| Hereditary Peer | |
| Life Peer | |
| Representative Peer | |
| Privilege of Peerage | |
| History of the Peerage | |
In the United Kingdom, life peers are created members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. Hereditary peers form part of the Peerage in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, representative peers were individuals elected by the members of the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of Ireland to represent them The Privilege of Peerage is the body of special privileges belonging to members of the British Peerage, and is distinct from Parliamentary privilege, which applies The history of the British peerage, a system of Nobility found in the United Kingdom, stretches over the last thousand years The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. Hereditary peers form part of the Peerage in the United Kingdom. Nowadays life peerages, always of baronial rank, are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 and entitle the holders to seats in the House of Lords, presuming they meet qualifications such as age and citizenship. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber The Life Peerages Act 1958 (6 & 7 Eliz II c 21 established the modern standards for the creation of Life peers by the monarch of the United Kingdom. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The legitimate children of a life peer take the privilege of children of hereditary barons, being entitled to style themselves with the prefix the Honourable. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable (abbreviated to " The Hon
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Before 1876
- See also: Pre-1876 Life Peerages
The Crown, as fount of honour, has the undoubted right to create peerages, whether hereditary or for life. This is a list of Life Peerages created prior to the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and the Life Peerages Act 1958. The fount of honour ( Latin: fons honorum) refers to a nation's Head of state, who by virtue of his or her official position has the exclusive right of In the early days of the Peerage, the Sovereign had the right to summon individuals to one Parliament without being bound to summon them again. Over time, it was established that once summoned, a peer would have to be summoned for the remainder of his life, and later, that the peer's heirs and successors would also be summoned, thereby firmly entrenching the hereditary principle.
Nevertheless, life peerages lingered. From the reign of James I to that of George II (between 1603–1760), 18 life peerages were created for women. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Year 1760 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Women, however, were incapable of sitting in the House of Lords, so it was unclear whether or not a life peerage would entitle a man to do the same. For over four centuries, no man had claimed a seat in the Lords by virtue of a life peerage. In 1856, it was determined necessary to add a peer learned in law to the House of Lords (which exercised and continues to exercise certain judicial functions), without allowing the peer's heirs to sit in the House and swell its numbers. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Sir James Parke, a Baron (judge) of the Exchequer, was created Baron Wensleydale for life, but the House of Lords concluded that the peerage did not entitle him to sit in the House of Lords. James Parke Baron and 1st Baron Wensleydale ( 22 March, 1782 &ndash 25 February, 1868) was an English Judge, born near Liverpool The Exchequer of Pleas or Exchequer was one of the three common-law courts of Medieval and Early Modern England and Wales. The Exchequer of Pleas or Exchequer was one of the three common-law courts of Medieval and Early Modern England and Wales. Lord Wensleydale was then compelled to take his seat as an hereditary peer. (Ironically, Parke had no sons, so his barony did not pass to an heir despite the ruling of the Lords. ) (See also Wensleydale Peerage Case (1856). The British Peerage is governed by a body of law that has developed over several centuries )
The Government then introduced a bill to authorise the creation of two life peerages carrying seats in the House of Lords for judges who held office for at least five years. The House of Lords passed it, but the bill was lost in the House of Commons. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords In 1869, a more comprehensive life peerages bill was brought by John Russell, 1st Earl Russell. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year John Russell 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 &ndash 28 May 1878 known as Lord John Russell before 1861 was an English At any one time, 28 life peerages could be in existence; no more than four were to be created in any one year. Life peers were to be chosen from senior judges, civil servants, senior officers of the British Army or Royal Navy, members of the House of Commons who had served for at least ten years, scientists, writers, artists, peers of Scotland and peers of Ireland. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Peerage of Scotland is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. The Peerage of Ireland is the term used for those peers created by British monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland. (Peers of Scotland and Ireland did not all have seats in the House of Lords, instead electing a number of representative peers. ) The bill was rejected by the House of Lords at its third reading. Reading is a mechanism by which a bill is introduced to and approved by a Legislature.
