| This article is part of the Transition from Sui to Tang series. The transition from Sui to Tang (隋末唐初 refers to a period in which the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty disintegrated into a number of short-lived states |
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| Sui Dynasty imperials |
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| Emperor Yang | |
| Empress Xiao | |
| Emperor Gong | |
| Yang Tong | |
| Yang Hao | |
| Tang Dynasty imperials |
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| Emperor Gaozu | |
| Emperor Taizong | |
| Li Jiancheng | |
| Li Yuanji | |
| Princess Pingyang | |
| Independent contenders |
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| Dou Jiande | |
| Fu Gongshi | |
| Gao Kaidao | |
| Li Gui | |
| Li Mi | |
| Li Zitong | |
| Liang Shidu | |
| Lin Shihong | |
| Liu Heita | |
| Liu Wuzhou | |
| Shen Faxing | |
| Wang Shichong | |
| Xiao Xi | |
| Xu Yuanlang | |
| Xue Ju | |
| Xue Rengao | |
| Yuwen Huaji | |
| Zhu Can | |
| Other generals or key figures |
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| Empress Cao | |
| Du Fuwei | |
| Li Jing | |
| Li Shiji | |
| Li Xiaogong | |
| Luo Yi | |
| Yang Xuangan | |
| Yang Yichen | |
| Yuwen Shu | |
| Zhai Rang |
Li Shiji (李世勣) (594[1]-December 31, 669[2]), né Xu Shiji (徐世勣), later known in the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang as Li Ji (李勣), courtesy name Maogong (懋功), formally Duke Zhenwu of Ying (英貞武公), was one of the most celebrated generals early in the Chinese Tang Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. Empress Xiao (蕭皇后 personal name unknown (566?-648 formally Empress Min (愍皇后 literally "the suffering empress" was an Empress of the During Emperor Yang's reign Yang You was born in 605 as a son of Yang Zhao, the son and Crown prince of Emperor Yang. During Emperor Yang's reign Yang Tong was born in 605 He was the second of three sons of Yang Zhao, Emperor Yang 's son and Crown prince. Background Yang Hao was a grandson of Sui's founder Emperor Wen. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Li Jiancheng (李建成 ( 589 - July 2, 626) formally Crown Prince Yin (隱太子 literally "the hidden crown prince" nickname Li Yuanji (李元吉 ( 603 - July 2, 626) formally Prince La of Chao (巢剌王 more commonly known by the title of Prince of Qi Princess Píngyáng ( formally Princess Zhao of Pingyang (平陽昭公主 (d Initial uprising and service under Gao Shida Dou Jiande was born in 573 when his birth area Zhangnan County (漳南縣 in modern Handan, Hebei) was under Initial uprising Fu Gongshi was from Qi Province (齊州 roughly modern Ji'nan, Shandong) Initial uprising Little is known about Gao Kaidao's background and his birth year is not known As prince Li Gui was from Wuwei Commandery (武威 roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu) and he served as a militia officer in the local government Background Li Mi came from a line that was part of the nobility during successive dynasties Western Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasty. Initial uprising Li Zitong was from Donghai Commandery (東海 roughly modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu) Initial uprising Liang Shidu was from a prominent Clan of Xia Province (夏州 roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi) and during the reign of Initial uprising Virtually nothing is known about Lin Shihong's background other than that he was from Rao Province (饒州 roughly modern Shangrao, Jiangxi Service under Hao Xiaode Li Mi Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande Little is known about Liu Heita's background and it is not known when he was born Initial establishment of Dingyang Liu Wuzhou's clan was originally from Hejian Commandery (河間 roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) Initial uprising Shen Faxing was from Hu Province (湖州 roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang) Early career Wang Shichong's ancestors were surnamed Zhi (支 originally from the Xiyu region and were not Han. Background Xiao Xi was a great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of Western Liang -- a vassal of Western Wei and Northern Zhou who claimed Liang imperial Initial uprising Nothing is known about Xu Yuanlang's background other than that he was from Yan Province (兗州 roughly modern Jining, Shandong) As hegemonic prince of Western Qin Xue Ju's clan was originally from Hedong Commandery (河東 roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) but his father Xue Wang Under Xue Ju As of 617 Xue Rengao's father Xue Ju was a commander of the local militia at Jincheng (金城 in modern Lanzhou, Gansu) when Background It is not known when Yuwen Huaji was born He was the oldest son of the Sui Dynasty official Yuwen Shu, a close associate of Yang Guang Initial uprising Zhu Can was from Bo Province (毫州 roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui) and he was initially a minor official with his local county government Empress Cao (曹皇后 personal name unknown was the wife of Dou Jiande, an agrarian rebel leader who claimed the title of Prince of Xia at the end of the Chinese Du Fuwei (598?-624 known during service to Tang Dynasty as Li Fuwei (李伏威 was an agrarian leader who rose against the rule of Emperor Yang of Sui Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally Li Xiaogong (李孝恭 (591-640 formally Prince Yuan of Hejian (河間元王 often referred to by his earlier title as Prince of Zhao Commandery (趙郡王 Luo Yi (羅藝 (d 627 known during service to Tang Dynasty as Li Yi (李藝 Courtesy name Ziyan (子延 or Ziting (子廷 Yang Xuangan (楊玄感 (d 613 was an official of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Yang Yichen (楊義臣 (d 617? né Yuchi Yichen (尉遲義臣 was a general of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Yuwen Shu (宇文述 (d 616 Courtesy name Botong (伯通 formally Duke Gong of Xu (許恭公 was an official and general of the Chinese Zhai Rang (翟讓 (d December 14, 617) was a key agrarian rebel leader near the end of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Events By Topic Politics and Wars Byzantine Emperor Maurice disposes of Priscos and installs his own brother Peter Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. For the special unit of the Israel Defense Forces see Unit 669. Background and life as Prince of Jin Li Zhi was born in 628 He was the ninth son of his father Emperor Taizong, and the third son of his mother Emperor Taizong's wife A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by He was initially a follower of Li Mi, one of the rebel rulers rebelling against the preceding Sui Dynasty, and he submitted to Tang after Li Mi did so, upon which Emperor Gaozu, impressed with his loyalty to Li Mi, bestowed on him the imperial clan name of Li. Background Li Mi came from a line that was part of the nobility during successive dynasties Western Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. He later participated in destroying Xu Yuanlang and Fu Gongshi, two of Tang's competitors on Tang's campaign to reunify China. Initial uprising Nothing is known about Xu Yuanlang's background other than that he was from Yan Province (兗州 roughly modern Jining, Shandong) Initial uprising Fu Gongshi was from Qi Province (齊州 roughly modern Ji'nan, Shandong) During the reign of Emperor Gaozu's son Emperor Taizong, he participated in the successful campaigns destroying Eastern Tujue and Xueyantuo, allowing Tang to become the dominant power in eastern Asia, and also served as a chancellor. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of The chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (唐朝宰相 was an office that was semi-formally designated for a number of high level officials at one time during the Chinese During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he served as chancellor and the commander of the army against Goguryeo, destroying Goguryeo in 668. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Events By Place Europe Childeric II succeeds Clotaire III as King of the Franks. He died the next year. He and Li Jing were considered the two most prominent early Tang generals. Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally [3][4]
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Background and service under Zhai Rang and Li Mi
Xu Shiji was probably born in 594. Events By Topic Politics and Wars Byzantine Emperor Maurice disposes of Priscos and installs his own brother Peter [1] His clan was originally from Cao Province (曹州, roughly modern Heze, Shandong), but late in Sui Dynasty moved to Hua Province (滑州, roughly modern Anyang, Henan). This article is about a Chinese city a star in Virgo constellation also has a name of Heze see Zeta Virginis Administration The ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country Xu Shiji's father Xu Gai (徐蓋) was a member of the landed gentry, and both he and Xu Shiji were said to be generous, using the food yields of their land to help others regardless of whether those were related to them.
