A lighter is a portable device used to create a flame. A flame is often defined as the visible (light-emitting part of a Fire. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with lighter fluid (usually naphtha or liquid butane under pressure), as well as a means of ignition and some provision for extinguishing the flame, by depriving it of either air or fuel. Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons i Butane, also called n -butane, is the unbranched Alkane with four Carbon Atoms CH3CH2CH2CH3 Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of

Lighters using naphtha have a wick which is immersed in the fluid and becomes saturated. Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons i thumb|Close up photo of a candle wick A candle wick is a wick specifically adapted for use in a Candle. In Chemistry, saturation has five different meanings In Physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a Solution of a substance This type usually has a fiber packing material which absorbs the liquid to keep it from leaking. They also must have an enclosed top to prevent the volatile liquid from evaporating, and to conveniently extinguish the flame. Volatility in the context of Chemistry, Physics and Thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to Vaporize. Butane lighters have a valved orifice that meters the butane as it escapes as a gas.

A spark is created by striking metal against a flint, or by pressing a button that compresses a piezoelectric crystal, generating a voltaic arc (see Piezo ignition). Ferrocerium is a man-made metallic material that has the ability to give off a large number of hot sparks when scraped against a rough surface ( Pyrophoricity) such as ridged Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably Crystals and certain Ceramics including bone to generate an Electric potential in response to In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating An electric arc is an Electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive Piezo ignition is a type of Ignition that is used in portable Camping stoves gas grills and some lighters. In naphtha lighters the liquid is volatile enough that flammable gas is present as soon as the top of the lighter is opened. Butane lighters combine the striking action with the opening of the valve to release gas. The spark ignites the flammable gas causing a flame to come out of the lighter which continues until either the top is closed (naphtha type), or the valve is released (butane type).

A metal enclosure with air holes generally surrounds the flame, and is designed to allow mixing of fuel and air while making the lighter less sensitive to wind. The high energy jet in butane lighters allows mixing to be accomplished by using Bernoulli's principle, so that the air hole(s) in this type tend to be much smaller and farther from the flame. In Fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an Inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in In a plastic butane lighter this metal enclosure also regulates the distance from the valve to the beginning of the flame. If the flame is too close to the valve, there is a risk of the flame melting some, most, or all of the plastic components of the lighter which are in close proximity to the valve.

Contents 1 History 2 Safety 3 Car cigarette lighters 4 In pop culture 5 See also 6 Images 7 References

History

The first lighter, Döbereiner's lamp, was invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. Döbereiner's Lamp is a Lighter invented in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, the lighter is based on the Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ( December 13, 1780 &ndash March 24, 1849) was a German chemist who is best known for It stayed in production until 1880. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

The development of lighters accelerated during the first World War. Soldiers used matches to find their way in the dark, but the intense initial flare of matches gave away their position, and many lives were lost because of this. A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand So the need for fire without a large initial flare was born. Inventors started improving the design of lighters and by 1918 when the war ended, they were able to be produced fast, easier and cheaper. ^[1]

Safety

Two technical standards relate to the safety of lighters. The International Standard EN ISO 9994:2002^[2] establishes non-functional specifications on quality, reliability and safety of lighters and appropriate test procedures. For instance, a lighter should generate flame only through positive action on the part of the user, two or more independent actions by the user, or an actuating force greater than or equal to 15 N. The standard also specifies other safety features, such as as the lighter's maximum flame height and its resistance to elevated temperatures, dropping, and damages from continuous burning. However, the standard does not include child resistance specifications. In addition, the European standard EN 13869:2002 ^[3] establishes child-resistance specifications and defines as novelty lighters those that resemble another object commonly recognized as appealing to children younger than 51 months, or those that have entertaining audio or animated effects. As matches, lighters, and other heat sources are the leading causes of fire deaths for children,^[4] many jurisdictions, such as the EU,^[5] have forbidden the marketing of novelty or non-child resistant lighters. A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand Examples of child resistance features, include the use of a smooth or shielded spark wheel.

Car cigarette lighters

See also: Cigar lighter receptacle

Most cars are equipped with an electric cigarette lighter plug that fits in the socket. The car cigarette lighter socket or car adapter that most Automobile drivers and passengers are familiar with is properly called a cigar lighter The car cigarette lighter socket or car adapter that most Automobile drivers and passengers are familiar with is properly called a cigar lighter Its internal heating element becomes glowing orange hot in seconds when the device is activated, and is capable of lighting cigarettes, cigars and tinder (among other things). A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented Tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth Tinder is easily combustible material used to ignite Fires by rudimentary methods

The lighter's socket doubles as a 12 volt power outlet that can be used to power many small electrical devices. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. In some newer cars, due to the decreasing popularity of smoking in some countries and the popularity of in-car electronics, the lighter plug has been omitted while leaving the socket behind as a power source.

In pop culture

During slow songs at live concerts, particularly power ballads, concert goers often wave lighters in the air. The term " power ballad " is a Colloquialism used to describe a type of Song performed (but not necessarily written by a Hard rock or In recent years, this tradition is being at least partly superseded by the waving of mobile phones. It may be that this occurs as fewer people have lighters on them than in previous years, and because mobile phones can record live bands.

According to an interview by Matthew Alice, the use of lighters in concerts started due to the influence of several sources, making it difficult to trace. First, there is the theory that the practice simply started at a Neil Diamond concert of 1972 or a Bob Dylan concert at 1974, because the audience had lighters available. Neil Leslie Diamond (born January 24, 1941) is an American Singer-songwriter and occasional Actor. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major Another theory is that the gesture is symbolic of songs with flames mentioned, such as the Doors' "Light My Fire. This article is about the band For their self-titled debut album see The Doors (album; for the Oliver Stone film see The Doors (film; for Doors in computing " Light My Fire " is a song originally performed by The Doors on their self-titled first album, which was recorded in August 1966 and released " Another theory is that this practice came out of a performance during Woodstock where candles (rather than lighters) were held aloft, and evolved from this. ^[6]

In addition, it is frequently commented that lighters with opaque fuel containers (such as the standard Bic type) succeed in striking a flame more often than lighters with transparent plastic for the fuel holder (like the German-made Tokai lighters). Société Bic is a company based in Clichy, France, founded in 1945 best known for making Disposable products including Cigarette lighters Although the transparent plastic itself is often blamed, this is more likely to be a difference in the quality of manufacturing for the ferrocerium components: see the list of lighter manufacturers below. Plastic lighters often travel great distances, as they are typically lost before expiring, because of a popular 'can I get a light' phrase among smokers.

See also

• Disposable lighter
• Colibri
• Match
• Zippo (naphtha type)
• Ronson's Lighters
• Société Bic (butane type)
• Car adaptor
• Ferrocerium
• Permanent Match
• List of lighter manufacturers http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/clmfgimp.pdf

Images

Various kinds of lighters	Lit 1968 slim model Zippo lighter	Disposable lighter with flame	A storm-proof piezo-ignited lighter/rope burner
A piston hinged jet flame lighter	Permanent Match, opened

References

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