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The Liao Dynasty (traditional Chinese: 遼朝; simplified Chinese: 辽朝; pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國), was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( were mythological rulers of China during the period from c The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Xin Dynasty ( was a Chinese Dynasty (although strictly speaking it had only one Emperor) which lasted from 9 - 23 AD The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas This article is about the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of Mainland China since October 1, 1949, when after a near complete victory See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Early 1950s Social revolution The People's Republic of China was founded on See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Power struggles after Mao's death See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China Recovery in the 1990s Post-Tiananmen The Tiananmen Square protests See also History of China, History of the People's Republic of China "Fourth Generation" The Hu-Wen Administration Power transition The Republic of China on Taiwan era ( also known as the postwar era ( refers to the period in Taiwan's history, between the end of World War II This article discusses the history of Taiwan (including the Pescadores) The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. China was the largest economy on earth for most of the recorded history of the past two millennia Chinese Historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history. Chinese art is Art that whether ancient or modern originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists or performers The history of education in China began with the birth of Chinese civilization. The history of Science and Technology in China is both long and rich with many contributions to science and technology See also Chinese law The origin of the current Law of the People's Republic of China can be traced back to the period of the early 1930s during the establishment of the The recorded military history of China extends from about 1500 BC to the present day The naval history of China dates back thousands of years with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC - 481 BC) about the The following is a Timeline of the History of China. Between the changing of the dynasties, most dates overlap as ruling periods do not transfer immediately Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast It was founded by the Yelu clan (耶律 Yēlǜ) of the Khitan people in the same year as Tang Dynasty collapsed (907), even though its first ruler, Yelü Abaoji, did not declare an era name until 916. The Yelu clan of the Khitan people assumed leadership of the Khitan nation in 907 when Abaoji became khan of the Khitan nation The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 This article is about the year 916 AD. For the Sacramento area code see Area code 916.
Although it was originally known as the Empire of the Khitan, the Emperor Yelü Ruan officially adopted the name "Liao" (formally "Great Liao") in 947 (938?). Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace The name "Liao" was dropped in 983, but readopted in 1066. Events By Place Asia Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon Another name for China in English, Cathay, is derived from the name Khitan. Cathay is the Anglicized version of "Catai" and an alternative name for China in English This is also the origin for the name for China in Russian, and several other East European languages.
The Liao Empire was destroyed by the Jurchen of the Jin Dynasty in 1125. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty However, remnants of its people led by Yelü Dashi established Xi (Western) Liao Dynasty 1125-1220, also known as Kara-Khitan Khanate, which survived until the arrival of Genghis Khan's unified Mongolian army. Yelü Dashi (耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí or Yeh-Lu Ta-Shih (r This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder
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History
Pre-Empire history
- See also: History_of_the_Khitans
Since the Khitan had no written script until the eleventh century, we have to rely primarily upon Chinese records of their early history, which are quite scant prior to the seventh century, though the earliest mention of their existence dates to the fourth century. The Khitan lived on the eastern slopes of the Greater Khingan Mountain range, within the eastern portions of present-day Inner Mongolia. The Greater Khingan Range ( Pinyin: Dàxīng'ānlǐng Manchu: Amba Hinggan also called the Greater Hing'an Range or Greater Hinggan Range Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol The area is ideal for the raising of cattle and horses, which was the basic source of wealth for the Khitan people. Their culture evolved over the course of centuries, influenced by both conflict and cultural interaction with their neighbors, both nomadic and sedentary. It was also common for Khitan to intermarry with people from neighboring steppe tribes.
During the Tang Dynasty-era in China, it is known that the Khitan were subservient to the Uyghurs who had their capital set in the Mongolian Plateau before their move westward in the 840s. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Mongolian Plateau is part of the larger Central Asian Plateau and has an area of approximately 2600000 square kilometres Initial expansion was to the west in the Mongolian plains, filling the power vacuum created by the departure of the Uyghurs. Other steppe peoples residing in the region were the Shiwei, Xi and Tartars. Shiwei (Chinese 室[[wikt 韦|韦]] is one Ethnic groups in Chinese history, who once reside at the eastern part of Mongolia and Manchuria Xi (uppercase Ξ, lowercase ξ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The remaining Uyghurs fled west in the face of the Khitan advance.
