Ville de Lille
New city flag	Traditional coat of arms
Motto: –
Place du Général de Gaulle, also known as 'Grand'Place'
Location
Time Zone	CET (GMT +1)
Coordinates	50°37′57″N, 03°03′30″E
Administration
Country	France
Region	Nord-Pas de Calais
Department	Nord (59)
Intercommunality	Urban Community of Lille Métropole
Mayor	Martine Aubry (PS) (2008-2014)
City Statistics
Land area¹	39. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Nord-Pas de Calais (French Nord-Pas de Calais; Dutch Noord-Nauw van Kales) is one of the 26 regions of France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. The Urban Community of Lille Métropole ( French: Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine) is the intercommunal structure gathering the commune A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Martine Aubry (maiden name Delors born on 8 August 1950 in Paris is a French politician The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. 51 N1 km²
Population² (2004 estimate)	226 800 N1
- Ranking	10th in France
- Density	5 740/km² (2004 N1)
Urban Spread
Urban Area	450 km² (1999 N2)
- Population	1 000 900 (1999 N3)
Metro Area	975 km² (1999 N2)
- Population	1 143 125 (1999 N4)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. This is a list of communes in France with a population over 20000 at the March 8 1999 census. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume In France an unité urbaine (literally "urban unit" is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. C D E

Lille (IPA: [lil]; Dutch: Rijsel) is the main city of the Lille Métropole, France's fourth largest metropolitan area that consists of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and their suburbs. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The Urban Community of Lille Métropole ( French: Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine) is the intercommunal structure gathering the commune A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Roubaix ( Dutch Robaais) is a city of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille Tourcoing is a city and commune in the Nord department and Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. It is located to the country's north, on the Deûle River, near the border with Belgium. The Deûle is a River of northern France which is currently channeled for the main part of its course (from Lens to Lille) The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the préfecture (capital) of the Nord department. Nord-Pas de Calais (French Nord-Pas de Calais; Dutch Noord-Nauw van Kales) is one of the 26 regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division

The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000, giving a city population of 226,800 inhabitants at the 2005 census. Lomme was a town in the Nord département of northern France. This contrasts with a population of 1,091,438 for the Lille Métropole, and 1,885,000 for the eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the area around the cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres on Belgian territory. A eurodistrict is a European administrative entity that contains urban agglomerations which lie across the border between two or more states For the Dutch village see Kortrijk (Netherlands Kortrijk (official name in Dutch; French: Courtrai; Latin Tournai (in Dutch Doornik, in Latin: Tornacum) is a Walloon City and municipality of Belgium Mouscron (Moeskroen is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. Ypres ( French, generally used in English French ipʁ English ˈiːprə Ieper (official name in Dutch, pronounced /ˈiːpər/ or Ypern

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin of the city 1.2 Middle ages 1.3 The modern era 1.4 After the French Revolution 1.5 World War I 1.6 The Années Folles, the Great Depression, and the Popular Front 1.7 World War II 1.8 Post-war to the present 2 Economy 3 Transport 3.1 Public transport 3.2 Railways 3.3 Highways 3.4 Air traffic 3.5 Waterways 4 Education 5 Miscellaneous 5.1 Famous people from Lille 5.1.1 Scientists and entrepreneurs 5.1.2 Artists 5.1.3 Politicians, professionals and military 5.1.4 Sports 6 Twin cities 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

History

Origin of the city

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. The legend of Lydéric and Phinaert is tied to the foundation of the French city of Lille. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.

The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. This name was used for the Counts of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent, Bruges). Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. Arras (Atrecht is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the Saint-Omer ( Sint-Omaars in Dutch) a town and commune of Artois in northern France, Sous-préfecture of the Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most properous regions of Europe. The County of Flanders was a historical region in the Low Countries. The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www The original inhabitants of this region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates, and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples, the Saxons and the Frisians, and the Franks later. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times The Morini were a Belgic tribe in the time of the Roman Empire. The Atrebates (singular Atrebas, meaning "settlers" were a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain before the Roman conquests The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes living east of the Scheldt in northern The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas After the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area's princes. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.

