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The Licensing Act or Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 (citation 10 Geo. II c. 28) was a landmark act of censorship of the British stage and one of the most determining factors in the development of Augustan drama. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Augustan drama can refer to the Dramas of Ancient Rome during the reign of Caesar Augustus, but it most commonly refers to the plays The terms of the Act were that from that point forward, the Lord Chamberlain had the power to approve any play before it was staged. The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished
Specifically, the Licensing Act arose out of the political control of the House of Commons held by Robert Walpole. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Robert Walpole 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 &ndash 18 March 1745 known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a 1736–37 was the height of Walpole's power as First Lord of the Treasury (or, as some termed him in a slightly derogatory manner, the "prime minister"), and Walpole was under incessant attack by the Tory satirists and the radical Whig theorists alike. The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to John Gay's Beggar's Opera (1728) had linked Walpole with the notorious mobster Jonathan Wild, and Walpole had banned prior to acting the sequel play, Polly. John Gay ( 30 June, 1685 - 4 December, 1732) was an English Poet and Dramatist. The Beggar's Opera is a Ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay. Jonathan Wild ( baptised 6 May 1683 – 24 May 1725) was perhaps the most famous criminal of London &mdash and Henry Fielding's Tom Thumb (1730) and Covent Garden Tragedy (1732) took more specific aim at Walpole. Tom Thumb is a traditional hero in English folklore who is no bigger than his father's thumb Further, political plays with the theme of "liberty" were often coded attacks on domination by great men. The great man in question was often Walpole as the king. Henry Carey's Chrononhotonthologos (1734) seemingly attacked Robert Walpole and linked him with an intrigue with the Queen, and his The Dragon of Wantley revived a 17th century ballad to protest the extension of Walpole's powers and oppression of the countryside. Henry Carey may refer to Henry Charles Carey (1793&ndash1879 American economist Henry Carey (writer (1687&ndash1743 dramatist and Chrononhotonthologos is a satirical play by the English poet and songwriter Henry Carey from 1734. The Dragon of Wantley is a 17th century satirical verse Parody about a dragon and a brave knight
Robert Walpole, sometimes called "the first Prime Minister," had a personally antagonistic relationship with some of the dramatists (such as John Gay), and he responded to literary attacks with official power. Few British ministers would be as adversarial with wits and authors for quite some time, and his censoring of plays critical of him led to ever-more aggressive satires. Thus, the urbane satire of The Beggar's Opera was replaced by the much more mocking satire of Tom Thumb, the salaciousness of Chrononhotonthologos, and the bitterness of The Dragon of Wantley. In the year of the Act, Henry Fielding's Pasquin again attacked Walpole, although its attack was, by that time, a continuation of complaints. Pasquinade refers to an anonymous Lampoon, whether in verse or in prose However, A Vision of the Golden Rump was a continuation of this war of words and an upping of the stakes, and Walpole's Whig Party response was to cite that play and its scatology as a rationale for shutting down all plays that might be possibly read as critical of the crown or Parliament. The Act closed all non-patent theatres and required all plays to be passed before performance. The patent theatres were the Theatres that were licensed to perform "spoken Drama " after the English Restoration of Charles II in 1660
Although many plays and playwrights (including Henry Fielding) have been suggested as the cause of the act, debates on the Act mentioned the play A Vision of the Golden Rump, a raucous attack on the current Parliament whose author is unknown. Henry Fielding ( April 22, 1707 &ndash October 8, 1754) was an English Novelist and Dramatist known for his The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland
The first play to be banned by the Licensing Act was Gustavus Vasa by Henry Brooke. Henry Brooke may refer to Henry Brooke 11th Baron Cobham, English nobleman and plotter against James I Henry Brooke (writer, novelist and Samuel Johnson wrote an attack on the Licensing Act entitled A Complete Vindication of the Licensers of the British Stage that was a parody of the position for censorship. Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September Brooke's Gustavus Vasa was not particularly savage or dark, and it took relatively few liberties. However, his previous The Earl of Essex had been perceived as highly political, and therefore Gustavus Vasa was banned.
The effects of the Licensing Act were profound. The public mistrusted plays that passed the censors. One effect was that the plays that were passed were more domestically oriented, more sentimental, and, aside from Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Oliver Goldsmith, who both wrote old-style plays, authors of melodrama enjoyed greatest success. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (30 October 1751 &ndash 7 July 1816 was an Irish playwright and Whig Statesman. Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar Arguably, the Licensing Act created an immediate vacuum of new plays to perform, and this left theaters with little option but to stage revivals. The number of productions of Shakespeare plays staged in the 1740s was far higher than previously (one fourth of all plays performed in the decade). William Shakespeare ( baptised
Additionally, the Licensing Act diverted politically interested authors away from the stage and into writing novels. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Fielding and Brooke are only two of the authors who turned their energies to novel writing. Many other novelists, such as Tobias Smollett and Laurence Sterne, never approached the stage. Tobias George Smollett (bapt 19 March, 1721 &ndash 17 September, 1771) was a Scottish author best known for his Picaresque Laurence Sterne ( November 24, 1713 &ndash March 18, 1768) was an Irish -born English Novelist and an Anglican Prior to the Licensing Act, theater was the first choice for most wits. After it, the novel was. The Act was not solely responsible for the transformation of the British stage in the 18th century away from satire and toward lofty and "sentimental" subject matter, but it was responsible for stopping one of the theatrical movements away from sentiment and domestic tragedy.
See also
External links
- Theatre Museum - UK National Museum of the Performing Arts. Augustan drama can refer to the Dramas of Ancient Rome during the reign of Caesar Augustus, but it most commonly refers to the plays Restoration comedy is the name given to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710 Augustan literature is a style of English literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne, King George I, and George II in the Henry Brooke may refer to Henry Brooke 11th Baron Cobham, English nobleman and plotter against James I Henry Brooke (writer, novelist and
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