Over the course of time, the Khitan had made some important observations. They noticed how the Uyghurs had coerced the Tang Dynasty to pay them tribute. They also saw the fearsome effect steppe cavalry used by the Shatuo Turks, the Kyrgyz, and the Uyghurs had against Chinese military forces. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on The Shatuo (沙陀 (also Seyanto, Xueyantuo, Sha-t'o) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Khitan leaders also apparently made the observation that to become sedentary themselves would mean that they would have to compete with the Chinese on their terms, something in which the Khitan would have no hope of success. They knew that they must have access to the resources of China without losing the culture and/or identity that was a critical component of their steppe culture.
Rise of Abaoji
From the 750s, a clan using the surname Yaolian had held the title of khan, holding a monopoly on power for more than one hundred fifty years. They had full relations with the Tang Dynasty court. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The first Yaolian khan even had the imperial surname of Li bestowed upon him, though no one in the steppe bothered with it. Yaolian khans wavered from alliance with the Tang Dynasty to joining in with coalitions against it. During this period of time, only the Yaolian clan used a surname among the Khitan. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it
Chinese records refer to eight tribes of Khitan. The most powerful of these tribes was the Yila Tribe. Abaoji was born into this tribe in 872. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 Events By Place Europe Battle of Hafrsfjord: Harald Fairhair becomes the first king of Norway. The Yila Tribe did not use Chinese trappings such as surnames at this time in history, though they did have close relations with China, focusing on their struggle with northeastern jiedushi (military governors) of the Tang Dynasty. The Jiedushi ( were regional military governors in China during the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
Abaoji was elected to be the chieftain of the Yila Tribe in 901. Events By Place Americas The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at Uxmal. Two years later, he was named “yuyue”, the commander of all Khitan military forces. The Yila Tribe had close relations with the Shatuo Turks. The Shatuo (沙陀 (also Seyanto, Xueyantuo, Sha-t'o) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from Li Keyong was a partially-sinified Shatuo Turk who was the jiedushi of northern Shanxi. Li Keyong (856–908 was Shatuo Turk who was a Jiedushi during the late Tang Dynasty and was key to developing a base of power for the Shatuo ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. In 905, Abaoji brought a force of 70,000 cavalry to Datong and swore a blood brotherhood with Li Keyong, a relationship that was to shape the region long after both of their deaths. This article is about the year AD 905 For other uses of the term see 905 (disambiguation. Datong ( is a city in the northern Shanxi Province in China, and is located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of
The Khitan chose their Great Khan, or khaghan, at triennial councils. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title A Yaolian had been chosen at each of these councils since the 750s. However, Abaoji’s successes resulted in his rising status among the Khitan. Seeing him as being worthy, even the Yaolian assented to his election as Great Khan of the Khitan in 907. Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine
Liao administrative system
Abaoji introduced a revolutionary new system of governing both nomadic and sedentary populations simultaneously. Fangshan District ( Simplified Chinese: 房山区 Traditional Chinese: 房山區 Hanyu Pinyin: Fángshān Qū is situated in the southwest of Beijing Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 His concept was to divide the empire into two sections called Chancelleries. The Northern Chancellery (北院) consisted of nomadic steppe peoples, including the Khitan and conquered steppe tribes. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it The Southern Chancellery, by contrast, included territories incorporated into Khitan domains that was populated by Chinese and the people of Balhae.
The Northern Chancellery was run on a steppe military model. Abaoji was known as the Great Khan of the Northern Chancellery. The entire steppe population was constantly mobilized, ready for military action should it be required. The Khitan language, for which scripts were devised in 920 and 925, was the official language of the Northern Chancellery. The Khitan language (also known as Liao Kitan 639-3 is a now-extinct language once spoken by the Khitan people. 920 AD was a year in the 10th century Events By Place Africa The golden age of the Ghana Empire begins in Africa. For the area code see Area code 925. For the hallmark 925 see Sterling silver. The Xiao family, the consort family to the new imperial family, would govern the North.
The Southern Chancellery (南院) was run on a civil model. Here Abaoji served as an emperor more in line with the Chinese model of leadership. The vast majority of the administrative work was done by the sedentary populations themselves under the leadership of Abaoji’s family, who at some point adopted the surname Yelü. Chinese was the official administrative language of the region. The Southern Chancellery even adopted the Tang practice of competitive civil service examinations to staff the various bureaucracies of government required to govern a large sedentary population. However, due to suspicions over this overtly Chinese system, initially small numbers of jinshi degree holders were actually appointed to government posts. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. Loyalty, a holdover of common steppe practices, was still a more important means of appointment, even in the Southern Chancellery.
