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Levonorgestrel
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 13-ethyl-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy- 1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17- tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-one | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | G03 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H28O2 |
| Mol. mass | 312. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 446 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ~100% |
| Protein binding | 55% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half life | 36 ± 13 hours |
| Excretion | Renal: 45%; Fecal:32% |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
X |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Implant; insert (extended-release); oral |
Levonorgestrel (or l-norgestrel or D-norgestrel) is a synthetic progestogen used as an active ingredient in some hormonal contraceptives. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within Blood plasma. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route An implant is a Medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted Biomedical The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image Norgestrel is a Progestin used in Hormonal contraceptives. Norgestrel is a mixture of two Stereoisomers, dextro-norgestrel (CAS# 797-64-8 and levo-norgestrel The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image Norgestrel is a Progestin used in Hormonal contraceptives. Norgestrel is a mixture of two Stereoisomers, dextro-norgestrel (CAS# 797-64-8 and levo-norgestrel Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system
Contents |
Chemistry
Chemically, it is a hormonally active levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture norgestrel. Steroid hormones are Steroids which act as Hormones Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind Dextrorotation and levorotation (also spelled laevorotation) refer respectively to the properties of rotating plane Polarized light clockwise (for dextrorotation In Chemistry, an enantiomer ( from the Greek ἐνάντιος opposite and μέρος part or portion is one of two Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable In Chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate, is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral Norgestrel is a Progestin used in Hormonal contraceptives. Norgestrel is a mixture of two Stereoisomers, dextro-norgestrel (CAS# 797-64-8 and levo-norgestrel It is a gonane progestin derived from 19-nortestosterone. A progestin is a synthetic progestagen that has progestinic effects similar to Progesterone. Nandrolone is an Anabolic steroid that may be present naturally in the human body, albeit in minute quantities of less than 0 [1]
Its in vitro relative binding affinities at human steroid hormone receptors are: 323% that of progesterone at the progesterone receptor, 58% that of testosterone at the androgen receptor, 17% that of aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor, 7. In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism In Biochemistry, a ligand ( latin ligare = to bind is a substance that is able to bind to and form a complex with a Biomolecule Steroid hormone receptors are Intracellular receptors (typically Cytoplasmic that perform Signal transduction for Steroid hormones Steroid Progesterone is a C-21 Steroid Hormone involved in the Female Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy (supports Gestation The progesterone receptor ( PR) also known as NR3C3 ( Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 is an intracellular Steroid receptor that Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries The androgen receptor ( AR) also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 is a type of Nuclear receptor which is activated by Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water The mineralocorticoid receptor (or MR MLR MCR also called Aldosterone receptor, is officially labelled Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 5% that of cortisol at the glucocorticoid receptor, and <0. Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) The glucocorticoid receptor ( GR, or GCR also known as NR3C1 ( Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 is a Ligand -activated Transcription 02% that of estradiol at the estrogen receptor. Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. The estrogen receptor (ER is a member of the nuclear hormone family of Intracellular receptors which is activated by the Hormone 17β-estradiol [2]
Usage
Oral contraceptives
At low doses, levonorgestrel is used in monophasic and triphasic formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills, with available monophasic doses ranging from 100-250 µg, and triphasic doses of 50 µg/75 µg/125 µg. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations The main division is between Combined oral contraceptive pills containing both Estrogen and synthetic Progestogens Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations The main division is between Combined oral contraceptive pills containing both Estrogen and synthetic Progestogens
At very low daily dose of 30 µg, levonorgestrel is used in some progestogen only pill formulations. Progestogen Only Pills or Progestin Only Pills ( POP) are Contraceptive Pills that only contain synthetic Progestogens ( Progestins Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations The main division is between Combined oral contraceptive pills containing both Estrogen and synthetic Progestogens
Emergency contraception
Levonorgestrel is used in emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), both in a combined Yuzpe regimen which includes estrogen, and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The Yuzpe Regimen is a method of Emergency contraception using a combination of Estrogen and Progestogen hormones and started within 72 hours of sexual The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel 1500 μg (as a single dose or as two 750 μg doses 12 hours apart) taken within 3 days of unprotected sex. There are many brand names of levonorgestrel-only ECPs, including: Escapelle, Plan B, Levonelle, NorLevo, Postinor-2, and 72-HOURS. [3]
IUD
Levonorgestrel is the active ingredient in Mirena. An intrauterine device ( intra meaning within, and uterine meaning of the Uterus) is a Birth control device placed
Contraceptive implants
Levonorgestrel is the active ingredient in Norplant and Jadelle. Norplant is a form of Birth control developed by the Population Council that was first approved in 1983 in Finland, where it was manufactured Norplant is a form of Birth control developed by the Population Council that was first approved in 1983 in Finland, where it was manufactured
References
- ^ Edgren RA, Stanczyk FZ (1999). "Nomenclature of the gonane progestins". Contraception 60 (6): 313. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 10715364.
- ^ Sitruk-Ware R (2006). "New progestagens for contraceptive use". Hum Reprod Update 12 (2): 169-78. PMID 16291771.
- ^ Trussell, James; Cleland, Kelly (2007-04-10). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Emergency Contraceptive Pills Worldwide. Princeton University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
External links
- Levonelle manufacturer's product information from Schering
- Monograph for levonorgestrel - Uk Medicines Information
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