Libertine has come to mean one devoid of any restraints, especially one who ignores or even spurns religious norms, accepted morals, and forms of behaviour sanctioned by the larger society. The philosophy gained new-found adherents in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in France and Britain. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Notable among these were John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, and the Marquis de Sade. For other people of this name see John Rochester. John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester ( April 1, 1647 &ndash July 26 Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Marquis de Sade ( June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) ( was a French aristocrat "Libertine", like many words, is an evolving one, defined today as "a dissolute person; usually a person who is morally unrestrained". Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand wrote that Joseph Bonaparte "sought only life's pleasures and easy access to libertinism," while on the throne of Naples. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1st Sovereign Prince of Beneventum (2 February 1754 17 May 1838 the Prince of Diplomats, was a French Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure ^[1] In modern times, libertinism has been associated with sado-masochism, nihilism and free love. Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form

Libertine was originally a negative term, derived by John Calvin, for opponents of his policies in Geneva, Switzerland. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and This group, led by Ami Perrin, argued against Calvin's "insistence that church discipline should be enforced uniformly against all members of Genevan society". Ami Perrin (? – 1561 was a Swiss Libertine and one of the most powerful figures in Geneva in the 16th century as chief opponent of religious reformer ^[2] Perrin and his allies were elected to the town council in 1548, and "broadened their support base in Geneva by stirring up resentment among the older inhabitants against the increasing number of religious refugees who were fleeing France in even greater numbers". Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking ^[2] By 1555, Calvinists were firmly in place on the Genevan town council, so the Libertines, led by Perrin, responded with an "attempted coup against the government and called for the massacre of the French . Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the . . This was the last great political challenge Calvin had to face in Geneva. "^[2]

Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons, 1782), an epistolary novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, is a trenchant description of sexual libertinism. Les Liaisons dangereuses ( Dangerous Liaisons) is a French An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos ( October 18, 1741, Amiens, France - September 5, 1803, Taranto Wayland Young argues that "…the mere analysis of libertinism… carried out by a novelist with such a prodigious command of his medium… was enough to condemn it and play a large part in its destruction. Wayland Hilton Young, 2nd Baron Kennet (born August 2, 1923) is a British writer and SDP and Labour Party politician " (Young, 1966, 246)

Famous Libertines

• Marquis De Sade
• John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
• Giacomo Casanova
• Lord Byron
• Jim Morrison

See also

• Rake — A libertine-like stage character. Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Marquis de Sade ( June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) ( was a French aristocrat For other people of this name see John Rochester. John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester ( April 1, 1647 &ndash July 26 James Douglas Morrison (December 8 1943—July 3 1971 was an American Poet, Singer, Songwriter, Writer, and Film director A rake is defined as a man habituated to immoral conduct Rakes are frequently Stock characters in novels
• Libertine novel
• The Libertines

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The libertine novel was an 18th century literary genre of which the roots lay in the European but mainly French Libertine tradition The Libertines were an English Indie rock band Formed in London in 1997 by frontmen Pete Doherty (vocals/rhythm guitar and Carl Barât (vocals/lead The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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