Finally the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 allowed senior judges to sit in the House of Lords as life peers, known as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. The Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (citation 39 & 40 Vict c
Life Peerages Act 1958
The Life Peerages Act sanctions the regular granting of life peerages, but the power to appoint Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act was not derogated. Derogation is the partial Revocation of a law as opposed to Abrogation or the total abolition of a law No limits were placed on the number of peerages that the Sovereign may award, as was done by the Appellate Jurisdiction Act. A peer created under the Life Peerages Act has the right to sit in the House of Lords, provided he is 21 years of age, is not suffering punishment upon conviction for treason and is a citizen of the United Kingdom, of the Republic of Ireland or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, and is resident in the UK for tax purposes. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.
Life baronies under the Life Peerages Act are created by the Sovereign but, in practice, none are granted except upon the proposition of the Prime Minister. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and
Unlike Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, life peers created under the Life Peerages Act do not, unless they also hold ministerial positions, receive salaries. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or Law Lords, are appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 to the House of Lords of the They are, however, entitled to daily allowances for travel and accommodation on signing in each day, though there is no requirement to take part in the business of the House.
Life peerages may be awarded through a number of different routes.
"Working peers"
From time to time, Working Peers' Lists are published. "Working peers" do not form a formal class, but represent the various political parties and are expected to regularly attend the House of Lords. Most new appointments of life peers fall into this category.
Normally, the Prime Minister chooses only peers for his own party, but permits the leaders of opposition parties to recommend peers from those parties. The Prime Minister may determine the number of peers each party may propose; he may also choose to amend these recommendations, but by convention does not do so.
"People's peers"
Peers may be created on a non-partisan basis. Formerly, nominations on merit alone were made by the Prime Minister, but this function was transferred to a new, non-statutory House of Lords Appointments Commission in 2000. The House of Lords Appointments Commission is a non-partisan non-statutory independent body in the United Kingdom. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Individuals recommended for the peerage by the Commission go on to become what have been described by some in the British media as "people's peers". [1] The Commission also scrutinises party recommendations for working peerages in order to ensure propriety. The Prime Minister may determine the number of peers the Commission may propose, and also may amend the recommendations. Again, by convention, no amendment is made to the recommendations of the Commission.
Honours
Individuals may be created peers in various honours lists as rewards for achievement; these peers are not expected to be regular attendees of the House of Lords, but are at liberty to do so if they please. The New Year Honours List, the Birthday Honours List (to mark the Sovereign's official birthday, the second Saturday in June), the Dissolution Honours List (to mark the dissolution of Parliament) and the Resignation Honours List (to mark the end of a Prime Minister's tenure) have all been used to announce life peerage creations. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. The Dissolution Honours List names those individuals receiving Honours from the Monarch at a time following the Dissolution of the United Kingdom Parliament. The Prime Minister's Resignation Honours in the United Kingdom are honours granted at the behest of an outgoing Prime Minister following his or her resignation Since the establishment of the House of Lords Appointments Commission, the various honours lists have no longer been used to announce life peerages. The House of Lords Appointments Commission is a non-partisan non-statutory independent body in the United Kingdom. Partisan appointments are, however, still sometimes announced in this way.
