by Hess and Eisenhart of Cincinnati, and known as the SS-100-X. The Secret Service had the car fitted with a 1962 grill for aesthetic reasons. It was in use from 1961 to 1977, having undergone extensive alterations which made it an armor-plated sedan after Kennedy's assassination. A 1969 Lincoln was used by Nixon and a 1972 Lincoln used by Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan and Bush. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 A 1989 Lincoln was the last Presidential Lincoln as of 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Cadillac supplied Presidential limousines in 1983, 1993, 2001, and 2004. Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors.

The John F. Kennedy limousine also included a Plexiglas bubble top to be used in the event of inclement weather. The 1961 vehicle was notorious for its inadequate cooling of the rear of the passenger cabin while the bubble top was in place, particularly in sunshine. In order to prevent excessive heat and discomfort to the passengers, the top was often removed prior to parades, as was the case in Dallas on November 22, 1963.

Though it was always assumed that President Lyndon Baines Johnson had the car destroyed after the assassination of President Kennedy,[citation needed] the 100-X was turned over to the Secret Service, Army Materials Research Center, Hess & Eisenhart, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, and Ford Motor Company for retrofitting of armor plating, permanent sedan roof, new interior, improved air-conditioning system, electronic communications equipment, bulletproof glass, a new paint treatment and cosmetic alterations to remove damage incurred during the assassination, among other changes. The car is also on display at the Henry Ford Museum. [5]

The Johnson Administration also used three 1965 Lincoln Continental Executive Limousines. Two limousines for the President and one for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as well as a 1968 "stretch" Lincoln to be used in Washington, D. C. , and Austin, Texas. This vehicle is on display at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum.

The 100-X was modified again in 1967. Later, under President Richard Nixon, the large one-piece glass roof was replaced with a smaller glass area and a hinged roof panel. It remained in service until 1977 and resides in its final configuration at the Henry Ford Museum.

President Nixon ordered a 1969 model limousine, through Lehman-Peterson of Chicago. This vehicle also had an added sunroof so that Nixon could stand upright when appearing before parade-goers if desired. This vehicle was equipped with several features, such as retractable hand grips and running boards, options later copied by Hess and Eisenhart. This car is now located at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California.

In 1974, Ford supplied a 1972 Continental model which was stretched to 22 ft (7 m), outfitted with armor plating, bullet resistant glass and powered by a 460 in³ (7. 5 l) V8 engine. This limousine was used by Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, and is on display at the Henry Ford Museum. This model was also altered a number of times during its history, including a replacement of front end piece to update it to a 1978 grill. This was the limousine that Reagan was about to enter during his assassination attempt in 1981.

Website of Lincoln Presidential Limousines

Lincoln automobiles

2008 Lincoln Model Line-up
Model	Type	Price Range
Lincoln Town Car	Full-Size Luxury Sedan Flagship	$45,295 - $56,220[5]
Lincoln Navigator	Full-size Luxury SUV	$48,745 - $62,761
Lincoln MKX	Crossover Luxury SUV	$35,840 - $36,445
Lincoln Mark LT	Luxury Pick-up	$38,615 - $42,450
Lincoln MKZ	Mid-size Luxury Sedan	$30,980 - $31,820

Current and near future models

Lincoln is currently switching to a new naming system based around the "Mark" name used since the 1950s. The Lincoln Town Car is a Full-size, Rear-wheel drive luxury sedan sold by Ford's upscale Lincoln brand The Lincoln Navigator is a Full-size luxury SUV produced by Ford Motor Company for its luxury division Lincoln. Lincoln MKX, a premium Mid-size luxury crossover SUV marked by Lincoln, went on sale in December 2006 as a MY 2007 model The Mark LT was a luxury Pickup truck that was manufactured by the Lincoln division of American automaker Ford Motor Company. There have been two automobile lines from Ford's Lincoln division named Zephyr. The Lincoln Mark was Lincoln's 2-door personal luxury Coupé from 1956 to 1998 except for 1980 to 1983 model-years when the Mark VI was also offered as Most Lincoln models will be given a three-letter name beginning with "MK" (for "Mark") starting in 2007. The Navigator and Town Car name will remain, but all other models are expected to use this convention by the end of the decade. The Lincoln Navigator is a Full-size luxury SUV produced by Ford Motor Company for its luxury division Lincoln. The Lincoln Town Car is a Full-size, Rear-wheel drive luxury sedan sold by Ford's upscale Lincoln brand

• Lincoln Mark LT (2006—2008)
• Lincoln MKS (2009) (scheduled)
• Lincoln MKX (2007— )
• Lincoln MKZ (2007— )
• Lincoln Navigator (1998— )
• Lincoln Town Car (1981— )

Recent models

• Lincoln LS (2000–2006)
• Lincoln Aviator (2003–2005)
• Lincoln Blackwood (2002)
• Lincoln Continental (1961–2002)
• Lincoln Mark Series (1956–1998)
• Lincoln Zephyr (2006)

Historical

• Lincoln L-series (1920–1930)
• Lincoln K-series (1931–1939)
• Lincoln-Zephyr (1936–1942), a car line priced between Ford and Lincoln
• Lincoln-Zephyr Continental (1940–1942, 1946–1948), later Lincoln Continental
• Lincoln Custom (1941–1942)
• Lincoln (no other name) (1946–1951)
• Lincoln Sport (1949–1951)
• Lincoln Cosmopolitan (1949–1954)
• Lincoln Lido (1950–1951)
• Lincoln Custom (1955)
• Lincoln Capri (1952–1959)
• Lincoln Premiere (1956–1960)
• Lincoln Versailles (1977–1980)

Concept cars

• Lincoln Continental 1950-X(1952)
• Lincoln Anniversary(1953)
• Lincoln Maharaja(1953)
• Lincoln XL-500(1953)
• Lincoln Mardi Gras(1954)
• Lincoln Premiere(1955)
• Lincoln Futura (1955)
• Lincoln Indianapolis(1955)
• Lincoln Continental Town Sedan(1965, 1969)
• Lincoln Coronation Coupe(1966)
• Lincoln Coronation II(1967)
• Lincoln Mark III Dual Cowl Phaeton(1970)
• Lincoln Continental Concept 90(1982)
• Lincoln Continental Concept(1983)
• Lincoln Quicksilver(1985-1986)
• Lincoln Continental Next Generation Mark(1986-1987)
• Lincoln Vignale(1987)
• Lincoln Machete(1988)
• Lincoln Marque X(1992)
• Lincoln L2K(1995)
• Lincoln Sentinel(1996)
• Lincoln Special LS(1999)
• Lincoln Mark 9 (2001) [1]
• Lincoln Continental Concept(2002)
• Lincoln Navicross (2003)
• Lincoln Aviator concept (2004) [2]
• Lincoln Mark LT concept (2004) [3]
• Lincoln MK9 concept (2004)
• Lincoln Mark X concept (2004) [4]
• Lincoln MKS concept (2006)
• Lincoln MKR concept (2007)
• Lincoln MKT concept (2008)

See also

• List of automobile manufacturers

References

External links

• Official Website
• Lincoln vs Cadillac A site dedicated to the Lincoln Mark VIII and other Lincoln Automobiles and a good source for repair and modification information
• http://www.classiclincolns.com/
• Lincoln Owners- Website with live community, pictures and technical information for owners and enthusiasts of Lincoln luxury automobiles
• Lincolns of Distinction- A club dedicated to the Lincoln Mark VIII and other Lincoln models. Advice, technincal information, and general information for all Lincoln models with a focus on the Lincoln Mark VIII.
• TheLincolnForum.Net A non-profit, user-supported forum that provides advice, technical information, and general information for Lincoln & Continentnal automobiles. TLF. Net provides an excellent source for 60s and 70s Lincoln information.

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