Middle ages

A local notable in this period was Evrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affair. Eberhard (c 815 &ndash 16 December 866) was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and Philip II of France, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Bouvines is a commune of the Nord département, in northern France. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. Infante Fernando of Portugal Count of Flanders ( pron fɨɾ'nɐ̃du English Ferdinand; Old French Ferrand) was a Portuguese Jeanne, called of Constantinople (1199/1200 &ndash 5 December, 1244) was countess of Flanders and Hainaut. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. Baldwin I (July 1172 &ndash 1205 Bulgaria) the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Infante Fernando of Portugal Count of Flanders ( pron fɨɾ'nɐ̃du English Ferdinand; Old French Ferrand) was a Portuguese Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (L'hospice de la comtesse), which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy of Dampierre. Margaret, called of Constantinople ( 2 June, 1202 &ndash 10 February, 1280) was countess of Flanders from 1244 to 1278 Guy of Dampierre (Gwijde van Dampierre (c 1226 &ndash March 7, 1304, Compiègne) was the Count of Flanders during the Battle of the Golden Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. Mons-en-Pévèle is a town and commune in the Nord département, in northern France.

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. The Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory once existing within the Kingdom of France. Margaret of Dampierre ( 13 April 1350 &ndash 16/ 21 March 1405) was Countess of Flanders (as Margaret III) Countess Philip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi also Philip II Duke of Burgundy ( January 15, 1342, Pontoise &ndash April 27, 1404 Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Dijon ( diʒɔ̃ is a city in eastern France, the capital of the Côte-d'Or departement and of the Bourgogne region By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. Philippe le Bon (or Lebon ( May 29, 1767 – December 2, 1804. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below

On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Philippe le Bon (or Lebon ( May 29, 1767 – December 2, 1804. The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel (in French, La vie de Gargantua The Feast of the Pheasant ( French: Banquet du Voeu du Faisan, "Banquet of the Oath of the Pheasant" was a banquet given by Philip the Good of There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (Charles le Téméraire ( 21 November 1433 &ndash 5 January 1477) baptised Charles Martin Mary, called Mary the Rich ( 13 February, 1457 &ndash At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of [[Philip IV of Spain].

The modern era

The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. Mouscron (Moeskroen is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England , the north of the Southern Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent See also Siege of Lille (1708 The Siege of Lille was a siege of the city of Lille during the War of Devolution. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Treaty of Aachen was signed on May 2, 1668 in Aachen. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gradually gain the confidence of his Lille subjects, who continued to feel Flemish, though they had always spoken the French Picard dialect. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to

During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections.

After the French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Austrians (Österreicher are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states ( March of Austria, The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named La Place du Général de Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. The Column of the Goddess is the popular name given by the citizens of Lille ( France) to the Memorial of the siege of 1792. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender and the Austrian army left after eight days.

The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Continental System was the Foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Roubaix ( Dutch Robaais) is a city of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille Tourcoing is a city and commune in the Nord department and Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species

In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution

By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry.

World War I

From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possessed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th, 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Field Marshal William Riddell Birdwood 1st Baron Birdwood, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, CIE, DSO The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on October 28th of that year.

The Années Folles, the Great Depression, and the Popular Front

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur is a French Non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of Biology, Micro-organisms Diseases Léon Charles Albert Calmette ( July 12, 1863 &ndash October 29, 1933) was a French Jean-Marie Camille Guérin ( December 22, 1872, Poitiers, France – June 9, 1961, Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (or Bacille Calmette-Guérin, BCG) is a vaccine against Tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated

From 1931 Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him. The Minister of the Interior (full title Ministre de l’Intérieur et de l’Aménagement du Territoire) in France is one of the most important governmental The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist

World War II

Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Moroccan Infantry division. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government. Vichy ( Occitan: Vichèi) is a commune in the department of Allier in Auvergne in central France. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France. Its name is the French language equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normality had returned to Lille.

Post-war to the present

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic.

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, was opened. VAL is a type of automatic rubber-tired People mover technology based on an invention by Professor Robert Gabillard ( Université Lille Nord de France A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. The Channel Tunnel (Le tunnel sous la Manche also known as the Chunnel, is a undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent in England with Eurostar is a High-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom, with Paris London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. One of the earliest examples of ATO was on the Victoria line of the London Underground, opened in 1968. The ATO system performs all functions of the driver except for the closing of the doors. The driver only needs to press two buttons to close the doors and if the way is clear, then the train will automatically proceed to the next station. Many newer systems are now computer-controlled, including London's Docklands Light Railway, the Central Line, Line 14 of the Paris Métro, Line 2 and 5 of the Barcelona's Underground, Hong Kong MTR, West Rail, Ma On Shan Rail and a number of ART- and VAL-based systems.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened.

Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated

Economy

A former major textile manufacturing centre, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve d'Ascq, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Roubaix ( Dutch Robaais) is a city of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille Tourcoing is a city and commune in the Nord department and Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. Villeneuve d'Ascq is a French commune, located between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards 1 million.

Transport

Public transport

Main article: Transpole

The Lille Métropole has a mixed mode public transport system, comprising buses, trams and a driverless metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. Transpole is the Public transport operator for the Lille Métropole, the Metropolitan area surrounding the city of Lille in northern France The Urban Community of Lille Métropole ( French: Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine) is the intercommunal structure gathering the commune A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) that opened on May 16, 1983, becoming the first automatic metro line in the world. The Lille Metro ( Métro de Lille) is a driverless metro in and around Lille, France. VAL is a type of automatic rubber-tired People mover technology based on an invention by Professor Robert Gabillard ( Université Lille Nord de France Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The metro system has two lines, with a total length of 45km and 60 stations. The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. Roubaix ( Dutch Robaais) is a city of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille Tourcoing is a city and commune in the Nord department and Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. 68 urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium. ^[1]

Railways

Lille is an important crossroads in the European high-speed rail network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the French TGV network to Paris, Brussels and other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Eurostar is a High-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom, with Paris London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is It has two train stations, which stand next door to one another: Lille-Europe station (Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres), which primarily serves lower speed trains.

Highways

No fewer than five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

• Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - Germany
• Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes
• Autoroute A1  : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon / Orléans / Le Havre
• Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkirk - Calais - England / North Belgium
• Autoroute A22 : Lille - Antwerp - Netherlands

A sixth one — the proposed A24 — will link Amiens to Lille if built, but there is opposition to its route.

Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre. Lesquin Airport is an airport in Lesquin, near Lille, France. It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:

• around 970,000 passengers in 2001
• almost 873,000 passengers in 2003

In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.

Waterways

Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters. The Deûle is a River of northern France which is currently channeled for the main part of its course (from Lens to Lille) The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys River (to Dunkerque and Calais). The Scarpe is a River in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, left tributary of the Scheldt. The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France.

Shipping statistics

Year	1997	2000	2003
Millions of tonnes	5. 56	6. 68	7. 30
By River or Sea	8. 00%	8. 25%	13. 33%
By Rail	6. 28%	4. 13%	2. 89%
By Road	85. 72%	87. 62%	83. 78%

Education

With over 97 000 students, the metropolitan area of Lille is one of the first student cities in France.

• The Catholic University was founded in 1875. Today it has law, economics, medicine, physics faculties and schools. Among the most famous is Institut Catholique d'Arts et Métiers (ICAM) founded in 1898, ranked 20th among engineering schools, with the specificity of graduating polyvalent engineers, École des hautes études commerciales du nord (EDHEC) founded in 1906 and the IESEG currently ranked within the top 5 and top 15 business schools in France, respectively. EDHEC or École De Hautes Études Commerciales du Nord is a French Business school and Grande école founded in 1906 IESEG is a French business school located in Lille, in the north of France In 1924 ESJ - a leading journalism school - was established.

• With roots ^[2] back from 1562 to 1793 as Université de Douai, then as Université Impériale in 1808, the State Université was established in Lille in 1854 with Louis Pasteur as the first dean of its Faculty of Sciences. The University of Douai is a former University in Douai, France. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and A school of medecine was also established in Lille in 1854. Université de Lille was united as the association of existing public Faculties in 1887 and was split into three independent universities in 1970, including:
  • Université de Lille I, also referred-to as Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL),
  • Université de Lille II with law, management, sports and medical faculties,
  • Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III with humanities and social sciences courses. The Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL or Université de Lille I is a French University established in 1854 in Lille with The Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL or Université de Lille I is a French University established in 1854 in Lille with The Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille or Université de Lille II is a French University for health sports management and law The Charles de Gaulle University - Lille III ( Université Charles-de-Gaulle - Université Lille III) is a French University.

ESA - Ecole Supérieure des Affaires is a Business Management school established in Lille in 1990. The Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille or Université de Lille II is a French University for health sports management and law IEP Sciences-Po Lille political studies institute was established in Lille in 1992. The Institut d’Etudes Politiques (IEP de Lille, also referred-to as Sciences Po Lille, is an academic Institute of Université

• Ecole Centrale de Lille was established as Institut Industriel du Nord (IDN) in 1872 and is one of the five Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering in France. Located in the campus of the University of Lille in France, the Ecole Centrale de Lille is a renowned Graduate Engineering school established in 1872 ESC Lille Graduate School of Management established in 1892 is ranked among the top business schools in France. École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille was established as Institut de chimie de Lille in 1894 supporting chemistry research as followers of Kuhlmann's breakthrough works in Lille. École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers settled in Lille in 1900. The École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers or ENSAM is a French Engineering institute and Grand établissement and a prominent member

The European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais is headquartered in Lille metropole and includes 3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories.