Public offices
Creations may be made for individuals on retirement from important public offices, such as Prime Minister, Speaker of the House of Commons or Archbishop of Canterbury or York. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, who had renounced his hereditary title of the 14th Earl of Home on becoming Prime Minister, was the first former occupant of the office to receive a life barony. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The title Earl of Home (pronounced "Hume" was created in 1605 in the Peerage of Scotland for Alexander Home of that Ilk who was already the 6th Lord Home Sir Harold Wilson, Sir James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher all took life peerages following their retirement from the House of Commons. James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Sir Edward Heath chose not to become a peer, nor has Sir John Major yet taken a peerage. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan declined a peerage on leaving office, but over 20 years after retiring accepted a second offer of the customary, hereditary earldom for retiring Prime Ministers, as Earl of Stockton; this was the last hereditary peerage to be offered outside the Royal Family. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Earl of Stockton is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. While Lloyd-George also waited a similar time most offers have been made and accepted shortly after retirement such as the Earls of Oxford and Asquith, Baldwin, Attlee and Avon. Earl of Oxford was one of the older titles in the English Peerage, and was held for several centuries by the de Vere family from 1141 Earl Baldwin of Bewdley is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Earl Attlee is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 December 1955 for Clement Attlee, the former Labour Earl of Avon was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Many Cabinet members, including Chancellors of the Exchequer, Home Secretaries, Foreign Secretaries and Defence Secretaries retiring since 1958 have generally been created life peers. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the The Secretary of State for Defence is the senior United Kingdom government minister in charge of the Ministry of Defence. William Whitelaw was created a hereditary viscount on the recommendation of Margaret Thatcher. William Stephen Ian Whitelaw 1st Viscount Whitelaw, KT, CH, MC, PC, DL (28 June 1918 &ndash 1 July 1999 commonly known as Viscount Whitelaw died without male issue, as did the only other viscountcy, for the former Speaker of the Commons and Secretary of State for Wales George Thomas as Viscount Tonypandy. Thomas George Thomas 1st Viscount Tonypandy PC ( 29 January 1909 &ndash 22 September 1997) was a British Labour
Life peerages have been granted to Speakers of the House of Commons upon retirement; Speakers had previously been entitled by custom to an hereditary peerage as a viscount. A viscount ( VAI-count is a member of the European Nobility whose comital title ranks usually as in the British peerage, above a
The Prime Minister continues to recommend a small number of former public office-holders for peerages. This generally includes Chiefs of Defence Staff, Secretaries of the Cabinet, and Heads of the Diplomatic Service. Every Archbishop of Canterbury who has retired since 1958 has been created a life peer, as have most recent Archishops of York on retirement. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A small number of other bishops - such as David Sheppard of Liverpool and Richard Harries of Oxford - were ennobled on retiring. The Lord Chamberlain must be a member of the House of Lords and so is ennobled on appointment (if not already a peer), while most retiring Private Secretaries to The Queen have also become peers.
High judicial officers have sometimes been created life peers upon taking office. All Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales have, since 1958, been created life peers under the Life Peerages Act, with the exception of Lord Woolf, who was already a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary before becoming Lord Chief Justice. The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was historically the second-highest judge of the Courts of England and Wales, after the Lord Chancellor. Harry Kenneth Woolf Baron Woolf of Barnes, PC, FBA (born 2 May 1933) was Master of the Rolls from 1996 until 2000 and Lord
Life peerages may in certain cases be awarded to hereditary peers. After the House of Lords Act 1999 passed, many hereditary peers of the first creation, who had not inherited their titles but would still be excluded from the House of Lords by the Act, were created life peers, including Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington; Frederick James Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale; Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford and 1st Baron Pakenham); and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon. The House of Lords Act 1999 (1999 c 34 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999 Toby Austin Richard William Low 1st Baron Aldington, KCMG, CBE, DSO, TD, PC ( 25 May 1914 – 7 December Frederick James Erroll 1st Baron Erroll of Hale TD PC ( 27 May 1914 &ndash 14 September 2000) was a British Conservative Francis Aungier Pakenham 7th Earl of Longford, KG, PC ( 5 December 1905 &ndash 3 August 2001) was a Earl of Longford is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland. Antony Charles Robert Armstrong-Jones 1st Earl of Snowdon GCVO RDI (born 7 March 1930) is an English photographer and Emmy Award None of the peers of the first creation who were members of the Royal Family was granted a life peerage. Life peerages were also granted to former Leaders of the House of Lords, including John Julian Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead; Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington; Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury (better known as Viscount Cranborne and Lord Cecil of Essendon, having attended the Lords by virtue of a writ of acceleration); George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe; Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd; and David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham. Leader of the House of Lords is a function in the British government that is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position most often Lord President John Julian Ganzoni 2nd Baron Belstead, PC ( 30 September, 1932 - 3 December, 2005) was a British Conservative politician Peter Alexander Rupert Carington 6th Baron Carrington and Baron Carington of Upton Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil 7th Marquess of Salisbury, PC (born September 30, 1946) is a Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. A writ in acceleration, commonly called a writ of acceleration was a type of writ of summons to the House of Lords that enabled the eldest son and Heir apparent George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe 2nd Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, PC, FRS ( 4 April 1918 &ndash Malcolm Newton Shepherd 2nd Baron Shepherd of Spalding and also Baron Shepherd of Spalding Peerage PC ( 27 September 1918 &ndash David James George Hennessy 3rd Baron Windlesham and Baron Hennessy, CVO, PC FBA (born 28 January 1932) is a Conservative Party
The number of Life Peers
| Prime Minister | Party | Tenure | Peers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harold Macmillan | Conservative | 1957–1963 | 48 |
| Alec Douglas-Home | Conservative | 1963–1964 | 14 |
| Harold Wilson | Labour | 1964–1970 | 123 |
| Edward Heath | Conservative | 1970–1974 | 56 |
| Harold Wilson | Labour | 1974–1976 | 80 |
| James Callaghan | Labour | 1976–1979 | 57 |
| Margaret Thatcher | Conservative | 1979–1990 | 200 |
| John Major | Conservative | 1990–1997 | 141 |
| Tony Blair | Labour | 1997–2007 | 357 |
| Gordon Brown | Labour | 2007– | 10 |
| Total | 1086 | ||
The Appellate Jurisdiction Act originally provided for the appointment of two Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, who would continue to serve while holding judicial office, though in 1887, they were permitted to continue to sit in the House of Lords for life, under the style and dignity of baron. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary was increased from time to time — to three in 1882, to four in 1891, to six in 1913, to seven in 1919, to nine in 1947, to 11 in 1968 and to 12 in 1994. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The Administration of Justice Act 1968 allows the Sovereign to make a Statutory Instrument, if each House of Parliament passes a resolution approving a draft of the same, increasing the maximum number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. In Law, a Statutory Instrument is a form of delegated or Secondary legislation.
There is no limit on the number of Lords of Appeal (peers who hold or held high judicial office, and retired Lords of Appeal in Ordinary) who sit in the House of Lords. There are, as at the beginning of 2004, 31 Lords of Appeal. Twenty-three of those Lords of Appeal were formerly Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.
The rate of creation of life peerages under the Life Peerages Act has not shown a consistent pattern of increase, but former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, caused the creation of life peerages at an unprecedented rate. Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to The number of Conservative and Labour life peers has in recent years been approximately the same; in 1999, there were 172 Conservative and 160 Labour life peers in the House of Lords, and at the beginning of May, 2004, there were 158 Conservative and 178 Labour life peers in the House of Lords. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The hereditary element of the House of Lords, however, does not reflect such an equality. In 1999, for example, immediately before most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act, there were 299 Conservative hereditary peers, compared with 19 Labour peers and 23 Liberal Democrat peers. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the
Forms of address
Life peers, such as Laurence Olivier, typically have achieved wide fame prior to being ennobled. Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron Because they have done this while still being known as Mr. or Ms. Firstname Lastname, there is a strong tendency, after their ennoblement, to refer to them as Lord or Lady Firstname Lastname. This, however, is incorrect and they should be formally styled as "The Rt Hon The Lord/Baroness X" and referred to as "Firstname, Lord/Baroness/Lady X", or less formally, "Lord/Baroness/Lady X. X is often the holder's surname at the point of ennoblement, but it need not be.
See also
References
- ^ BBC (2002). This is a list of Life Peerages in the Peerage of the United Kingdom created under the Life Peerages Act 1958, grouped by the sitting Prime Minister. This is a list of Life Peerages in the Peerage of the United Kingdom created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876. Cash for Honours (also Cash for Peerages, Loans for Honours or Loans for Peerages) is the name given by some in the media to a political 'People's peers' under scrutiny. CalTech. Retrieved on 2006-11-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land
- Boothroyd, D. (2004). "Life Peerages created under the Life Peerages Act 1958."
- Cox, N. (1997). "The British Peerage: The Legal Standing of the Peerage and Baronetage in the overseas realms of the Crown with particular reference to New Zealand." New Zealand Universities Law Review. (Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 379-401).
- Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
- Life Peerages Act 1958. (6 & 7 Elizabeth 2 c. 21). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
- "Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. " (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- "Peerage. " (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
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