Around 616, Zhai Rang gathered a group of men to resist the rule of Emperor Yang. Events By Place Europe Eadbald succeeds Ethelbert as king of Kent. Zhai Rang (翟讓 (d December 14, 617) was a key agrarian rebel leader near the end of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. Xu Shiji joined Zhai,[5] and suggested him that instead of pillaging the people of the region, which Zhai had done to maintain himself and his own men, it was inappropriate to be robbing people of their homeland. Rather, he suggested that, as there were plenty of travellers on the Grand Canal, that they should rob travellers instead. Zhai agreed, and their pillaging raids instead targeted travellers and official messengers. Many people joined Zhai, and when the key Sui general Zhang Xutuo (張須陀), who had defeated many agrarian rebels, attacked, Xu killed Zhang in battle late in 616, allowing Zhai to become even more acclaimed. Around this time, he also became close friends with another general under Zhai, Shan Xiongxin (單雄信), swearing to be brothers and to die on the same day.
Meanwhile, Li Mi, the strategist for the Sui general Yang Xuangan, who unsuccessfully rebelled against Emperor Yang in 613, was visiting rebel generals in the region, seeking to sell his grand strategy to destroy Sui. Background Li Mi came from a line that was part of the nobility during successive dynasties Western Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasty. Yang Xuangan (楊玄感 (d 613 was an official of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. As Li Mi was of noble birth, and there had been prophecies that the next emperor would be named Li, there began to be thoughts among the rebels that Li might be destined to be the next emperor. Xu Shiji and another close associate of Zhai's, Wang Bodang (王伯當), thus persuaded Zhai to support Li Mi as leader. Zhai agreed, and after the victory over Zhang, the rebels approached the eastern capital Luoyang and declared Li Mi their leader, with the title of Duke of Wei. Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Xu was given a major general title, while Zhai served as prime minister. After Xu achieved a victory over the Sui general Wang Shichong, whom Emperor Yang had sent to reinforce Luoyang, Li Mi created Xu the Duke of Donghai. Early career Wang Shichong's ancestors were surnamed Zhi (支 originally from the Xiyu region and were not Han. At Xu's suggestion, Li Mi captured a major food storage -- Liyang Storage (黎陽倉, in modern Hebi, Henan) -- and after doing so, opened up the storage to allow people in the region suffering from famines to take food. Hebi ( is a Prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country As a result, more than 200,000 men joined Li Mi within about 10 days, and a number of commanderies submitted to him, including the major rebel generals Dou Jiande and Zhu Can. Initial uprising and service under Gao Shida Dou Jiande was born in 573 when his birth area Zhangnan County (漳南縣 in modern Handan, Hebei) was under Initial uprising Zhu Can was from Bo Province (毫州 roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui) and he was initially a minor official with his local county government
In winter 617, with a conflict between Li Mi and Zhai intensifying, Li Mi set an ambush for Zhai at a feast held for him, killing him, his brother Zhai Hong (翟弘), his nephew Zhai Mohou (翟摩侯), and his strategist Wang Ruxin (王儒信). During the ambush, Xu was injured in his neck and nearly died. Li Mi, declared, however, that his intention was only to execute Zhai Rang, and no one other than the Zhai clan was to worry. He personally attended to Xu's injuries, and had Xu, Dan, and Wang Bodang take over Zhai's troops.
In spring 618, Emperor Yang was killed at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji. Events By Place Asia The Sui Dynasty ends and the Tang Dynasty begins in China. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Background It is not known when Yuwen Huaji was born He was the oldest son of the Sui Dynasty official Yuwen Shu, a close associate of Yang Guang Yuwen soon abandoned Jiangdu and headed back north, toward Luoyang, with the elite Xiaoguo Army (驍果), leading to comprehension both at Luoyang (where Sui officials had declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang Tong the Prince of Yue emperor) and at Li Mi's headquarters. During Emperor Yang's reign Yang Tong was born in 605 He was the second of three sons of Yang Zhao, Emperor Yang 's son and Crown prince. The enemies made peace, with Li Mi nominally submitting to Yang Tong, as both sides prepared for a joint confrontation with Yuwen. As part of this arrangement, Xu also received a major Sui general title. Li Mi, who had become somewhat alienated with Xu due to Xu's criticism that he was not sufficiently rewarding the soldiers, put Xu in charge of defending Liyang Storage, and Yuwen subsequently put Liyang under siege, but Xu was not only able to withstand the siege but further fought Yuwen outside, defeating him.
Later in 618, Wang Shichong, who had opposed the peace agreement with Li Mi, killed the other key officials Lu Chu (盧楚) and Yuan Wendu (元文都), who had advocated peace with Li Mi. Another official who supported the peace, Huangfu Wuyi (皇甫無逸), fled to Chang'an and surrendered to the newly established Tang Dynasty. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Wang seized power as regent. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Hearing what had happened, Li Mi broke off peaceful relations with Yang Tong's regime. However, he did not pay close attention to Wang, and Wang soon defeated him in a surprise attack, seizing most of his troops. Initially, after the defeat, Li Mi considered fleeing to Xu, at Liyang, but was warned by some that Xu had nearly died when he killed Zhai and thus could not be trusted. Instead, Li Mi fled to Chang'an and surrendered to Tang.
Xu, upon hearing that Li Mi had fled to Chang'an, took effective control of Li Mi's former territory, and as Li Mi had surrendered to Tang, he decided to submit to Tang as well, but stated to his secretary Guo Xiaoke (郭孝恪):
The Duke of Wei has submitted to Tang. These people and this land are all owned by the Duke of Wei. If I submit them to Tang, I am benefiting from my lord's defeat and making it into my own accomplishment to receive glory, and I would be ashamed of that. Now, let us record the names of the prefectures and counties, as well as the census rolls of the military as well and submit them to the Duke of Wei. Let him offer them himself, and these will be considered his accomplishments.
He therefore sent Guo to Chang'an to report to Li Mi. Emperor Gaozu of Tang heard that Xu had sent messengers, but with no petitions to submit to Tang, only reports for Li Mi, and was surprised. Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. He summoned Guo and questioned him, and Guo relayed what Xu's intents were. Emperor Gaozu was impressed and stated, "Xu Shiji remembers his lord and surrenders his accomplishments, and is really a pure-hearted subject. " He thus bestowed the imperial clan name of Li (which he shared with Li Mi) on Xu, who thereafter would be known as Li Shiji. He also created Li Shiji the Duke of Cao and his father Xu Gai (thereafter known as Li Gai as well) the Prince of Jiyin, although Li Gai declined the honor and was subsequently created the Duke of Shu. Li Shiji remained in charge of the Liyang region to resist against Wang and Dou Jiande.
During Emperor Gaozu's reign
Around the new year 619, Li Mi, wanting to revive his independence, rebelled against Tang but was soon killed by the Tang general Sheng Yanshi (盛彥師). Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Emperor Gaozu sent messengers to Li Shiji explaining why Li Mi was killed. Li Shiji mourned Li Mi and requested that he be allowed to bury Li Mi with honor. Emperor Gaozu agreed and sent Li Mi's body to Li Shiji. Li Shiji, still using ceremonies due a ruler, buried Li Mi in a grand funeral south of Liyang.
In fall 619, Dou Jiande, then with the title of Prince of Xia, launched a major offensive, set to affirm his control of the territory north of the Yellow River, as a number of cities there had submitted to Tang. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the After a number of Xia victories, Li Shentong (李神通) the Prince of Huai'an, Emperor Gaozu's cousin who was in charge of Tang operations north of the Yellow River, withdrew to Liyang and joined forces with Li Shiji. When Dou then was on the way to attack Tang's Wei Prefecture (衛州, roughly modern Weihui, Henan), Li Shiji tried to ambush him, and his officer Qiu Xiaogang (丘孝剛) nearly killed Dou before Dou's guards killed him. Weihui ( is a County-level city in Henan, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country In anger, Dou turned his attack around and attacked Liyang instead, capturing it and seizing Li Shentong, Li Gai, Wei Zheng, and Emperor Gaozu's sister Princess Tong'an. Wei Zheng ( 580-643 Courtesy name Xuancheng (玄成 formally Duke Wenzhen of Zheng (鄭文貞公 was a Chinese politician and the lead editor Li Shiji was able to fight his way out, but several days later, because his father Li Gai had been captured, surrendered to Dou. Dou made Li Shiji a general and still kept him in charge of Liyang, but took Li Gai back to the Xia capital Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan, Hebei) to serve as a hostage. Handan ( is a Prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of Hebei Province of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. He also put Li Shentong under house arrest, as an honored guest.
Li Shiji soon considered how he could again submit to Tang, but worried that Dou would kill his father Li Gai. Guo Xiaoke suggested to him that he needed to first gain Dou's trust by accomplishing things for Xia. Li Shiji agreed, and in winter 619, he attacked the city of Huojia (獲嘉, in modern Xinxiang, Henan), held by Wang Shichong (who had by that point had Yang Tong yield the throne to him, ending Sui and establishing a new state of Zheng) and captured much goods and persons to present to Dou, including Dou's childhood friend Liu Heita. Xinxiang ( is a Prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country Service under Hao Xiaode Li Mi Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande Little is known about Liu Heita's background and it is not known when he was born [6] Dou began to trust him. Li Shiji then suggested to Dou that he should attack the agrarian leader Meng Haigong (孟海公), who was then nominally submitting to Zheng, arguing that if Xia could first capture Meng's holdings, it could then next have designs on Zheng. Dou agreed, and he sent his brother-in-law Cao Dan (曹旦) south across the Yellow River, joining forces with Li Shiji. Dou himself would follow, and Li Shiji planned that, as soon as Dou himself arrived, he would ambush Dou's camp and kill him, and then try to find and save his father Li Gai. However, at this time, Dou was awaiting his wife Empress Cao's giving birth and did not arrive for a while. Empress Cao (曹皇后 personal name unknown was the wife of Dou Jiande, an agrarian rebel leader who claimed the title of Prince of Xia at the end of the Chinese Meanwhile, Cao Dan was insulting and pillaging the other rebel leaders south of the Yellow River who had submitted to Xia, and the rebel leaders were all resentful. One of them, Li Shanghu (李商胡), and Li Shanghu's mother Lady Huo, urged Li Shiji to carry out his plan as soon as possible, and when Li Shiji hesitated, Li Shanghu and Lady Huo acted on their own, ambushing Cao Dan, but while they killed many of Cao's generals, Cao himself was not harmed and soon prepared to counterattack. Li Shanghu notified Li Shiji and asked him to attack Cao, but Li Shiji, saw that Cao had already taken precautions, fled to Tang territory with Guo. Cao soon defeated and killed Li Shanghu, but when Dou's officials suggested that Li Gai be executed, Dou remarked, "Li Shiji was a Tang subject. He was captured by us, but still remembered his former lord and was faithful. What sin did his father have?" Dou then spared Li Gai.
In spring 620, Li Shiji served under Emperor Gaozu's son Li Shimin the Prince of Qin in resisting a major offensive by Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, and in an engagement against Liu's general Song Jin'gang (宋金剛), Li Shiji was unsuccessful, but was saved by Li Shimin. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Slavs attack Thessaloniki. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Initial establishment of Dingyang Liu Wuzhou's clan was originally from Hejian Commandery (河間 roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) (Li Shimin eventually defeated Liu, forcing Liu to flee to Eastern Tujue. )
In winter 620, with Li Shimin having launched a major offensive against Wang's Zheng state, the Zheng general Yang Qing (楊慶, a Sui imperial prince) surrendered Guan Prefecture (管州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan), and Li Shimin sent Li Shiji to take over Guan Prefecture. Zhengzhou ( formerly called Zhengxian is a Prefecture-level city, and the capital of Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country When Wang Shichong's son and crown prince, Wang Xuanying (王玄應), heard of this, he headed to Guan from Hulao, but Li Shiji repelled him, and then had Guo write a letter to Wei Lu (魏陸), Zheng's prefect of Ying Prefecture (滎州, also in modern Zhengzhou), to persuade Wei to surrender. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. Hulao Pass (虎牢關 meaning "Tiger Cage Pass" is a Mountain pass northwest of Xingyang, Henan, China. Wei did so, and this eventually led to a chain reaction where Zheng's holdings in modern eastern Henan surrendered one by one. Wang Xuanying, in fear, fled back to the Zheng capital Luoyang. Further, in spring 621, Wang Shichong's officer Shen Yue (沈悅) surrendered to Li Shiji, allowing Li Shiji's subordinate general Wang Junkuo (王君廓) to capture Hulao and capture Wang Shichong's nephew, Wang Xingben (王行本) the Prince of Jing. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia.
Soon, however, with Zheng in desperate straits, Wang sought aid from Dou. Dou, believing that if Tang destroyed Zheng that his own Xia state would be cornered, agreed, and he sent his forward troops first while proceeding with his main troops later. In the engagement with Dou's forward troops, Li Shimin had Li Shiji, Chen Zhijie (程知節), and Qin Shubao lead the troops, and they were able to defeat Dou's forward troops. Qin Shubao (秦叔寶 (died 638 formal name Qin Qiong (秦瓊 but went by the Courtesy name of Shubao formally Duke Zhuang of Hu (胡壯公 was a Li Shimin then wrote Dou to persuade him to stop aiding Zheng, but Dou did not relent. In summer 621, Li Shimin engaged Dou at the Battle of Hulao, defeating and capturing him. The Battle of Hulao (虎牢之戰 of 28 May 621, located just east of Luoyang, was a decisive victory for Li Shimin, through which he was able Wang, believing further resistance to be futile, surrendered. Li Shimin spared Wang, but put a number of Zheng officials that he considered treacherous to death. Li Shiji's sworn brother Dan Xiongxin, whom Li Shimin considered treacherous because Dan had turned against Li Mi, was set to be executed as well. Li Shiji begged Li Shimin to spare Dan, arguing that Dan was a capable general who could be useful to Tang and offering to surrender all of his own honors to save Dan from death. Li Shimin refused. When Dan invoked the pledge they made to die on the same day, however, Li Shiji stated to him that he had already offered his body to the service of the state and that the body was no longer his -- and that, if he died as well, no one would be around to take care of Dan's wife and children -- therefore refused to die as well, but cut off a piece of his leg muscle, cooked it, and had Dan eat it, stating, "Let my flesh turn to dust along with you, my brother. By this, I can at least fulfill part of the pledge. " Later that year, when Li Shimin returned to Chang'an, and Emperor Gaozu let his troops march in succession in great honor, Li Shiji was one of the 25 generals honored, permitted to wear the same golden armor that Li Shimin was clad in and to offer the captives at Tang's imperial ancestral temple. He was also united with his father Li Gai, who managed to survive the collapse of the Xia regime and return to Tang territory.
Xia territory was temporarily taken over by Tang, but in fall 621, Liu Heita rose against Tang, declaring that he was avenging Dou (whom Emperor Gaozu had executed). Liu quickly captured most of former Xia territory, and when Liu approached the former Xia capital Ming Prefecture, Li Shiji, who was then at nearby Zongcheng (宗城), abandoned Zongcheng and entered Ming to assist its defense, but despite that, Liu defeated him and captured Ming, seizing it as his capital and forcing Li Shiji to flee. Li Shiji subsequently served under Li Shimin in attacking Liu, who had by now declared himself the Prince of Handong, in spring 622, and in a battle, Li Shiji's officer Pan Mao (潘毛) killed Liu's major general Gao Yaxian (高雅賢), who had persuaded Liu to rise against Tang in the first place. Events Religion July 16 — Year one of the Islamic calendar begins during which the Hijra occurs — Prophet Muhammad Subsequently, when Liu attacked Li Shiji, Li Shimin tried to come to Li Shiji's aid but was surrounded and nearly captured, being saved only by the heroics of Yuchi Jingde. Yuchi Jingde (尉遲敬德 (585-658 formal name Yuchi Gong (尉遲恭 but went by the Courtesy name of Jingde formally Duke Zhongwu of E (鄂忠武公 Li Shimin subsequently defeated Liu by flooding Liu's troops with water from the Ming River (flowing through Ming Prefecture), and Liu fled to Eastern Tujue. (Liu would return later that year and again take over former Xia territory, before being decisively defeated by Li Shimin's older brother Li Jiancheng the Crown Prince. Li Jiancheng (李建成 ( 589 - July 2, 626) formally Crown Prince Yin (隱太子 literally "the hidden crown prince" nickname ) Li Shiji subsequently followed Li Shimin in attacking Liu's ally Xu Yuanlang the Prince of Lu, who controlled the modern central and western Shandong), and after Li Shimin was recalled to Chang'an, he continued the campaign against Xu Yuanlang with Li Shentong and Ren Gui (任瓌). Initial uprising Nothing is known about Xu Yuanlang's background other than that he was from Yan Province (兗州 roughly modern Jining, Shandong) ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. By spring 623, Xu was desperate and abandoned his capital Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern Jining, Shandong), and he was killed in flight. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Administration The Prefecture-level city of Jining administers 12 county-level divisions, including 2 district, 3 county-level cities ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Li Shiji took his head and sent it to Emperor Gaozu.
Later in 623, the general Fu Gongshi rebelled against Tang at Danyang (丹楊, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) and declared himself the Emperor of Song. Initial uprising Fu Gongshi was from Qi Province (齊州 roughly modern Ji'nan, Shandong) ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Li Shiji participated in the campaign against Fu, commanded by Emperor Gaozu's distant nephew Li Xiaogong the Prince of Zhao Commandery. Li Xiaogong (李孝恭 (591-640 formally Prince Yuan of Hejian (河間元王 often referred to by his earlier title as Prince of Zhao Commandery (趙郡王 After Tang forces converged on Danyang and defeated Song forces at Mount Bowang (博望山, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), Fu fled, and Li Shiji chased him down and, after he was captured by the gentlemen in the country, delivered him to Danyang, where Li Xiaogong executed him. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Ma'anshan administers 4 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 1 county Anhui (in Chinese: 安徽 Ānhuī) is a province of the People's Republic of China.
By 626, Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin were locked in an intense rivalry, and Li Shimin, fearing that Li Jiancheng might be intending to kill him, solicited advice from Li Shiji and another major general, Li Jing, and both refused to speak on the matter, drawing respect from Emperor Taizong for their unwillingness to be involved in an internecine struggle. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines defeat the Avars and Slavs, who were besieging Constantinople Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally [7] In summer 626, Li Shimin ambushed Li Jiancheng and another brother, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, who supported Li Jiancheng, at Xuanwu Gate and killed them. Li Yuanji (李元吉 ( 603 - July 2, 626) formally Prince La of Chao (巢剌王 more commonly known by the title of Prince of Qi The Incident at Xuanwu Gate (玄武門之變 refers to an incident on July 2, 626, when Li Shimin the Prince of Qin a son of Emperor Gaozu of Tang He then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to first create him crown prince and then yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong).
During Emperor Taizong's reign
After Emperor Taizong took the throne, he made Li Shiji the commandant at Bing Prefecture (并州, roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Taiyuan ( lit "Great Plains" is a Prefecture-level city and the capital of Shanxi province China. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. In 629, when Emperor Taizong launched a major attack against Eastern Tujue's Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, commanded by Li Jing, Li Shiji was one of the major generals under Li Jing's command and was in charge of one of the four prongs of attack. Events By Place Persian and Byzantine Empires September - Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantine Empire from Jiali Khan ( Bagatur-Shad Il-khan Chieli Kara-Khieli Hieli Jiele Duobi 咄苾 Illig-Qaghan Kara Kagan) later Tang posthumous title Prince Huang of Guiyi (歸義荒王 Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally In spring 630, after Li Shiji defeated Eastern Tujue forces at Baidao (白道, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and after Li Jing defeated Ashina Duobi's main forces and forced Ashina Duobi to flee, he met with Li Jing and decided to, despite the fact that Ashina Duobi claimed to then seek peace, attack Ashina Duobi, defeating him again and capturing most of Ashina Duobi's remaining forces. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Serbs settle in the Balkans having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius Hohhot ( Mongolian:, Kökeqota; lit "Blue Town") occasionally spelled Huhehot or Huhhot, is a city in North-central China and the Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol (Ashina Duobi himself fled further and was later captured by forces under the command of Emperor Taizong's cousin Li Daozong the Prince of Rencheng. Li Daozong (李道宗 (603?-656? Courtesy name Chengfan (承範 was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. )
Meanwhile, as Emperor Taizong's son Li Zhi the Prince of Jin was made the nominal commandant of Bing Precture (but did not actually report to Bing), Li Shiji's title became the secretary general of Bing, but he continued to effectively serve as commandant. Background and life as Prince of Jin Li Zhi was born in 628 He was the ninth son of his father Emperor Taizong, and the third son of his mother Emperor Taizong's wife In 637, as part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, Li Shiji's title was changed to Duke of Ying, and he was given the post of prefect of Qi Prefecture (蘄州, roughly modern Huanggang, Hubei), to be inherited by his heirs, but Li Shiji remained at Bing and did not actually report to Qi. Events By Place Europe Battle of Mag Rath Dál Riata influence in Ulster is greatly reduced or ended ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Soon, however, with many objections to the system, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although Li Shiji's title remained Duke of Ying. Zhangsun Wuji (長孫無忌 (d 659 Courtesy name Fuji (輔機 formally Duke of Zhao (趙公 was a chancellor of the Chinese In 641, when discussing about Li Shiji, whom historical accounts indicated that the people obeyed without complaints, Emperor Taizong made the comment:
Emperor Yang of Sui labored the people to build the Great Wall to defend against Tujue attacks, but did no good. Events By Place Europe Chindaswinth deposes Tulga, and becomes king of the Visigoths. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th All I had to do was to put Li Shiji at Jinyang [(i. e. , Bing Prefecture)], and there would not even be dust flying in the air. Is he not a more impressive Great Wall?
in winter 641, Emperor Taizong promoted him to the post of minister of defense. Soon, however, even before Li Shiji could leave for Chang'an, Xueyantuo's Zhenzhu Khan Yi'nan, believing that Emperor Taizong was about to carry out a major sacrifice to the gods of Mount Tai and therefore would not have time for military action, launched a major attack against Tang's vassal, the Qilibi Khan Ashina Simo, whom Emperor Taizong had created the khan of a reestablished Eastern Tujue in 639. Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of Zhenzhu Khan (真珠可汗 (d October 2, 645) personal name Yi'nan (夷男 full regal title Zhenzhupiqie Khan (真珠毗伽可汗 was Mount Tai ( is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an, in Shandong Province, China. Qilibi Khan (俟力苾可汗 (d 645? personal name Ashina Simo (阿史那思摩 also known as Li Simo (李思摩 full regal title Yiminishuqilibi Khan Events By Place Europe Clovis II succeeds Dagobert I as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy Ashina Simo could not resist, and withdrew within the Great Wall to Shuo Prefecture (朔州, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). Shuozhou ( Chinese: 朔州 Pinyin: Shuòzhōu is a Chinese city in the north of the Chinese province Shanxi, upstream of the Fen River ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. Emperor Taizong launched armies, commanded by five generals, including Li Shiji, to aid Eastern Tujue. Around the new year 641, Li Shiji engaged Xueyantuo forces, under the command of Yi'nan's son Dadu (大度), at Nuozhen River (諾真水, flowing through modern Baotou, Inner Mongolia), defeating Xueyantuo forces and forcing them to flee. Events By Place Europe Chindaswinth deposes Tulga, and becomes king of the Visigoths. Baotou ( Buɣutu) is a Prefecture-level city and the largest city in Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol (Based on comments that Li Shiji made in 644 while advocating a campaign against Goguryeo, it appeared that Li Shiji wanted to advance further to try to destroy Xueyantuo, but Emperor Taizong, at the urging of Wei Zheng, ordered him to stop. Events By Place Asia The Tang dynasty of China begins the invasion of Goguryo. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Wei Zheng ( 580-643 Courtesy name Xuancheng (玄成 formally Duke Wenzhen of Zheng (鄭文貞公 was a Chinese politician and the lead editor ) Li Shiji subsequently returned to Chang'an to serve as minister of defense.
In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, Li Shiji's was one of the portraits commissioned. Events By Place Europe Rothari King of the Lombards, issues the Lombard law code The Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion (凌煙閣畫像 refer to the 24 portraits that Emperor Taizong of Tang commissioned the great painter Yan Liben to paint on Lingyan In spring of that year, when Emperor Taizong's son Li You (李祐) the Prince of Qi, angry at his secretary general Quan Wanji (權萬紀), killed Quan and then declared a rebellion, Emperor Taizong sent Li Shiji to attack Li You, although even before Li Shiji's forces arrived, Li You's subordinates captured him. Subsequently, in summer 643, when Li Chengqian the Crown Prince, was revealed to have plotted to overthrow Emperor Taizong, as he was fearful that Emperor Taizong would replace him with his brother Li Tai the Prince of Wei, Emperor Taizong had Li Shiji, along with other key officials Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, as well as officials in charge of the supreme court, the legislative bureau, and the examination bureau, investigate. Li Chéngqián (李承乾 (619?- January 5, 645) Courtesy name Gaoming (高明 formally Prince Min of Hengshan (恆山愍王 Li Tai (李泰 Pinyin: Lǐ Tài (618- December 15, 652) Courtesy name Huibao (惠褒 nickname Qingque (青雀 formally Fang Xuanling (房玄齡 (579–648 formal name Fang Qiao (房喬 but went by the Courtesy name of Xuanling formally Duke Wenzhao of Liang (梁文昭公 Xiao Yu (蕭瑀 (574-647 Courtesy name Shiwen (時文 formally Duke Zhenbian of Song (宋貞褊公 was an imperial prince of the Chinese They confirmed Li Chengqian's guilt. Emperor Taizong thus deposed Li Chengqian and, believing that Li Tai's machinations were responsible for Li Chengqian's downfall, also demoted Li Tai and exiled them both, creating Li Zhi crown prince instead. Li Shiji was given the additional title as the new crown prince's head of household, and was also given a newly created title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品) -- a new title designating him as a chancellor de facto. The chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (唐朝宰相 was an office that was semi-formally designated for a number of high level officials at one time during the Chinese
Historical accounts indicated that at one point, when Li Shiji was suddenly ill, medical books indicated that ashes from beards could benefit him, and therefore Emperor Taizong cut off his own beard and burned it to mix it with the medicine. After Li Shiji grew better, he bowed to thank Emperor Taizong -- so greatly that he bled from his forehead by pounding on the floor -- and Emperor Taizong responded, "I did so for the empire, not for you. You do not need to thank me. " Further, on one occasion, when Li Shiji was attending an imperial feast, Emperor Taizong stated: "I am selecting, among the great achievers, one that I can entrust an orphan [(i. e. , the Crown Prince)] to, and no one is more suitable than you are. You did not turn your back on Li Mi, and I know that you will not turn your back on me. " Li shiji was so thankful that he wept and bit his finger so hard that he bled. Also at that feast, when Li Shiji became drunk and fell asleep, Emperor Taizong took off his own imperial robe to cover Li Shiji.
In spring 644, when the Tang emissary to Goguryeo, Xiangli Xuanjiang (相里玄獎), returned from Goguryeo, indicating that the Yeon Gaesomun, the Goguryeo general who then controlled the political scene there, was unwilling to stop his attacks against Silla, then a Tang vassal, Li Shiji advocated an attack against Goguryeo, and Emperor Taizong agreed, despite opposition by other officials, including Chu Suiliang. Emperor Taizong of Tang (r 626 - 649) the second emperor of Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, asserting that a campaign against Events By Place Asia The Tang dynasty of China begins the invasion of Goguryo. For the historical Drama, see Yeon Gaesomun (TV series. Yeon Gaesomun (603 - 666 was a powerful and controversial military dictator Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Chu Suiliang (褚遂良 (597-658 Courtesy name Dengshan (登善 formally Duke of Henan (河南公 was a chancellor of the Chinese Emperor Taizong, after several months of preparations, launched a two-pronged attack against Goguryeo in winter 644, with Li Shiji in charge of the land army containing 60,000 soldiers, heading toward Liaodong Peninsula, and with Zhang Liang in charge of the navy numbering 40,000 soldiers, heading directly toward the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Zhang Liang (張亮 (d April 17, 646) was a general and official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, becoming chancellor late in Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Emperor Taizong himself trailed them.
In spring 645, Li Shiji reached You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing), and then headed into Goguryeo territory. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia Together with Li Daozong, he captured Gaimou/Gaemo (蓋牟, in modern Fushun, Liaoning), and then put the important city of Liaodong/Yodong (遼東, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning) under siege. Fushun ( is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km from Shenyang, with a population about 1 ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Liaoyang ( is a city in China Liaoning province located in the middle of the heavily polluted Liaodong Peninsula. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. After Emperor Taizong himself arrived, Liaodong fell. Tang forces then continued heading southeast, toward Yalu River, putting Anshi/Ansi (安市, in modern Anshan, Liaoning) under siege. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. When a major Goguryeo army, commanded by the generals Gao Yanshou/Go Yeonsu (高延壽) and Gao Huizhen/Go Hyezin (高惠真) arrived, Emperor Taizong had Li Shiji command 15,000 men to serve as decoy, and when Goguryeo forces attacked Li Shiji, Zhangsun Wuji attacked them from behind with 11,000 men, and Li Shiji and Zhangsun, as well as Emperor Taizong himself, defeated Goguryeo forces, forcing their surrender. He then considered directly attacking Pyongyang itself, but Li Shiji believed that if Ansi was not captured first, the general in command of Ansi (a capable general known in Korean popular legends as Yang Manchun, although whether that was his real name is unknown), might attack Tang forces from the rear. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Yang Manchun is the name given to the Goguryeo commander of Ansi fortress in the 640s. Emperor Taizong agreed, and therefore put Ansi under siege again. However, the commander at Ansi was a capable defender, and the resolve of the defenders was strengthened when Li Shiji, in anger, declared that after the fall of the city all residents would be slaughtered. In fall 645, unable to capture Ansi, with food supplies running low, Emperor Taizong ordered a withdrawal, with Li Shiji and Li Daozong serving as rear guard.
In 646, with Xueyantuo in internal turmoil due to the cruelty of the Duomi Khan Bazhuo (Yi'nan's son), Emperor Taizong sent Li Daozong to launch a major attack on Xueyantuo, defeating Xueyantuo forces. Emperor Taizong of Tang (r 626 - 649) the second emperor of Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, early in his reign had allied with Events An edict of the Taika Reforms is promulgated in Japan Alexandria is recaptured by the Arabs after a Byzantine Duomi Khan (多彌可汗 (died 646 personal name Bazhuo (拔灼 full regal name Jialijulixueshaduomi Khan (頡利俱利薛沙多彌可汗 was a khan Bazhuo fled, but was then attacked and killed by Huige, which took over Xueyantuo territory. The Uyghur Xueyantuo's remaining forces supported Yi'nan's nephew Duomozhi as Yitewushi Khan. Yitewushi Khan (伊特勿失可汗 personal name Duomozhi (咄摩支 was the last khan of Xueyantuo. Duomozhi offered to submit, but Emperor Taizong, fearful that Xueyantuo might recover and create more trouble later on, sent Li Shiji with an army toward Duomozhi's location. Duomozhi surrendered, and Li attacked the remaining forces unwilling to submit, defeating and capturing them. He delivered Duomozhi to Chang'an, where Emperor Taizong made Duomozhi a general.
In 647, Emperor Taizong began yearly raids against Goguryeo, intended to weaken Goguryeo's border regions, in preparation for another future major offensive. For the Canadian area code see Area code 416/647. Events By Place Asia A stone tower Astronomical For the 647 raids, Li Shiji was in charge of the land prong, while Niu Jinda (牛進達) was in charge of the sea prong.
In summer 649, Emperor Taizong was gravely ill (probably from consuming pills given him by alchemists), and he, not fully trusting Li Shiji, stated to Li Zhi:
Li Shiji is full of ability and wisdom, but you had done him no favors, and it may be difficult for him to be faithful to you. Events By Place Europe Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of I am going to exile him now. If he leaves immediately, promote him to be Pushe [(僕射, head of the important executive bureau of the government)] and trust him after I die. If he hesitates, execute him.
He then demoted Li Shiji to the post of the commandant of Die Prefecture (疊州, roughly modern Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu). Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ( Tibetan: -དཀར་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་ / Dkar-lho Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Li Shiji, after receiving the order, departed without hesitation. (The modern historian Bo Yang, commenting on this incident, opined that this showed that, down inside, neither Li Shiji nor Emperor Taizong actually trusted each other, as Li Shiji was too capable for Emperor Taizong's liking. Bo Yang ( 7 March 1920 – 29 April 2008) also sometimes called Bai Yang, was a Chinese language writer based in [8]) Nine days later, Emperor Taizong died and was succeeded by Li Zhi (as Emperor Gaozong).
During Emperor Gaozong's reign
Almost immediately after taking the throne, Emperor Gaozong promoted Li Shiji to be the general in charge of Luoyang. (As Emperor Gaozong also, at the same time, declared naming taboo was to be observed as to the characters shi and min (Emperor Taizong, as his name had two common characters, previously only ordered that naming taboo was to be observed against the use of shimin consecutively), thereafter, Li Shiji became known as Li Ji. Naming taboo is a cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons in China and neighboring nations in the ancient Chinese cultural sphere ) Almost as immediately, Emperor Gaozong repromoted him back to the post of chancellor de facto. He then further made him Pushe.
In winter 650, Li Ji requested to be relieved of the post of Pushe. Events By Place Asia The first Chinese Paper money is issued yet these banknotes will not become government-issued Emperor Gaozong agreed, but had him remain as chancellor de facto.
In 653, Emperor Gaozong bestowed the highly honorific title of Sikong (司空) on Li Ji, who continued to be chancellor de facto. Events Sigeberht II the Good succeeds Sigeberht I the Little as king of Essex.
In 655, with Emperor Gaozong having lost favor in his wife Empress Wang and greatly favoring his concubine Consort Wu, he wanted to depose Empress Wang and create Consort Wu empress. Events By Place Europe November 15 — Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the Empress Wang (王皇后 personal name unknown (d 655? was an Empress of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne Almost all high level officials opposed -- on the account that Consort Wu had previously been a concubine of Emperor Taizong and therefore having her as a wife would be considered incest, and on the account that Empress Wang was from an honored clan while Consort Wu, while herself from a noble family, was not as highly born -- with the conspicuous exceptions of Li Ji, Zhangsun Wuji, and Yu Zhining, each of whom was silent, although Zhangsun and Yu showed their disapproval. Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Yu Zhining (于志寧 (588-665 Courtesy name Zhongmi (仲謐 formally Duke Ding of Yan (燕定公 was a chancellor of the Chinese The opposition from Chu Shuiliang was particularly fervent. However, when Emperor Gaozong summoned Li Ji to ask his opinion, Li Ji responded, "This is your family matter, Your Imperial Majesty. Why ask anyone else?" Emperor Gaozong therefore deposed Empress Wang and her ally Consort Xiao to commoner rank and created Consort Wu empress instead, having Li Ji serve as the ceremonial emissary. Consort Xiao, imperial consort rank Shufei (蕭淑妃 personal name unknown (d (Later, at Empress Wu's request, Emperor Gaozong further executed the former Empress Wang and Consort Xiao cruelly. ) Empress Wu soon became dominant at court, installing officials who favored her ascension in chancellor posts and carrying out a near complete purge of the officials who opposed her or showed disapproval, even including Zhangsun (who, as Emperor Gaozong's uncle, was a major advocate for his having been made crown prince), but Li Ji, not having opposed her, escaped such actions. (Li Ji was nominally put in charge of the investigation during false accusations against Zhangsun for treason (brought by Empress Wu's associate Xu Jingzong), but it does not appear that he was actually responsible for Zhangsun's demise. Xu Jingzong (許敬宗 ( 592 - September 20, 672) Courtesy name Yanzu (延族 formally Duke Gong of Gaoyang (高陽恭公 ) In 663, Li Ji was in charge of the corruption probe against another associate of Empress Wu's, the chancellor Li Yifu, leading to Li Yifu's removal, although, again, Li Ji's own involvement was not clear. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Byzantine Emperor Constans II invades south Italy. Li Yifu (李義府 (614-666 was a chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.
Around new year 667, after Yeon Gaesomun's death and infighting between Yeon's sons Yeon Namsaeng (Yuan Nansheng) and Yeon Namgeon, leading to Yeon Namsaeng's fleeing to Tang, Emperor Gaozong launched an army, commanded by Li Ji, with Yeon Namsaeng (by this point renamed Quan Nansheng, as Yeon/Yuan (淵) was the same character as Emperor Gaozu's name and therefore unusable per naming taboo) serving as his guide. Events The Daysan River floods Edessa in Asia The city of Oderzo is destroyed by the Lombards. Yeon Namsaeng (연남생 淵男生 (634-679 was the eldest son of the Goguryeo Dae Mangniji (대막리지 大莫離支 Yeon Gaesomun (603?-665 Yeon Namgeon (淵男建 연남건 (dates unknown was the second son of the Goguryeo military leader and dictator Yeon Gaesomun (Unknown-665 and third Dae Magniji In fall 667, Li Ji first captured Xincheng/Sin Seong (新城, in modern Fushun), and then advanced further. Meanwhile, the generals serving under him, Pang Tongshan (龐同善), Gao Kan (高侃), and Xue Rengui, also defeated Yeon Namgeon's forces. Xue Rengui ( 614-683 formal name Xue Li (薛禮 but went by the Courtesy name of Rengui was one of the most famous Chinese generals during the early Tang However, the fleet commanded by Guo Daifeng (郭待封, Guo Xiaoke's son) ran into problems with food supplies, and wanted to seek aid from Li Ji, but was fearful that if his request fell into Goguryeo hands that his weakness would be revealed, so he wrote the request in code, written as a poem, and sent it to Li Ji. Li Ji, initially not understanding that it was code, was angry that Guo was writing poems on the frontline, but his secretary Yuan Wanqing (元萬頃) was able to decode the poem, showing Li Ji the request, so Li Ji sent food supplies to Guo. (Yuan was later, however, exiled when he wrote a declaration against Goguryeo that stated, "You do not even know to defend Yalu River!" after which Yeon Namgeon responded by stating, "I accept your suggestion!" and defended Yalu River, not allowing Li Ji to cross. ) Only in fall 668 was Li Ji able to cross Yalu River and advance to Pyongyang and put the city under siege. Events By Place Europe Childeric II succeeds Clotaire III as King of the Franks. The King Bojang, Yeon Namgeon's younger brother Yeon Namsan, and a number of officials surrendered, but Yeon Namgeon continued fighting. King Bojang of Goguryeo (?-682 r 642-668 was the 28th and last king of Goguryeo the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Yeon Namsan (淵男産 연남산 (639-701 was the third son of the Goguryeo military leader and dictator Yeon Gaesomun (603?-665 A few days later, though, his general, the Buddhist monk Xincheng/Shinseong (信誠), opened the city gates and surrendered. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Yeon Namgeon tried to commit suicide, but was captured and saved by Tang forces. This was the end of Goguryeo. Later that year, after Li Ji returned to Chang'an, a great procession was held in his honor, and around the new year 669, when Emperor Gaozong offered sacrifices to Heaven, he had Li Ji sacrifice after he did -- an extraordinary honor. For the special unit of the Israel Defense Forces see Unit 669.
Later in 669, Li Ji grew ill. Emperor Gaozong summoned all of Li Ji's brothers and sons who were serving outside the capital back to Chang'an to attend to him. Li Ji took only medications given him by Emperor Gaozong and Li Hong the Crown Prince, but otherwise refused medical treatment, stating:
I was only a farmer east of the [Yao] Mountains. Li Hong (李弘 ( 652 - May 25, 675) formally Emperor Xiaojing (孝敬皇帝 literally "the filial and alert emperor" with the I happened to encounter holy emperors, and I was able to become one of the Three Excellencies. The Three Excellencies ( or the Three Lords was the collective name for the three highest officials in the Han Dynasty. I am also almost 80. Is it not the protection of Heaven? How long a life will be is already preordained. How can I beg for a longer life from doctors
One day, Li Ji summoned his younger brother Li Bi (李弼) and told Li Bi that he was feeling better that day, and should summon all of his relatives to hold a feast. At the end of the feast, he stated to Li Bi:
I know that my illness will not be cured. This feast is a farewell to you all. Do not cry, but listen to me. I saw with my own eyes how Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui worked hard all their lives and established their fame, but they encountered wicked descendants who overturned their clans, without further hope. Du Ruhui (杜如晦 (585-630 Courtesy name Keming (克明 formally Duke Cheng of Lai (萊成公 was one of the most celebrated chancellors All of my sons and grandsons are here, and I entrust them to you. After I die and am buried, move to my bedroom and care for the young ones. Look over them carefully. If any of them think in dangerous ways or associate with people without virtues, batter them to death, and then report to the Emperor.
He spoke no further, and not long after, around the new year 670, he died. Events By Place Europe On the death of his brother Clotaire Childeric II becomes king of all of the Frankish kingdoms ( Austrasia He was buried with extraordinary honors, and by Emperor Gaozong's orders, his tomb was made into the shape of several great mountains within Eastern Tujue and Xueyantuo territory, to commemorate his victories over them.
The Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, stated:
Li Ji, as a military commander, was full of strategies and capable of making excellent decisions. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Life profession and works He was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng Shanxi to a wealthy family and obtained early success as a scholar and officer The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. When he discussed issues with others, he accepted good suggestions as fast as the flowing water. When he achieved a victory, he credited his subordinates. The awards of gold, silver, and silk he received were all distributed to his officers and soldiers. People were willing to sacrifice for him, so whenever he launched an attack, he was always successful. He always selected, as his officers, those with proper appearances and who were tolerant and serious. When asked why, his response was, "Those who are of ill fortune will not be successful. " His reign over his household was strict but loving. Once, when he was Pushe, his sister was ill, and he personally cooked porridge for her. Suddenly, a gust of wind blew the flame, which burned his beard. His sister said, "You have many male and female servants. Why do you have to labor yourself?" He responded, "It is not that I have no one to order. It is only that you are old, and I am old. Would there really be enough times for me to be able to cook porridge for you?
Li Ji's oldest son Li Zhen (李震) predeceased him, so the title of Duke of Ying was inherited by Li Zhen's son Li Jingye. Li Jingye (李敬業 (d December 29, 684) also known as Xu Jingye (徐敬業 was a grandson of the great Tang Dynasty general Li Shiji In 684, after Emperor Gaozong's death and after Empress Dowager Wu deposed her third son with Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Zhongzong, replacing him with her fourth son Emperor Ruizong but was posturing toward taking the throne herself, Li Jingye rose in rebellion. Events By Place Asia Wu Ze Tian takes power in China The Ummayad caliph Muawiya II is succeeded by Background Li Xiǎn was born in 656 as the seventh son of his father Emperor Gaozong and the third son of his mother Emperor Gaozong's second wife Empress Wu Background Li Xulun was born in 662 as the youngest son of Emperor Gaozong and his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian In reprisal, Empress Dowager Wu destroyed Li Ji's tomb, posthumously stripped him of his titles, and slaughtered most, but not all, of his descendants. In 705, after Emperor Zhongzong was restored following a coup against his mother (who was then ruling as "Emperor" of her state of Zhou), Li Ji's tomb and titles were restored. Alternate meanings Area code 705; Project 705; Life 705 Events By Place Asia February 20
Notes and references
- ^ a b The Book of Tang indicated that Li Shiji was 75 at the time of his death, while the New Book of Tang indicated that Li Shiji was 85 at the time of his death. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the Compare Book of Tang, vol. 67[1] with New Book of Tang, vol. 93[2]. The Zizhi Tongjian, while not explicitly stating that Li Shiji was 75 at the time of his death, appeared to follow the Book of Tang by quoting Li Shiji as stating that he was satisfied with living almost to 80. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. See Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 201. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. (The New Book of Tang, containing apparently the same quote, had a slightly different version that had Li Shiji stating that he was satisfied with living over 80. )
- ^ 兩千年中西曆轉換
- ^ Book of Tang, vol. 67[3].
- ^ New Book of Tang, vol. 93[4].
- ^ Historical records indicate that Xu Shiji was 16 at the time he joined Zhai (see Book of Tang, vol. 67), but this conflicts with all other records on his birth date. While Zhai's uprising was not firmly dated in historical records, it was said to be at the end of Emperor Yang's Daye era (605-618), and if Xu Shiji was 16 in 610, it would not be at the end of the Daye era. For the car see Peugeot 605. Events By Place Asia As a result of a quarrel between Numan III the Lakhmid Events By Place Asia The Sui Dynasty ends and the Tang Dynasty begins in China. Indeed, in 610, there would have been very few reasons for people to resist Emperor Yang's rule, as that would predate his disastrous campaigns against Goguryeo. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
- ^ Whether Li Shiji captured Liu Heita, however, was disputed among traditional historians, although the majority view was that he did. See Liu's article for more details.
- ^ This account, generally now accepted, was adopted by the Zizhi Tongjian. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. See Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 191. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. However, the Book of Tang gave a different account -- that Li Jing and Li Shiji both offered to assist Li Shimin in a coup attempt. See Book of Tang, vol. 64[5].
- ^ Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vol. Bo Yang ( 7 March 1920 – 29 April 2008) also sometimes called Bai Yang, was a Chinese language writer based in 47.
- Book of Tang, vol. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. 67. [6]
- New Book of Tang, vol. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the 93. [7]
- Zizhi Tongjian, vols. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201.
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