Miscellaneous

The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants.

The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city centre. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation

Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa

Lille is part of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole (formerly also known as C. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The Urban Community of Lille Métropole ( French: Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine) is the intercommunal structure gathering the commune U. D. L. ).

Lille's football club the Lille O.S.C. is one of the major teams in the French football league, has won 8 major national trophies and now reagularly features in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup. Lille Olympique Sporting Club is a French football club Based in the northern city of Lille founded in 1944 from the merger of the Olympique See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners The UEFA Champions League, which evolved from the European Champion Clubs' Cup is a seasonal club The UEFA Cup is a football competition for European club teams organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA.

Lille's Fine Arts Museum (Musée des beaux-arts) is the second largest in France, after the Louvre.

Since 2006, Lille is home to the Lille Comics Festival, the main British and American comic books convention in the north of France, held in November, on the first week end. Since 2006 the Lille Comics Festival is the main British and American Comic books convention in the north of France, held in November on the first week end A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative (http://www.lillecomicsfestival.com)

The European Railway Agency (http://www.era.eu.int/) has offices in Lille and Valenciennes.

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached 2-3 story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the Terraced house is much more prominent. In Architecture and City planning, a terrace(d or row house or townhouse (though the latter term can also refer to Patio houses

Émile Zola's novel Germinal is set near Lille, in Marchiennes. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Germinal (1885 is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola 's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Marchiennes is a town and commune situated in the Nord department in the région of Nord-Pas de Calais, in northern

Famous people from Lille

Scientists and entrepreneurs

• Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, (1736–1788), founder of the fr:Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promotor of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. Charles-Joseph Panckoucke ( Lille, 26 November 1736 - 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher, notable The " Mercure de France " was a French gazette and Literary magazine first published from 1672 to 1724 (with an interruption in 1674-1677 under the title The Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières ("Methodical encyclopedia by order of subject matter" is a 206-volume Encyclopedia that was published
• fr:Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789–1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy.
• Frédéric Kuhlmann, (1803–1881), chemist professor, and creator of a sulfuric acid factory with an innovative process, as required for textile manufacturing. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid.
• fr:Auguste Scalbert (1815-1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank.
• Louis Pasteur, (1822–1895), dean of the faculty of Science of Lille, inventor of the pasteurisation process, micro-biologist and pioneer of vaccines ; founder of the Institut Pasteur. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur is a French Non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of Biology, Micro-organisms Diseases
• fr:Alfred Mongy (1840–1914), modernizer of the city.
• Albert Calmette (1863-1933) and Camille Guérin (1872–1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine. Léon Charles Albert Calmette ( July 12, 1863 &ndash October 29, 1933) was a French Jean-Marie Camille Guérin ( December 22, 1872, Poitiers, France – June 9, 1961,
• Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870-1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Jean Baptiste Perrin ( September 30, 1870 &ndash April 17, 1942) was a French Physicist and Nobel laureate. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature
• Jean Dieudonné (1906-1992), mathematician. Jean Alexandre Eugène Dieudonné ( July 1 1906, Lille - November 29 1992, Nice) was a French mathematician

Artists

• Renée Adorée (1898–1933), actress. Renée Adorée ( September 30, 1898 &ndash October 5, 1933) was a French actress, who had appeared in Hollywood
• Alfred-Pierre Agache (1843–1915), academic painter
• Robert Arnoux (1899–1964), actor. Alfred-Pierre Joseph Agache ( 29 August, 1843 &ndash 15 September, 1915) also known simply as Alfred Agache, was a French Academic art is a style of Painting and Sculpture produced under the influence of European academies or universities
• Gilles Béhat (1949-), actor and director.
• Émile Bernard (1868–1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin
• Line Dariel (1886–1956), comedian. not to be confused with the French painter and architect Émile Bénard, 1844-1929 Émile Bernard ( April 28, 1868 &ndash Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by the French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1887 to characterise the late-19th century Art movement led by Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter.
• Alain Decaux (1925-), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie française. Alain Decaux was born July 23, 1925 in Lille France. A historian by profession he was elected to the Académie française on February L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language.
• Pierre De Geyter (1848–1932), textile worker who composed the music of The Internationale in Lille. Pierre Chretien De Geyter (also known as Pierre Chrétien Degeyter) ( Ghent, Belgium, 8 October 1848 &ndash Saint-Denis The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic
• Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928–1977), singer. Raoul de Godewaersvelde (born Francis Albert Victor Delbarre (1928 – April 14, 1977) was a French singer
• Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820–1892), songwriter.

• Carolus-Duran (1837–1917), painter. Carolus-Duran was the name adopted by the French painter Charles Auguste Émile Durand ( July 4, 1837 - 1917 who was born at Lille.
• Julien Duvivier (1896–1967), director. Julien Duvivier ( 8 October 1896 in Lille - 30 October 1967 in Paris) was a French film director
• Yvonne Furneaux (1928-), actress. Yvonne Furneaux (born 11 May 1928) is a French actress She appeared with Errol Flynn in the British films Master of Ballantrae
• Paul Gachet (1828-1909), doctor most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh
• Kamini (1980- ), rap singer, hits success in 2006 in France with the funny "rural-rap" Marly-Gomont
• Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), composer. Paul-Ferdinand Gachet ( 30 July 1828 - 9 January 1909) was a French Physician most famous for treating the painter Édouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo ( 27 January 1823 &ndash 22 April 1892) was a French Composer of Spanish descent
• Serge Lutens (born 1942) photographer, make-up artist, interior and set designer, creator of perfumes and fashion designer. Serge Lutens (born 14 March 1942, in Lille, France) is a French Photographer, Filmmaker, Hair stylist,
• Bob Santino[1]
• Philippe Noiret (1930–2006), actor. Philippe Noiret ( October 1, 1930 - November 23, 2006) was a French film Actor.
• Antoine Renard (1825–1872), composer (Temps des cerises).
• Albert Samain (1858–1900), poet. Albert Victor Samain ( April 3, 1858 &mdash August 18, 1900) was a French poet and writer of the Symbolist school
• Léopold Simons (1901–1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor.

Politicians, professionals and military

• Lydéric, (620–?) legendary founder of the city.
• Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, (1188/1200? –1244), Countess. Jeanne, called of Constantinople (1199/1200 &ndash 5 December, 1244) was countess of Flanders and Hainaut.
• Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlu attacks.
• Louis Faidherbe (1818–1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator. Louis Léon César Faidherbe ( June 3, 1818 &ndash September 29, 1889) was a French general and colonial administrator For the Dakar Rally see Dakar Rally. For the Israeli submarine see INS Dakar.
• Achille Liénart (1884–1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ». Achille Liénart ( February 7, 1884 &mdash February 15, 1973) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
• Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected
• Roger Salengro (1890–1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille.
• Augustin Laurent (1896–1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille.
• Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance
• Pierre Mauroy (1928–), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille. Madeleine Zoe Damerment (b November 11 1917, Lille, France - d The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Pierre Mauroy (born 5 July 1928 in Cartignies) is a French Socialist politician The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers
• Martine Aubry (1950–), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille. Martine Aubry (maiden name Delors born on 8 August 1950 in Paris is a French politician
• Bertrand Debosque (1960–), president of the Bar of Lille (2007–2009), chief organizer of the "Convention Nationale des Avocats 2008".

Sports

• Didier Six (1954-), former soccer player, part of the winning team of UEFA Euro 1984. Didier Six (born August 21, 1954 in Lille) is a French former footballer. The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France.

Twin cities

• Cologne, Germany ^[3]
• Erfurt, Germany ^[3]
• Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg ^[3]
• Kharkiv, Ukraine ^[3]
• Leeds, United Kingdom ^[3]
• Liège, Belgium ^[3]
• Nablus, Palestine ^[3]
• Oujda, Morocco ^[3]
• Rotterdam, Netherlands ^[3]
• Safed, Israel ^[3]
• Saint-Louis, Senegal ^[3]
• Shanghai, People's Republic of China ^[3]
• Turin, Italy ^[3]
• Valladolid, Spain ^[3]

See also

• Lille Cathedral (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille)

Notes

References

External links

• Lille travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official website in English
• European Capital of Culture 2004
• links DMOZ in English
• Webpage about the fortifications and citadel
• Webpage on the siege of Lille, 1708
• Photo gallery of Lille
• video of Lille
• Proposal for Lille Expo 2017

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