Despite the brilliance of this administrative innovation, it most certainly did not meet with universal approval from the Khitan elite. They believed, with some justification, that the development of a Chinese-style imperial system would seriously harm their interests within Khitan society. Thus, many elite, including those in Abaoji’s own family, rebelled against his rule. This persisted for nine years.
In 916, Abaoji began his attempt to institute another stabilizing innovation, borrowing the Chinese notion of primogeniture. This article is about the year 916 AD. For the Sacramento area code see Area code 916. Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings He named his eldest son, Prince Bei, heir apparent, a first in the history of the Khitan. Prince Bei, fully Yelü Bei (耶律倍 officially Emperor Yizong of Liao ( Simplified: 辽义宗 Traditional: 遼義宗 was the However, despite Abaoji’s support for this system, it never really took hold until the end of the tenth century.
In 918, the government occupied a newly constructed walled-city that would serve as the Liao capital. Events By Place Asia Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon Called Shangjing 上京 (Supreme Capital), it not only served as the administrative center of the new empire, it also included a commercial district called the Chinese city 漢城 (Hancheng – not to be confused by the former Chinese name for Seoul which was the same). See also List of Provinces of Balhae Liao Dynasty Emperor Taizu of Liao Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. The city was built on a site hallowed by the Khitan people at the headwaters of the Shira Muren River.
More than thirty walled cities were built, including four additional capitals that served as subsidiary capitals for the four other regions of the empire. An Eastern Capital was built near present-day Liaoyang. Liaoyang ( is a city in China Liaoning province located in the middle of the heavily polluted Liaodong Peninsula. After the Sixteen Prefectures were absorbed into the empire, a Western Capital was built near Datong while the Southern Capital was constructed on the site of present-day Beijing. The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong. See also List of Provinces of Balhae Liao Dynasty Emperor Taizu of Liao Datong ( is a city in the northern Shanxi Province in China, and is located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of See also List of Provinces of Balhae Liao Dynasty Emperor Taizu of Liao There was also a Central Capital. See also List of Provinces of Balhae Liao Dynasty Emperor Taizu of Liao These cities were not only capitals of their respective regions, they also served as centers of commerce, and provided considerable wealth for the Liao Dynasty.
Succession issues
Abaoji had named his eldest son, Prince Bei, heir apparent in 918. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 Prince Bei, fully Yelü Bei (耶律倍 officially Emperor Yizong of Liao ( Simplified: 辽义宗 Traditional: 遼義宗 was the Events By Place Asia Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon However, his widow, Empress Dowager Yingtian, was more of a traditionalist than her husband Thus, she did not so readily accept the notion of primogeniture. Empress Dowager Yingtian ( Chinese: 应天皇后 879-953 was Empress dowager of the Liao Empire from the time of her husband Abaoji ’s death Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings She believed that her second son, Deguang, would have made a more appropriate Khitan emperor because he displayed the traditional traits deemed appropriate to steppe leadership. He was declared the successor to Abaoji while Prince Bei retained his title. Prince Bei later went to China, where he was assassinated in 936. Events By Place Asia King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon defeats Hubaekje.
Succession issues were not solved upon Deguang’s death in 947. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Empress Dowager Yingtian, favoring her third son, immediately denounced her grandson, who was in line to become the third Liao emperor. However, Prince Lihu was seen by all as being wholly inappropriate to be the leader of the Khitan. Civil war loomed, but did not materialize as the court failed to support Yingtian on this occasion. Her grandson became emperor Shizong. Emperor Shizong (耶律阮 (Yēlǜ Ruǎn also known as Wuyu (918-951 is the third emperor of Liao dynasty, reigning from 947 to 951
Succession did not return to Prince Bei’s line (as intended by Abaoji in 918, until 969 with the death of Muzong and the accession of Yelu Longxu as Emperor Jingzong. Events By Place Asia Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes Succession would remain in this line until the fall of the Liao Dynasty in 1125. Despite this misleading stability, there were still numerous succession challenges to the end of the dynasty.
Law in the Liao
Law in the Liao Dynasty was applied differently in the Northern and Southern Chancelleries. The Northern Chancellery, governed by the Xiao consort clan, retained a distinctive Khitan-steppe character. The consort clan ( is the Family, Clan of or group related to an Empress dowager or a spouse of a Chinese dynastic ruler or a Warlord
The Yelu clan, who governed the Southern Chancellery, were considerably more sinified in character. Initially, justice was not delivered in an even-handed fashion to the Chinese inhabitants of the empire. This is reported to having changed from 989. Events By Topic Education Sankore University is founded in Timbuktu. Beginning in 994, Khitans having committed one of ten grave crimes would be punished according to Chinese law. Events By Place Europe Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it This is indicative of a transition from “ethnic law” to “territorial law. ”
Chinese acculturation
The level of sinification of the Khitan people has been debated. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it While it is clear that the ruling Yelu clan had been sinified to some extent, the bulk of the Khitan people seems to have resisted Chinese acculturation. The above resistance to the idea of primogeniture among the Khitan elite is only one indication of a resistance to Chinese acculturation. Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings
One of the stated purposes of the division of the empire between a Northern Chancellery and a Southern Chancellery is to create different forms of government for the steppe peoples in the north, which maintained steppe norms of society and government, and for the sedentary peoples in the south, which used mostly Chinese methods of governance.
Abaoji, who himself spoke Chinese and was familiar with Chinese culture, did not speak Chinese in front of his subjects. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 He revealed to Later Tang Dynasty envoy Yao Kun before his own death that he did not wish the Khitan people to lose the edge that they enjoyed as a nomadic people. The Later Tang Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty that lasted from 923 to 936 one of the five dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period He did not want them to become “soft” like the Chinese.
Another indication of resistance to acculturation is the Chinese notion of the use of surnames, a notion of which is a measure in the minimization of potential incestuous contacts. For a century and a half under the Yaolian clan, only the imperial clan used a surname. Only after Abaoji ascended to the position of Great Khan, did his clan as well as the Xiao consort clan adopt surnames, though the exact time is a matter of some debate. It may have taken place either before or after Abaoji’s death. The issue arose again in 1074 when a proposal to have all Khitan use surnames was refused by the emperor as being too Chinese. It was believed that it was result in a radical reordering in Khitan society seen as undesirable.
Status of women
Women in the steppe societies typically had a greater range of rights and responsibilities than they had in the sedentary societies to the south. Upper class women were free to remarry after the death of their husbands. Empresses were genuinely regarded as co-rulers with their husbands. They were also included in the religious and ritual life of society. However, with these increased rights also came responsibilities. Women likely had to bear more of the hard work to maintain daily life as the men were often out hunting or preparing for war. They were competent in many forms of labor and had to come with hardship in a way their sedentary counterparts were not exposed to.
The traditional practice of being required to marry the husband of ones elder sister when she died was ended by imperial decree in 940, though it was not outlawed.
Literacy
The Khitan were initially an illiterate society. In 920, Abaoji ordered the creation of a script that came to be known as the Khitan large-script. 920 AD was a year in the 10th century Events By Place Africa The golden age of the Ghana Empire begins in Africa. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 While it apparently incorporated elements of Chinese writing, the two are not mutually intelligible and still has not been deciphered to this day by linguists. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields
In 925, the appearance of an Uyghur envoy to Liao spurred the call to create a new script based on the alphabetic principles of the Uyghur script. For the area code see Area code 925. For the hallmark 925 see Sterling silver. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. This Khitan small-script was simpler to use than the previous one. It has been partially deciphered by linguistic experts, and it is hoped recent discoveries near Datong will aid in its being completely deciphered. Datong ( is a city in the northern Shanxi Province in China, and is located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of
Chinese writing was used in the administration of the Southern Chancellery, but its use was restricted to the Khitan elite. Abaoji and subsequent emperors of Liao did not allow widespread use of Chinese for fear that it would result in excessive cultural compromise. It was also feared that it would strengthen any Chinese dissent towards Liao-Khitan hegemony while the Northern Song Dynasty to the south was still a considerable foe.
Religion
Buddhism
Though the founding emperor Abaoji ordered the construction of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist temples, successive emperors embraced Buddhism. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 A noticeable increase in devotion to Buddhism can be traced to the reign of Emperor Shengzong. Emperor Shengzong of Liao (971 - 1031 also known as Yelu Longxu (耶律隆绪 succeeded Emperor Jingzong as Emperor of the Liao Dynasty at the age of Within a century, local government offices report that there 360,000 monks and nuns in 1078, representing about ten percent of the population. Even if exaggerated, it is clear that Buddhism was an integral part of Liao life. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices
Some use the adoption of Buddhism as additional evidence to argue for sinification, however, the Khitan seem to have regarded Buddhism as a non-Chinese religion as they realized that the Uyghurs practiced it as well. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia.
The Liao were more committed to Buddhist studies than their Song neighbors. A complete edition of the Tripitaka about 1075 with a print quality that far exceeds that of its Song contemporaries. The Tripiṭaka ( Sanskrit; Devanagari: त्रिपिटक lit This was used by the Koreans to produce their own version of the Tripitaka by 1082.
Traditional religion
Still, most Khitan still adhered to an animistic religion where the sun was worshiped. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it Thus, the emperor faced the east, where the sun rises, rather than the south as Chinese emperors did. Because the Khitan gave ritual priority to the left, the north was given priority to the south (China. )
Foreign Relations
Chinese dynasties
- See also: Khitan_people#Relations_with_China
From the rise of Abaoji to the fall of the Liao Dynasty in 1125, a total of six dynasties ruled northern China. Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National First were the Five Dynasties, which ruled northern China in succession from 907 to 960. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. Then, there was the Song Dynasty which succeeded the Later Zhou Dynasty in 960, and within two decades, was able to incorporate the southern kingdoms into its realm, unifying nearly all of traditional Chinese lands. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Later Zhou Dynasty ( Simplified Chinese 后周 Traditional Chinese 後周 Pinyin Hòu Zhōu was the last a succession of five dynasties Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England.
Later Tang
The Later Tang Dynasty was founded by the Shatuo Turks in 923 after its founder, Li Cunxu, the son of Abaoji’s blood brother Li Keyong, had overthrown the Later Liang Dynasty. The Later Tang Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty that lasted from 923 to 936 one of the five dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period The Shatuo (沙陀 (also Seyanto, Xueyantuo, Sha-t'o) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from Events By Place Europe June 15 — Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the Li Cunxu was King of Jin, China (908-923 and later became Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (923-926 Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 Li Keyong (856–908 was Shatuo Turk who was a Jiedushi during the late Tang Dynasty and was key to developing a base of power for the Shatuo The Later Liang ( ( June 5, 907 - 923) was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period However, relations between the two were deteriorating, largely because of Khitan incursions into Hebei, taking booty and captives. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China.
Li Cunxu had died in 926. Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Despite the general deterioration in relations, the Later Tang Dynasty sent an envoy by the name of Yao Kun to the Liao Dynasty. When he arrived, however, Abaoji was on campaign, completing the conquest of the sedentary kingdom of Balhae (known in Chinese annals as Bohai. Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an ) Abaoji’s appetite for expansion had apparently not been sated by the conquest of Balhae, because he sent a demand for cession of the Sixteen Prefectures, which made up the border region between the two empires. The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong. However, Abaoji died on September 6, temporarily removing attention from the Sixteen Prefectures. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong.
Later Jin
The Later Tang Dynasty weakened in the 930s. The Later Tang Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty that lasted from 923 to 936 one of the five dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period When Shi Jingtang revolted, the Liao sent a large army through the passes at Shanxi to assist. Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 (892-942 was the founder of the Later Jin Dynasty (936-946 the third of the Five Dynasties that controlled much of northern China from ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. In return for assistance in his revolt, the new Later Jin Dynasty, Shi ceded the Sixteen Prefectures to the Liao. Note that there are four periods of Chinese history using the name "Jin" (see clarification here. The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong.
Han Chinese and Shatuo Turks living in Later Jin territories chafed at the subordinate position they had in relation to the Liao. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Shatuo (沙陀 (also Seyanto, Xueyantuo, Sha-t'o) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from This led the Later Jin court to begin to display independence from the Liao. Consequently, the Khitan attacked as far as Kaifeng, where they stole maps archives, water clocks, musical instruments, and copies of the Classics, and kidnapped craftsmen and scholars. Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Chinese classic texts or Chinese canonical texts ( refer to the pre- Qin Chinese texts especially the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics They then decided to move further into the present day provinces of Hebei and Shanxi. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. However, faced with the difficulties of governing a large sedentary population, the Liao emperor changed his mind about being emperor of China and decided to return to the Southern Capital. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of On the return in 947, the emperor died. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in
These events led to the collapse of the Later Jin Dynasty, and with the power vacuum left when the Liao emperor’s death, the short-lived Later Han Dynasty was founded.
Later Zhou
The Later Zhou Dynasty struck at Liao positions in 958 in an attempt to regain the Sixteen Prefectures. The Later Zhou Dynasty ( Simplified Chinese 后周 Traditional Chinese 後周 Pinyin Hòu Zhōu was the last a succession of five dynasties Events By Place Asia King Kshemgupta of Kashmir dies and is succeeded by his young son Abhimanyu The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong. After successfully taking two prefectures in Hebei, Emperor Muzong sprung into action, leading a Khitan cavalry force to the Southern Capital the following year. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Emperor Muzong (耶律璟 (931 - 969 of Liao Dynasty reigned from 951 to 969 Military confrontation was averted with the death of the Later Zhou emperor.
Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty succeeded the Later Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Five Dynasties, in 960. Amitābha ( Sanskrit: अमिताभ Amitābha (wordstem pronunciation; Chinese: 阿彌陀佛 Ēmítuó Fó; Tibetan: འོད་དཔག་མེད་ ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. The Northern Qi Dynasty (Chinese 北齊 Běiqí was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Later Zhou Dynasty ( Simplified Chinese 后周 Traditional Chinese 後周 Pinyin Hòu Zhōu was the last a succession of five dynasties Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. Initially, the Song Dynasty court focused on reunifying the Chinese realm by incorporating the remaining southern kingdoms left over from the Ten Kingdoms period in the south. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. However, once Wuyue was brought into the fold in 978, Emperor Taizong began to focus on the north. Kingdom of Wuyue ( Traditional Chinese: 吳越國 Simplified Chinese: 吴越国 Pinyin Wúyuè Guó 907 - 978, was a small independent Events By Place Europe Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa Margravine of Tuscany Emperor Taizong ( November 20, 939 &ndash May 8, 997) born Zhao Kuangyi, was the second emperor of the Song Dynasty
Two major issues caused relations between the Liao and the Song to sour. One was the continued Liao occupation of the Sixteen Prefectures. The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong. The other was Liao support for the Northern Han kingdom, the remnant of the Later Han Dynasty that was toppled in 950. This article is about the Northern Han in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Events By Place Europe Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I.
Emperor Song led the conquest of the Northern Han in 979. Emperor Taizong ( November 20, 939 &ndash May 8, 997) born Zhao Kuangyi, was the second emperor of the Song Dynasty This article is about the Northern Han in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Events By Place Europe The Tynwald (parliament of the Isle of Man is founded Then, he led an ill-advised invasion of the Sixteen Prefectures. The result was a resounding Liao victory, forcing the Song emperor to retreat in disgrace.
Song Emperor Shengzong tried to take advantage of a fifteen-year-old Liao emperor by launching a three-pronged invasion in 986. Events By Place Europe March 2 — Louis V becomes King of the Franks. The Song were decisively defeated on all three fronts. The Song court then resumed diplomatic contact with the Liao.
The Liao invaded the Song Dynasty in 1004, and stopped just north of Shanyuan, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) north of the Song capital of Kaifeng. Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern The Song emperor met them with a force. The Treaty of Shanyuan was worked out in January, 1005. The Shanyuan Treaty in 1004/05 was the pivotal point in the relations between the Northern Song ( 960 - 1127) and the Liao ( 916 The Song Dynasty was required to pay an annual tribute to the Liao. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission The treaty also stipulated that the two imperial families address one another using familial terms. The tribute was increased and extended to Xi Xia when the Liao and Tanguts threatened further invasion in 1042. Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before
Goryeo
When the Khitan conquered the kingdom of Balhae, the border with Korea had been pushed to the Yalu River. Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. Korea itself was undergoing significant transformations at the same time. Goryeo was founded in 918, and eventually unified the entire Korean Peninsula. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. Events By Place Asia Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are The Silla kingdom, which had ruled the entire peninsula since the seventh century, fell in 935. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Events By Place Europe Estimation Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world taking the lead
In 993, the Khitan invaded Goryeo's northwest border with 800,000 troops. The Khitan withdrew and ceded territory to the east of the Yalu River when Goryeo agreed to end its alliance with Song Dynasty China. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms However, Goryeo continued to communicate with Song, having strengthened its position by building fortresses in the newly gained northern territories.
In 1010, Emperor Shengzong of Liao led a massive invasion with 400,000 men, commanding the troops himself. Emperor Shengzong of Liao (971 - 1031 also known as Yelu Longxu (耶律隆绪 succeeded Emperor Jingzong as Emperor of the Liao Dynasty at the age of He easily defeated the resisting army of General Gang Jo, who was executed by the Khitans. Gang Jo (? - 1010 was a Goryeo general who served under Emperor Mokjong of Goryeo and Emperor Hyeonjong of Goryeo. However, Gang Gam-chan urged King Hyeonjong to escape from the palace, and not to surrender to the invading Liao troops. Kang Kam-chan or Gang Gam-chan (948-1031 was a medieval Korean government official and military commander during the early days of Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392 Hyeonjong of Goryeo ( 992 – 1031, r 1009 –1031 was the 8th ruler of the medieval Korean Goryeo dynasty King Hyeonjong followed Gang Gam-chan's advice, and managed to escape from the burning capital. A Korean insurgency began to harass the Khitan forces. Eventually, Shengzong ordered a withdrawal of the entire Khitan force; the Khitans lost the war, and didn't gain anything. Thus another bloody war between two nations was foreshadowed, as both sided remained hostile to each other. After the war, Gang was promoted as the Minister of Government Administration.
In 1018, General Xiao Baiya of Liao invaded Goryeo with 100,000 men. This time, many officials urged to king to enter a peace negotiation, since the damage from the 2nd Koryo-Khitan War was so great and Goryeo was not able to recover from the damage. However Gang again urged the king to fight the Khitans, since the Khitan force was much smaller than the previous invasions. Gang volunteered to be deputy commander-in-chief of the Goryeo army, at the age of 71. He led about 200,000 men toward the Goryeo-Liao border. The first battle of the war was the Battle of Heunghwajin, which was won by General Gang by blocking a stream and then destroying the dam when the Khitans were mid-way through crossing. Many Khitans drowned, but General Xiao did not give up hope of capturing the capital, Gaeseong, and continued to march southward. Kaesŏng ( Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province southern North Korea (DPRK a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Later Xiao realized that the mission was impossible to achieve, and decided to retreat. General Gang knew that the Khitan army would withdraw from the war, and waited for them at the fortress of Kwiju, where he encountered retreating Khitans in 1019. (Battle of Kwiju). The Battle of Gwiju,which occurred in 1018 was the major battle during the third Goryeo-Khitan war (1018-1019 Discouraged and starving, the Khitans lost in a battle there. Following his victories in Third Goryeo-Khitan War, peace among three Asian empires temporarily settled; Goryeo established a long-term friendly relationship with Liao.
Other contact
From the time of the empire's creation all the way to its decline, the Liao Dynasty was recognized by Korea. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Khitan were also in contact with Japan and the Abassid empire, and the court of Baghdad once asked for a Khitan princess for marriage. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** These relations established the Khitans all across the steppes, before the Mongol expansion. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Commercial activity allowed the Khitans to make their name known beyond the Pamirs and in Europe. The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and
Decline
By the mid 11th century, the Khitan had lost their morale and started adopting a defensive attitude towards their neighbors. This was in part due to the influence of Buddhism and the fact that they had absorbed much of Chinese culture, which had an effect on their manners. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history Around the 12th century, the empire's slow decline sped up as a result of succession problems, natural disasters, and the positive progress of the Jurchen in the northeast. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu More pressure was put on the Khitan when the Jurchens & Song made an alliance against them and in 1124-1125, the Khitan Empire collapsed. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed
Emigration
After the fall of the empire, a part of the Khitan nobility led by Yelü Dashi emigrated to the Uyghurs of Xinjiang, and with their help created the Kingdom Of Karakhitan. Yelü Dashi (耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí or Yeh-Lu Ta-Shih (r The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. This was a Turko-Mongol kingdom that was very sinicized. Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or The kingdom allowed Buddhism and Nestorian Christianity to flourish. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Nestorius Nestorius (c 386 &ndashc 451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern Its capital was at Balasaghun, south of Lake Balkhash and extended to the areas of Kashgar and Samarkand. Balasagun ( Balassagun, Balasaghun, Karabalsagun;, Persian: بلاساغون was an ancient Soghdian city in modern-day Kyrgyzstan Lake Balqash ( Kazakh: kk Балқаш Көлі, also Balkhash from the Russian ru Озеро Балхаш) is a Lake in southeastern Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The kingdom enjoyed a victory over the Seljuk Turks near Samarkand in 1141 and remained stable until it was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1218. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder
Liao Dynasty 907-1125
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | Shen Tian Huangdi | Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī) | 907-926 | Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Xiao Wu Huangdi | Yelü Deguang (耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng) | 926-947 | Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 |
| Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng) | Tian Shou Huangdi | Yelü Ruan (耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn) | 947-951 | Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951 |
| Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng) | Yelü Jing (耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng) | 951-969 | Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969 |
|
| Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng) | Yelü Xian (耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián) | 969-982 | Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 |
|
| Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng) | Wen Wu Da Xiao Xuan Huangdi | Yelü Longxu (耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù) | 982-1031 | Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 |
| Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng) | Xiao Zheng Huangdi | Yelü Zongzhen (耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn) | 1031-1055 | Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1054 |
| Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng) | Yelü Hongji (耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī) | 1055-1101 | Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 |
|
| Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì) | Yelü Yanxi (耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ) | 1101-1125 | Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 |
|
References
- Jacques Gernet (1972). Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Taizu of the Liao Dynasty was emperor of the Khitan Empire (907-926 Events By Place Asia Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang This article is about the year 916 AD. For the Sacramento area code see Area code 916. Events By Place Asia The Khitan Empire led by Abaoji, raids Hebei, China. Events By Place Asia The Khitan Empire led by Abaoji, raids Hebei, China. Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Emperor Taizong (耶律德光 (Yēlǜ Déguāng (902 - 947 was the second emperor of the Khitan Empire (926-947 Events By Place Asia Balhae is conquered by the Khitan. An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Events Asia The Chu State is founded by Ma Yin. Korea: Hubaekje sacks the Silla capital of Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Emperor Shizong (耶律阮 (Yēlǜ Ruǎn also known as Wuyu (918-951 is the third emperor of Liao dynasty, reigning from 947 to 951 Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in This article is about the year 951 For the 951 Porsche sports car (a Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in This article is about the year 951 For the 951 Porsche sports car (a Emperor Muzong (耶律璟 (931 - 969 of Liao Dynasty reigned from 951 to 969 This article is about the year 951 For the 951 Porsche sports car (a 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes This article is about the year 951 For the 951 Porsche sports car (a 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes Emperor Jingzong (耶律賢 (Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn (948 - 982 of Liao Dynasty reigned from 969 to 982 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes Events By Place Americas Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes Events By Place Europe The Tynwald (parliament of the Isle of Man is founded Events By Place Europe The Tynwald (parliament of the Isle of Man is founded Events By Place Americas Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North Emperor Shengzong of Liao (971 - 1031 also known as Yelu Longxu (耶律隆绪 succeeded Emperor Jingzong as Emperor of the Liao Dynasty at the age of Events By Place Americas Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North Events By Place Americas Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North Events By Place Asia Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon Emperor Xingzong of Liao (耶律宗真 (1015-1054 was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty. Emperor Daozong of Liao (耶律洪基 (1032-1101 born Yelü Hongji or Yehlu Hongji, was an Emperor of the Liao dynasty, a kingdom of the Yelü Chun (1075 - 1128 (耶律延禧 Pinyin: Yēlǜ Yánxĭ, posthumous Liao Tianzuodi 遼天祚帝 Pinyin: Liáo Tiānzuòdì "A History Of Chinese Civilization". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24130-8
- Mote, F. W. (1999). Imperial China (900-1800). Harvard University Press, 31-91.
- Wittfogel K. A. , Feng Chia-Sheng History of Chinese Society. Liao (907-1125). Philadelphia, 1949 (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 36)
- David Curtis Wright (1 août 2005). From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh-Century China: Sung's Foreign Relations With Kitan Liao. Brill Academic Publishers, 290. ISBN 978-9004144569.
See also
- History of the Khitans
- Chinese sovereign
- Song Dynasty
- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
- Tang Dynasty
- Jin Dynasty
- Mongols
- Liao Tartars
External links
The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of ManchuriaDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic