Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353, 1.2625

Commune of Limoges
Bridge Saint-Étienne over the Vienne River in Limoges
Location
Administration
Country	France
Region	Limousin (capital)
Department	Haute-Vienne (préfecture)
Arrondissement	Limoges
Canton	Chief town of 16 cantons[1]
Intercommunality	CA de Limoges Métropole
Mayor	Alain Rodet (PS) (2008-2014)
Statistics
Elevation	209 m–431 m (avg. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Limousin ( Occitan: Lemosin) is one of the 26 regions of France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the Vienne River. A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. The arrondissement of Limoges is an arrondissement of France located in the Haute-Vienne département, in the Limousin The cantons of France are territorial subdivisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2014 ( MMXIV) will be a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. 294 m)
Land area¹	77. 45 km²
Population² (1999)	133,968
- Density	1,730/km² (1999)
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	87085/ 87000
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume The INSEE code is a numerical indexing code used by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE to identify various entities including communes Postal codes were introduced in France in 1972, when La Poste introduced automated sorting. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. C D E

Limoges (Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture of the Haute-Vienne département, and the administrative capital of the Limousin région. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the Vienne River. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Limousin ( Occitan: Lemosin) is one of the 26 regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica,

Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production. In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Limoges porcelain designates Hard-paste porcelain produced by factories round the city of Limoges, France from the late 1700s and is still ongoing The Cognac (ˈkɒnjæk named after the town of Cognac in France, is a Brandy produced in the region surrounding the town

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval history 1.2 Modern history 2 Demographics 3 Main sights 4 Porcelain 5 Miscellaneous 6 Notable people 7 Twin towns 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

History

For the ecclesiastical history, see Bishopric of Limoges

Ancient and medieval history

Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometers south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Lemovices (Lemovici were a Gaulish tribe of Central Europe who established themselves in Limousin and Poitou between 700 and Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat (Sent Liunard is a village and commune of the Haute-Vienne département, in the Limousin région

The city proper was founded as Augustoritum by the Romans, around 10 BC. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The foundation was part of the reorganization of the province by the emperor Augustus, whence the new name. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The Roman city included an amphitheater measuring 136 x 115 meters, a theater, a forum, baths and several sanctuaries. An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions According to the tradition, a temple consecrated to Venus, Diana, Minerva and Jupiter was located near the modern cathedral. Venus was a major Roman Goddess principally associated with Love, Beauty and fertility, the equivalent of the Greek goddess In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, being associated with wild animals and woodland and also of the Moon. The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. The city was on the typical Roman square plan, with two main streets crossing in the centre. It had a Senate and a currency of its own, a sign of its importance in the imperial age.

Limoges was evangelized by Saint Martial, who came to the city around 250 with two companions, Alpinianus and Austriclinienus. Saint Martial was the first Bishop of Limoges in today's France, according to a lost Vita of Saturnin, first Bishop of Toulouse However, in the late 3rd century it was increasingly abandoned, due to unsafe conditions created by German invasions. The population concentrated instead on a more easily fortifiable site, the modern Puy Saint-Étienne, which is the centre of the modern Limoges. Starting from the construction of the Abbey of St. Martial (9th century), another settlement grew around the tomb of the saint, while a third area, next to the residence of the viscount (the future Castle of Saint Martial), seems to have been populated from the 10th century. St Martial's Abbey was an abbey in Limoges, France, founded in 848 and dissolved in 1791. Between Limoges, Brive and Périgueux, the viscounts of Limoges also called viscounts of Ségur created a small principality whose last heir was

Starting from the 11th century, thanks to the presence of the Abbey of St. Martial and its large library, Limoges became a flourishing artistic centre. St Martial's Abbey was an abbey in Limoges, France, founded in 848 and dissolved in 1791. It also was the home to an important school of medieval music composition, which is usually called the St. Martial School; its most famous member was the 13th century troubadour Bertran de Born. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 Bertran de Born (1140s &ndash by 1215 was a Baron from the Limousin in France, and one of the major Occitan Troubadours of the twelfth

In the 13th century, at the peak of its splendour, central Limoges was constituted by two different fortified settlements.

• The town proper, with a new line of walls encompassing the Vienne River, inhabited mainly by clerks and the connected workers. The Vienne is one of the most important Rivers in south-western France, a significant left tributary of the lower Loire. It has a bridge entitled to Saint-Étienne, built by the bishops, and a developed port. Sacked in 1370, it never recovered entirely.
• The castle, with 12 m-high walls, including the abbey and controlled by the abbot, sometimes in contrast with the bishop-ruled town. Traces of the walls can still be seen in the city's centre.

Outside the lines of walls were the popular quarters.

In 1370, Limoges was occupied by Edward, the Black Prince, the heir to the English throne, who massacred some 3,000 residents according to Froissart. Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376 popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward Jean Froissart (c 1337 &ndash c 1405 was one of the most important of the Chroniclers of Medieval France. See Massacre of Limoges

Modern history

The City and Castle were united in 1792 to form a single city, Limoges. During the French Revolution several religious edifices, considered symbols of the Ancient Regime, were destroyed by the population: these included the Abbey of St. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Martial itself.

Some years later the porcelain industry started to develop, favoured by the presence of kaolinite which was discovered near Limoges in 1768 ^[2] . Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 Much of the inhabitants became employed in the new sector or in the connected activities (including the lumbering of wood needed for the cooking of the porcelain).

In the 19th century Limoges saw a strong construction activity, which however included the destruction and rebuilding of much of the city's centre, regarded as unhealthy because of local chicken eating contests and as a nest of prostitution. The unsafe conditions of the poorer population is highlighted by the outbreak of several riots, including that of July-November 1830, of the April 1848 and the early 1905. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The first French confederation of workers, Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), was created in Limoges in 1895. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The General Confederation of Labour ( French: Confédération générale

Demographics

Population city: 137,502 (limougeauds), urban area: 247,944. At the 1999 census, the population was 133,968. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population

Main sights

• The Crypt of Saint Martial (10th century), including the tomb of the bishop who evangelized the city. ^[3] It was discovered in the 1960s.
• Remains of the Gallo-Roman amphitheater, one of the largest in the ancient Gaul. It was covered with earth in the 1960s.
• The Gothic cathedral of St-Etienne, begun in 1273 and finished only in 1888. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Limoges Cathedral ( Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges) is a Roman Catholic cathedral and a national monument of France, situated in Limoges It is noted for a fine rood loft built in 1534 and for the fine, partly octagonal bell tower. The main artistic work are a Renaissance rood screen and the tomb of the bishop Jean de Langeac, with sculpted scenes of the Apocalypse. The rood screen (also choir screen or chancel screen) is a common feature in late Medieval parish Church architecture.
• The Chapelle Saint-Aurélien (14th-17th centuries). It includes the relics of St. Aurelian, the second bishop of Limoges, and has medieval statues and Baroque works of arts.
• The church of St-Pierre-du-Queyroix, begun in the 12th century
• St-Michel-des-Lions, begun in 1364. It houses the relics of St. Martial and has noteworthy stained-glass windows from the 15th-16th century. The most striking feature is the 65 m-high tower, with a spire surmounted by a big bronze ball.
• The bridges of Saint Martial (dating from the Roman era) and of St-Etienne (13th century).
• The Bishops' Palace (Palais de l'Évêché, 17th century). Of the original building, only a chapel remain. It is the seat of the Musée de l'Émail, with a large collection of old enamels. [Palace Exterior:[1]
• The modern Gare de Limoges Bénédictins, inaugurated in 1929. Limoges-Bénédictins is the main railway station of Limoges.
• The Château de La Borie (17th century), at 4 km from the city. It is home to the Centre Culturel de Rencontre de La Borie et l'Ensemble Baroque de Limoges.
• The remains of the 12th century Castle of Chalucet, 10 km outside the city. During the Hundred Years' War it was a base of the bands of pillagers which ravaged the country. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior

Porcelain

In 1768, ^[2] kaolin, a rock rich in fine, white clay which is used for making porcelain, was discovered at Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, near Limoges. Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures sSaint-Yrieix-la-Perche (Sent Iriès is a commune of the Haute-Vienne département in France.

Under the impetus of the progressive economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, who had been appointed intendant of this impoverished and isolated region, a new ceramics industry was developed, and Limoges porcelain became famous during the 19th century. Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot Baron de Laune, often referred to as Turgot ( 10 May 1727 &ndash 18 March 1781) was a French Ceramics and ceramic art in the art world means artwork made out of clay bodies and fired to form a ceramic. Limoges porcelain designates Hard-paste porcelain produced by factories round the city of Limoges, France from the late 1700s and is still ongoing The However, Limoges porcelain is a generic term for porcelain produced in Limoges rather than at a specific factory

More than 50% of all porcelain made in France comes from Limoges ^[2]

Miscellaneous

• The city is known for its basketball club CSP Limoges which won the European Champions Cup in 1993 against the team of Toni Kukoč, Benetton Treviso. Limoges porcelain designates Hard-paste porcelain produced by factories round the city of Limoges, France from the late 1700s and is still ongoing The St Thomas Becket (c 1118 &ndash December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170 Louvres is a town and a commune in the Val-d'Oise département, in the French region of Île-de-France. Cercle Saint-Pierre de Limoges or CSP Limoges is a Basketball club based in Limoges, France. EuroLeague WomenThe Euroleague (EL is one of the professional Basketball competitions in Europe, with teams from thirteen different European countries Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Toni Kukoč (ˈkʊkɔtʃ (born September 18 1968 in Split, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a retired Croatian Pallacanestro Treviso, more often known by its sponsorship name of Benetton Basket, or Benetton Treviso, is an Italian League professional Basketball
• "The Marketplace at Limoges" is the name of section of Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky
• A university was founded at Limoges in 1968 ^[4]. Pictures at an Exhibition (Картинки с выставки &ndash Воспоминание о Викторе Гартмане Kartinki s vystavki &ndash Vospominaniye Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (Моде́ст Петро́вич Му́соргский Modest Petrovič Musorgskij) ( March 21 March 9 1839 &ndash March A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) was killed by a crossbow bolt wound to the shoulder just south of Limoges in 1199. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death
• The famous paintor Pierre-Auguste Renoir was bornt "Place de la Motte" (Place of The Hill), a medieval place in the city center where we can actually spot huge "trompe l'oeil" on the walls of the place,to commemorate that man. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in
• The British rock band Prefab Sprout's first single was "Lions In My Own Garden: Exit Someone". Prefab Sprout are an English pop band from Witton Gilbert, County Durham, who rose to fame during the 1980s The title refers to the town where lead singer Paddy McAloon's former girlfriend once stayed; the clue is in the first letter of each word of the title. Paddy McAloon (born Patrick Joseph McAloon, 7 June 1957, Durham) is an English Singer-songwriter and member of the

Notable people

Limoges was the birthplace of:

• Jean Daurat (or Dorat) (1508-1588), poet and scholar, member of the Pléiade
• Henri François d'Aguesseau (1668-1751), chancellor of France
• Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (1753-1793), orator and revolutionary
• Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833), marshal of France
• Stephen Grellet (1773-1855), Quaker missionary
• Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Duke of Isly (1784-1849), marshal of France
• Jean-Baptiste Joseph Émile Montégut (1825-1895), critic
• Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837-1894), President of France
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), preeminent French painter
• René Navarre (1877-1968), actor
• Maryse Bastié (1898-1952), aviatrix
• Edmond Malinvaud (1923-present), economist
• Astérix (1959-present), comic hero

Twin towns

• - Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
• - Fürth, Germany
• - Grodno, Belarus
• - Limoges, Ontario, Canada
• - Plzen, Czech Republic
• - Seto, Japan
• - Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom

See also

• Bishopric of Limoges
• Saint-Benoît-du-Sault
• Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

References

• This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. Jean Daurat (or Dorat) ( Latin, Auratus) (1508 &ndash November 1, 1588) was a French Poet and scholar a member A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This article is about French poetry For other uses see Pleiades (disambiguation The Pléiade is the name given to a group of 16th-century Henri François d'Aguesseau ( November 27, 1668 – February 5, 1751) was Chancellor of France, illustrious for his virtues learning Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This page is a list of French justice ministers. Under the Ancien régime, the French minister responsible for the judiciary was the Chancellor Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud ( May 31, 1753 – October 31, 1793) was a French Orator and revolutionary. Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan ( April 29, 1762 &ndash November 23, 1833) was a Marshal of France. Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Stephen Grellet ( November 2, 1773 &ndash November 16, 1855) was a prominent French Quaker Missionary. Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Thomas Robert Bugeaud Marquis de la Piconnerie Duc d'Isly ( October 15, 1784 - June 10, 1849) was a Marshal of France and Year 1784 ( MDCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Jean-Baptiste Joseph Émile Montégut ( June 14, 1825 - December 11, 1895) was a French Critic. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word For the French physicist and uncle of Marie François see Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e René Navarre ( 8 July, 1877 &ndash 8 February, 1968) was a French actor of the silent era. Maryse Bastié ( February 27, 1898 - July 6, 1952) was a French Aviator. Edmond Malinvaud was born on 25 April 1923 in Limoges. He was the first president of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. The Adventures of Asterix ( French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The city of Fürth is located in northern Bavaria, Germany in the district of Middle Franconia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Nation ( La Nation in French) is a Municipality in eastern Ontario, Canada, in the United Counties of Prescott and Russell Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, is a city located in Aichi, Japan. It is located about 35 minutes from Nagoya by way of the Meitetsu Seto Line. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Saint-Benoît-du-Sault is a commune in the Indre department in central France. The following is a list of the 201 communes of the Haute-Vienne département, in France. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
• INSEE (English)
• IGN (English)

External links

• City council website
• Adrien Dubouché Museum website - ceramics, glassware, porcelain from Limoges
• Limoges.com - Porcelain Products from Limoges
• Limoges university website
• History and Geography (Academy of Limoges, institutional website)

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic